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PAIS Cohort Database

A catalogue of post-acute infection syndrome cohorts, not patients. v2 stores every reported result — proportions, rates, means, paired tissue measurements, incidence, qualitative findings — as one polymorphic Observation keyed to a Measure registry, so structurally different cohorts sit in one queryable table. Comparability is a property of the data: two observations are directly comparable only if they share a comparability signature.

27 cohorts · 55 observations · schema v2.0.0 · schema · measure registry · spec · how to expand · v1 snapshot · CC BY 4.0

Seed of 27 design-verified cohorts. Missingness is typed (not measured vs measured-not-reported vs reported-as-zero are different facts). No pooled estimates, no quality score: the comparability signature says comparable or not, and shows why.

Cohort table

27 cohorts

CohortPathogenDesignNAnalysed/EnrolledMax f/u (mo)ControlDenominatorObservations
Amsterdam Long COVID muscle-biopsy PEM cohort (Appelman)SARS-CoV-2Case-control4646/46 (100%)n/rHealthy convenienceNo1
Bergen COVID-19 home-isolated cohort (Blomberg)SARS-CoV-2Prospective (inception)312312/312 (100%)6NoneYes7
Bergen Giardiasis CohortGiardia duodenalis (lamblia)Retrospective cohort12521252/1252 (100%)120Unexposed (matched)Yes2
Brisbane Ross River Virus Polyarthritis Cohort (Mylonas)Ross River virusProspective (inception)n/rn/r12NonePartial0
Chicago adolescent post-mononucleosis cohort (Katz)Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)Prospective (inception)301301/301 (100%)24NoneYes3
Colombo Dengue Study (CDS)Dengue virusProspective (non-inception)260260/260 (100%)2Other-diseaseYes1
Dubbo Infection Outcomes Study (DIOS)Mixed (EBV / Ross River virus / Coxiella burnetii)Prospective (inception)253253/253 (100%)12NoneYes1
Finland Pandemrix childhood narcolepsy cohort (Nohynek)Pandemrix (AS03-adjuvanted H1N1 influenza vaccine)Registry linkage67n/rn/rUnexposed (unmatched)Yes1
French Polynesia Zika–Guillain-Barré case-control studyZika virusCase-control4242/42 (100%)n/rOther-diseaseNo1
Hong Kong SARS survivors 4-year follow-up (Lam)SARS-CoV-1Cross-sectional181181/233 (78%)48NonePartial2
Jinyintan (Wuhan) COVID-19 discharge cohort (Huang)SARS-CoV-2Prospective (non-inception)17331733/1733 (100%)24Unexposed (matched)Yes2
Johns Hopkins SLICE early-Lyme cohort (Aucott/Rebman)Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)Prospective (inception)234234/234 (100%)12Healthy convenienceYes1
London post-glandular-fever fatigue cohort (White)Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)Prospective (inception)250250/250 (100%)6Other-diseaseYes1
Netherlands Q-fever outbreak cohort (Morroy)Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)Cross-sectional870n/r26NoneYes2
PACVS registry cohort (Semmler/Mundorf)COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based)Cross-sectional191191/191 (100%)6Healthy convenienceNo5
Patient-Led Long COVID international cohort (Davis 2021)SARS-CoV-2Survey37623762/3762 (100%)7NoneNo7
PHOSP-COVID (UK post-hospitalisation COVID-19)SARS-CoV-2Prospective (non-inception)19651965/2320 (85%)12NoneYes2
Post-Vac-Syndrom Deutschland patient survey
grey literature not peer-reviewed patient-reported self-selected no control unverified source
COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based)Survey777777/777 (100%)6NoneNo1
PREVAIL III Ebola Survivor CohortEbola virusProspective (non-inception)11261126/1500 (75%)60Household contactsYes1
Réunion chikungunya gendarmes comparative cohort (Marimoutou)Chikungunya virusRetrospective cohort382382/382 (100%)30Unexposed (unmatched)Yes0
Réunion chikungunya viremic inception cohort (Schilte)Chikungunya virusProspective (inception)180180/180 (100%)36NonePartial1
Sejvar West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease CohortWest Nile virusProspective (inception)5555/55 (100%)3NoneYes1
TELECHIK cohort (Réunion chikungunya)Chikungunya virusRetrospective cohort10941094/1094 (100%)34Unexposed (unmatched)Yes4
Toronto Chronic Post-SARS Cohort (Moldofsky)SARS-CoV-1Case-control2929/29 (100%)36Healthy convenienceNo1
VITAE vaccine-injury survey (Halma & Varon)
preprint not peer-reviewed patient-reported self-selected no control author conflict
COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based)Survey706706/706 (100%)24NoneNo2
Walkerton Health Study (post-infectious IBS)Campylobacter jejuni / E. coli O157:H7 (Walkerton outbreak)Retrospective cohort20692069/2069 (100%)96Unexposed (unmatched)Yes1
Yale LISTEN post-vaccination syndrome cohort (Krumholz)COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based)Survey241241/241 (100%)20NoneNo4

Cohorts by disease

The same cohorts grouped by trigger (pathogen or vaccine), ordered by class. Each disease also has its own page. Flags mark evidentiary caveats.

Chikungunya virus Virus 3 cohorts

Dengue virus Virus 1 cohort

Ebola virus Virus 1 cohort

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Virus 2 cohorts

Ross River virus Virus 1 cohort

SARS-CoV-1 Virus 2 cohorts

SARS-CoV-2 Virus 5 cohorts

West Nile virus Virus 1 cohort

Zika virus Virus 1 cohort

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) Bacterium 1 cohort

Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) Bacterium 1 cohort

Giardia duodenalis (lamblia) Protozoan 1 cohort

COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based) Vaccine 4 cohorts

Pandemrix (AS03-adjuvanted H1N1 influenza vaccine) Vaccine 1 cohort

Campylobacter jejuni / E. coli O157:H7 (Walkerton outbreak) Mixed 1 cohort

Mixed (EBV / Ross River virus / Coxiella burnetii) Mixed 1 cohort

Measure × cohort matrix

One row per Measure (grouped by kind), one column per cohort. Proportions are shaded; rates, qualitative and other value types render as badges. Timepoints differ between cells — use the comparable-set view for like-with-like.

proportion (shaded) · comprehensive inventory, not tabulated not measuredother value types shown as a badge
MeasureAmsterdam Long COVID muscle-biopsy PEM cohort
Virus Single domain
Bergen COVID-19 home-isolated cohort
Virus Targeted panel
Bergen Giardiasis Cohort
Protozoan Targeted panel
Chicago adolescent post-mononucleosis cohort
Virus Single domain
Colombo Dengue Study
Virus Single domain
Dubbo Infection Outcomes Study
Mixed Targeted panel
Finland Pandemrix childhood narcolepsy cohort
Vaccine None
French Polynesia Zika–Guillain-Barré case-control study
Virus Single domain
Hong Kong SARS survivors 4-year follow-up
Virus Targeted panel
Jinyintan
Virus Targeted panel
Johns Hopkins SLICE early-Lyme cohort
Bacterium Targeted panel
London post-glandular-fever fatigue cohort
Virus Single domain
Netherlands Q-fever outbreak cohort
Bacterium Targeted panel
PACVS registry cohort
Vaccine Targeted panel
Patient-Led Long COVID international cohort
Virus Comprehensive inventory
PHOSP-COVID
Virus Targeted panel
Post-Vac-Syndrom Deutschland patient survey
Vaccine Targeted panel
PREVAIL III Ebola Survivor Cohort
Virus Targeted panel
Réunion chikungunya viremic inception cohort
Virus Targeted panel
Sejvar West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease Cohort
Virus Targeted panel
TELECHIK cohort
Virus Targeted panel
Toronto Chronic Post-SARS Cohort
Virus Single domain
VITAE vaccine-injury survey
Vaccine Incidental
Walkerton Health Study
Mixed Single domain
Yale LISTEN post-vaccination syndrome cohort
Vaccine Comprehensive inventory
Symptoms
Fatigue21%30.8%32%40.3%63%47%43.5%80%80%34.3%measured, not reported69%
Post-exertional malaise73.3%·
Cognitive dysfunction13%58.4%63%
Memory impairment11%··
Dyspnoea13%··
Loss of smell/taste28%··
Arthralgia / rheumatic musculoskeletal pain·60%29.9%·
Irritable bowel syndrome (post-infectious)39.4%·36.2%·
Exercise intolerance·71%
Paraesthesia / numbness·57%63%
Case definitions
Chronic fatigue syndrome / ME-CFS caseness4%11%27.1%
CFS-like illness21.5%
Functional outcomes
Felt fully recovered28.9%
Impaired quality of life14%44.9%
Not working due to illness22.3%26.36%
Any persistent symptom52%measured, not reported49%91.35%
Events
Narcolepsy (incident)9 per 100000 person-years
Guillain-Barré syndrome98%
Physiologic / tissue
Skeletal muscle pathology (biopsy)Muscle biopsies after a two-day CPET-induced post-exertional malaise showed seve…
Laboratory
Interleukin-6 (elevated)60%
Interleukin-8 (elevated)83%
Free tri-iodothyronine (low)80%
Serum neurofilament light chain (elevated)27%

Comparable sets (one measure at a time)

Every cohort that measured a given thing, grouped by comparability signature. Within a set the estimates are directly comparable; different sets are shown but never pooled, and the signature diff is the reason why.

How many cohorts measured each thing in a directly comparable way?

Largest comparable set = the most cohorts sharing one comparability signature for that measure. This is normally unanswerable in this literature; the signature makes it a number.

MeasureObservationsDistinct signaturesLargest comparable set
Fatigue14122
Cognitive dysfunction432
Chronic fatigue syndrome / ME-CFS caseness542
Any persistent symptom542
Post-exertional malaise221
Arthralgia / rheumatic musculoskeletal pain331
Irritable bowel syndrome (post-infectious)221
Felt fully recovered221
Impaired quality of life221
Not working due to illness221
Paraesthesia / numbness221

Jump to measure: Fatigue · Post-exertional malaise · Cognitive dysfunction · Arthralgia / rheumatic musculoskeletal pain · Irritable bowel syndrome (post-infectious) · Chronic fatigue syndrome / ME-CFS caseness · Felt fully recovered · Impaired quality of life · Not working due to illness · Any persistent symptom · Paraesthesia / numbness

Fatigue Fatigue / PEM

12 non-comparable sets. These observations of Fatigue do not share a comparability signature — they differ on ascertainment, reference period, denominator basis, timepoint band, or value type, so the sets below must not be pooled or ranked against each other.

Comparable set · 2 obs sig 0d684c8005

measure sym:fatigue · Structured checklist · ref Current · denom Symptomatic subset · 3-6 mo · Proportion — directly comparable

Bergen COVID-19 home-isolated cohort · SARS-CoV-2 · 6mo
21%
Patient-Led Long COVID international cohort · SARS-CoV-2 · 6mo
80% (78.5–81.6)

Comparable set · 2 obs sig c030cf0354

measure sym:fatigue · Structured checklist · ref Current · denom Assessed at timepoint · 3-6 mo · Proportion — directly comparable

PACVS registry cohort · COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based) · 6mo
80% (vs Healthy convenience: measured, not reported)
Jinyintan · SARS-CoV-2 · 6mo
63% (vs Unexposed (matched): measured, not reported)

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 4126b3eea7

measure sym:fatigue · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Unclear · 24 mo+ · Proportion — single observation

Bergen Giardiasis Cohort · Giardia duodenalis (lamblia) · 72mo
30.8%

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 6c7f18611e

measure sym:fatigue · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 0-3 mo · Proportion — single observation

Colombo Dengue Study · Dengue virus · 2mo
32%

Comparable set · 1 obs sig ac23b7c108

measure sym:fatigue · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Unclear · 3-6 mo · Proportion — single observation

Patient-Led Long COVID international cohort · SARS-CoV-2 · 6mo
80% (78.5–81.6)

Comparable set · 1 obs sig b4389f13dc

measure sym:fatigue · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 3-6 mo · Proportion — single observation

Jinyintan · SARS-CoV-2 · 6mo
63%

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 802865415c

measure sym:fatigue · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 24 mo+ · Proportion — single observation

Hong Kong SARS survivors 4-year follow-up · SARS-CoV-1 · 48mo
40.3%

Comparable set · 1 obs sig e70533efa5

measure sym:fatigue · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation

Toronto Chronic Post-SARS Cohort · SARS-CoV-1 · 24mo
measured, not reported

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 8679aa3234

measure sym:fatigue · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Unclear · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation

Netherlands Q-fever outbreak cohort · Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) · 18mo
43.5%

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 9a23fbcd5e

measure sym:fatigue · Structured checklist · ref Since infection · denom Assessed at timepoint · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation

TELECHIK cohort · Chikungunya virus · 24mo
34.3% (vs Seronegative contacts: 12.7%)

Comparable set · 1 obs sig b8afbbaab6

measure sym:fatigue · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Unclear · Acute · Proportion — single observation

London post-glandular-fever fatigue cohort · Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) · 0mo
47% (vs Other-disease: 20%)

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 5eff3ceaac

measure sym:fatigue · Structured checklist · ref Past 7 days · denom Assessed at timepoint · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation

Yale LISTEN post-vaccination syndrome cohort · COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based) · 20mo
69%

Post-exertional malaise Fatigue / PEM

2 non-comparable sets. These observations of Post-exertional malaise do not share a comparability signature — they differ on ascertainment, reference period, denominator basis, timepoint band, or value type, so the sets below must not be pooled or ranked against each other.

Comparable set · 1 obs sig cf0c586af0

measure sym:post-exertional-malaise · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Unclear · 3-6 mo · Proportion — single observation

Patient-Led Long COVID international cohort · SARS-CoV-2 · 6mo
73.3% (71.5–75.1)

Comparable set · 1 obs sig a3e8d4514b

measure sym:post-exertional-malaise · Structured checklist · ref Current · denom Symptomatic subset · 3-6 mo · Proportion — single observation

Patient-Led Long COVID international cohort · SARS-CoV-2 · 6mo
73.3% (71.5–75.1)

Cognitive dysfunction Neurocognitive

3 non-comparable sets. These observations of Cognitive dysfunction do not share a comparability signature — they differ on ascertainment, reference period, denominator basis, timepoint band, or value type, so the sets below must not be pooled or ranked against each other.

Comparable set · 2 obs sig 6e6cca3ee5

measure sym:cognitive-dysfunction · Structured checklist · ref Current · denom Symptomatic subset · 3-6 mo · Proportion — directly comparable

Bergen COVID-19 home-isolated cohort · SARS-CoV-2 · 6mo
13%
Patient-Led Long COVID international cohort · SARS-CoV-2 · 6mo
58.4% (56.5–60.2)

Comparable set · 1 obs sig f62e0e5b9f

measure sym:cognitive-dysfunction · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Unclear · 3-6 mo · Proportion — single observation

Patient-Led Long COVID international cohort · SARS-CoV-2 · 6mo
58.4% (56.5–60.2)

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 2483230e45

measure sym:cognitive-dysfunction · Structured checklist · ref Past 7 days · denom Assessed at timepoint · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation

Yale LISTEN post-vaccination syndrome cohort · COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based) · 20mo
63%

Arthralgia / rheumatic musculoskeletal pain Musculoskeletal

3 non-comparable sets. These observations of Arthralgia / rheumatic musculoskeletal pain do not share a comparability signature — they differ on ascertainment, reference period, denominator basis, timepoint band, or value type, so the sets below must not be pooled or ranked against each other.

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 01a250d680

measure sym:arthralgia · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 24 mo+ · Proportion — single observation

Réunion chikungunya viremic inception cohort · Chikungunya virus · 36mo
60%

Comparable set · 1 obs sig f4904c7ad7

measure sym:arthralgia · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation

TELECHIK cohort · Chikungunya virus · 24mo
43% (vs Unexposed (unmatched): 17%)

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 1ba65d5eec

measure sym:arthralgia · Structured checklist · ref Since infection · denom Assessed at timepoint · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation

TELECHIK cohort · Chikungunya virus · 24mo
29.9% (vs Seronegative contacts: 8.9%)

Irritable bowel syndrome (post-infectious) Gastrointestinal

2 non-comparable sets. These observations of Irritable bowel syndrome (post-infectious) do not share a comparability signature — they differ on ascertainment, reference period, denominator basis, timepoint band, or value type, so the sets below must not be pooled or ranked against each other.

Comparable set · 1 obs sig b1c0829e61

measure sym:irritable-bowel-syndrome · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Unclear · 24 mo+ · Proportion — single observation

Bergen Giardiasis Cohort · Giardia duodenalis (lamblia) · 72mo
39.4%

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 42693faea9

measure sym:irritable-bowel-syndrome · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Unclear · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation

Walkerton Health Study · Campylobacter jejuni / E. coli O157:H7 (Walkerton outbreak) · 24mo
36.2% (vs Unexposed (unmatched): 10.1%)

Chronic fatigue syndrome / ME-CFS caseness Fatigue / PEM

4 non-comparable sets. These observations of Chronic fatigue syndrome / ME-CFS caseness do not share a comparability signature — they differ on ascertainment, reference period, denominator basis, timepoint band, or value type, so the sets below must not be pooled or ranked against each other.

Comparable set · 2 obs sig 06f8f5f631

measure case-def:cfs · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 3-6 mo · Proportion — directly comparable

Chicago adolescent post-mononucleosis cohort · Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) · 6mo
13%
Dubbo Infection Outcomes Study · Mixed (EBV / Ross River virus / Coxiella burnetii) · 6mo
11%

Comparable set · 1 obs sig d33761e83d

measure case-def:cfs · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 6-12 mo · Proportion — single observation

Chicago adolescent post-mononucleosis cohort · Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) · 12mo
7%

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 6e8b10a7a5

measure case-def:cfs · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation

Chicago adolescent post-mononucleosis cohort · Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) · 24mo
4%

Comparable set · 1 obs sig e9745ef12a

measure case-def:cfs · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 24 mo+ · Proportion — single observation

Hong Kong SARS survivors 4-year follow-up · SARS-CoV-1 · 48mo
27.1%

Felt fully recovered Constitutional

2 non-comparable sets. These observations of Felt fully recovered do not share a comparability signature — they differ on ascertainment, reference period, denominator basis, timepoint band, or value type, so the sets below must not be pooled or ranked against each other.

Comparable set · 1 obs sig a2500a08e2

measure func:recovery · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 3-6 mo · Proportion — single observation

PHOSP-COVID · SARS-CoV-2 · 5mo
25.5%

Comparable set · 1 obs sig d2c59c03b3

measure func:recovery · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 6-12 mo · Proportion — single observation

PHOSP-COVID · SARS-CoV-2 · 12mo
28.9%

Impaired quality of life Constitutional

2 non-comparable sets. These observations of Impaired quality of life do not share a comparability signature — they differ on ascertainment, reference period, denominator basis, timepoint band, or value type, so the sets below must not be pooled or ranked against each other.

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 662d1f3667

measure func:qol-impairment · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 6-12 mo · Proportion — single observation

Johns Hopkins SLICE early-Lyme cohort · Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) · 12mo
14% (vs Healthy convenience: 4%)

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 0a1c494234

measure func:qol-impairment · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Unclear · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation

Netherlands Q-fever outbreak cohort · Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) · 18mo
44.9%

Not working due to illness Constitutional

2 non-comparable sets. These observations of Not working due to illness do not share a comparability signature — they differ on ascertainment, reference period, denominator basis, timepoint band, or value type, so the sets below must not be pooled or ranked against each other.

Comparable set · 1 obs sig f9f068b853

measure func:unable-to-work · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Unclear · 6-12 mo · Proportion — single observation

Patient-Led Long COVID international cohort · SARS-CoV-2 · 7mo
22.3%

Comparable set · 1 obs sig bda243b33c

measure func:unable-to-work · Open-ended report · ref Since infection · denom Responders · 24 mo+ · Proportion — single observation

VITAE vaccine-injury survey · COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based) · 24mo
26.36%

Any persistent symptom Constitutional

4 non-comparable sets. These observations of Any persistent symptom do not share a comparability signature — they differ on ascertainment, reference period, denominator basis, timepoint band, or value type, so the sets below must not be pooled or ranked against each other.

Comparable set · 2 obs sig b9cd776a5e

measure func:any-persistent-symptom · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 3-6 mo · Proportion — directly comparable

Bergen COVID-19 home-isolated cohort · SARS-CoV-2 · 6mo
61%
Bergen COVID-19 home-isolated cohort · SARS-CoV-2 · 6mo
52%

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 0132874c4c

measure func:any-persistent-symptom · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Unclear · 3-6 mo · Proportion — single observation

PREVAIL III Ebola Survivor Cohort · Ebola virus · 6mo
measured, not reported

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 8782bfb51f

measure func:any-persistent-symptom · Unclear · ref Not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · Acute · Proportion — single observation

Sejvar West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease Cohort · West Nile virus · 0mo
49%

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 734ec923ba

measure func:any-persistent-symptom · Open-ended report · ref Since infection · denom Responders · 24 mo+ · Proportion — single observation

VITAE vaccine-injury survey · COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based) · 24mo
91.35%

Paraesthesia / numbness Neuropathic

2 non-comparable sets. These observations of Paraesthesia / numbness do not share a comparability signature — they differ on ascertainment, reference period, denominator basis, timepoint band, or value type, so the sets below must not be pooled or ranked against each other.

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 66e703339c

measure sym:paresthesia · Open-ended report · ref Current · denom Symptomatic subset · 3-6 mo · Proportion — single observation

Post-Vac-Syndrom Deutschland patient survey · COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based) · 6mo
57%

Comparable set · 1 obs sig 1f91e2b8b2

measure sym:paresthesia · Structured checklist · ref Past 7 days · denom Assessed at timepoint · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation

Yale LISTEN post-vaccination syndrome cohort · COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based) · 20mo
63%

Gap matrices

Gap matrix — pathogen × study design

Cell = number of cohorts. Red cells mark pathogen/design combinations with no cohort yet.

Prospective (inception)Prospective (non-inception)Retrospective cohortRegistry linkageCase-controlCross-sectionalSurvey
SARS-CoV-21211
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)1
Giardia duodenalis (lamblia)1
Zika virus1
Dengue virus1
Mixed (EBV / Ross River virus / Coxiella burnetii)1
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)2
SARS-CoV-111
COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based)13
Chikungunya virus12
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)1
Ross River virus1
Pandemrix (AS03-adjuvanted H1N1 influenza vaccine)1
Ebola virus1
West Nile virus1
Campylobacter jejuni / E. coli O157:H7 (Walkerton outbreak)1

Gap matrix — pathogen × acute-phase specimens

Acute-phase specimens are what make a cohort useful for mechanism studies.

YesNoUnclearN/A
SARS-CoV-2131
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)1
Giardia duodenalis (lamblia)1
Zika virus1
Dengue virus1
Mixed (EBV / Ross River virus / Coxiella burnetii)1
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)2
SARS-CoV-12
COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based)22
Chikungunya virus12
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)1
Ross River virus1
Pandemrix (AS03-adjuvanted H1N1 influenza vaccine)1
Ebola virus1
West Nile virus1
Campylobacter jejuni / E. coli O157:H7 (Walkerton outbreak)1

Gap matrix — measure domain × pathogen

Cohorts that measured anything in that domain for that pathogen. Empty cells = whole domains never measured for a pathogen.

Fatigue / PEMNeurocognitiveMusculoskeletalSleepSensoryGastrointestinalRespiratoryNeuropathicConstitutionalOther
SARS-CoV-2321113
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)1
Giardia duodenalis (lamblia)11
Zika virus1
Dengue virus1
Mixed (EBV / Ross River virus / Coxiella burnetii)1
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)2
SARS-CoV-12
COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based)22211
Chikungunya virus12
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)11
Ross River virus
Pandemrix (AS03-adjuvanted H1N1 influenza vaccine)1
Ebola virus1
West Nile virus1
Campylobacter jejuni / E. coli O157:H7 (Walkerton outbreak)1

Gap matrix — PEM assessment × pathogen

Whether each cohort assessed post-exertional malaise at all.

Yes (validated instrument)Yes (single item)NoUnclear
SARS-CoV-2113
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)1
Giardia duodenalis (lamblia)1
Zika virus1
Dengue virus1
Mixed (EBV / Ross River virus / Coxiella burnetii)1
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)11
SARS-CoV-12
COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based)13
Chikungunya virus3
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)1
Ross River virus1
Pandemrix (AS03-adjuvanted H1N1 influenza vaccine)1
Ebola virus1
West Nile virus1
Campylobacter jejuni / E. coli O157:H7 (Walkerton outbreak)1