A catalogue of post-acute infection syndrome cohorts, not patients. v2 stores every reported result — proportions, rates, means, paired tissue measurements, incidence, qualitative findings — as one polymorphic Observation keyed to a Measure registry, so structurally different cohorts sit in one queryable table. Comparability is a property of the data: two observations are directly comparable only if they share a comparability signature.
32 cohorts
The same cohorts grouped by trigger (pathogen or vaccine), ordered by class. Each disease also has its own page. Flags mark evidentiary caveats.
| Measure | Amsterdam Long COVID muscle-biopsy PEM cohort Virus Single domain | Bergen COVID-19 home-isolated cohort Virus Targeted panel | Bergen Giardiasis Cohort Protozoan Targeted panel | Chicago adolescent post-mononucleosis cohort Virus Single domain | Colombo Dengue Study Virus Single domain | Dubbo Infection Outcomes Study Mixed Targeted panel | Finland Pandemrix childhood narcolepsy cohort Vaccine None | French Polynesia Zika–Guillain-Barré case-control study Virus Single domain | Hong Kong SARS survivors 4-year follow-up Virus Targeted panel | Jinyintan Virus Targeted panel | Johns Hopkins SLICE early-Lyme cohort Bacterium Targeted panel | London post-glandular-fever fatigue cohort Virus Single domain | Netherlands Q-fever outbreak cohort Bacterium Targeted panel | NIH Intramural ME/CFS Deep-Phenotyping Study Unknown Comprehensive inventory | NIH RECOVER-Adult Cohort Virus Comprehensive inventory | PACVS registry cohort Vaccine Targeted panel | Patient-Led Long COVID international cohort Virus Comprehensive inventory | PHOSP-COVID Virus Targeted panel | Post-Vac-Syndrom Deutschland patient survey Vaccine Targeted panel | PREVAIL III Ebola Survivor Cohort Virus Targeted panel | Réunion chikungunya viremic inception cohort Virus Targeted panel | Sejvar West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease Cohort Virus Targeted panel | TELECHIK cohort Virus Targeted panel | Toronto Chronic Post-SARS Cohort Virus Single domain | UK ME/CFS Biobank Unknown Comprehensive inventory | VITAE vaccine-injury survey Vaccine Incidental | Walkerton Health Study Mixed Single domain | Yale LISTEN post-vaccination syndrome cohort Vaccine Comprehensive inventory |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptoms | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fatigue | – | 21% | 30.8% | – | 32% | – | – | – | 40.3% | 63% | – | 47% | 43.5% | Extensive multi-omics sampling from all 57 participants: serum, plasma, PBMC, wh… | Serum, plasma, PBMC, whole blood, urine, and saliva collected at enrolment and a… | 80% | 80% | – | – | – | – | – | 34.3% | measured, not reported | Serum, PBMC, RNA, whole blood banked at −80 °C from all 632 participants. Availa… | – | – | 69% |
| Post-exertional malaise | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 100% | · | – | 73.3% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | measured, not reported | – | – | · |
| Cognitive dysfunction | – | 13% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | · | · | – | 58.4% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | · | – | – | 63% |
| Memory impairment | – | 11% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | · | · | – | · | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | · | – | – | · |
| Sleep disturbance | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | · | · | – | · | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | measured, not reported | – | – | · |
| Dyspnoea | – | 13% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | · | · | – | · | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | · | – | – | · |
| Loss of smell/taste | – | 28% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | · | · | – | · | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | · | – | – | · |
| Arthralgia / rheumatic musculoskeletal pain | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | · | · | – | · | – | – | – | 60% | – | 29.9% | – | · | – | – | · |
| Irritable bowel syndrome (post-infectious) | – | – | 39.4% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | · | · | – | · | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | · | – | 36.2% | · |
| Exercise intolerance | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | · | · | – | · | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | · | – | – | 71% |
| Paraesthesia / numbness | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | · | · | – | · | – | 57% | – | – | – | – | – | · | – | – | 63% |
| Case definitions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chronic fatigue syndrome / ME-CFS caseness | – | – | – | 4% | – | 11% | – | – | 27.1% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| CFS-like illness | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 21.5% | – | – | – | – | – |
| Institute of Medicine / NAM ME/CFS criteria (IOM 2015) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 100% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Fukuda/CDC 1994 CFS criteria | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 100% | – | – | – |
| Functional outcomes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Felt fully recovered | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 28.9% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Impaired quality of life | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 14% | – | 44.9% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Not working due to illness | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 22.3% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 26.36% | – | – |
| Any persistent symptom | – | 52% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | RECOVER is the only Long COVID cohort with a national US sampling frame, SARS-Co… | – | – | – | – | measured, not reported | – | 49% | – | – | – | 91.35% | – | – |
| Events | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Narcolepsy (incident) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9 per 100000 person-years | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Guillain-Barré syndrome | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 98% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Physiologic / tissue | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Skeletal muscle pathology (biopsy) | Muscle biopsies after a two-day CPET-induced post-exertional malaise showed seve… | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tilt-table haemodynamic response | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | measured, not reported | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2-day CPET workload drop | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | measured, not reported | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Laboratory | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interleukin-6 (elevated) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 60% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Interleukin-8 (elevated) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 83% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Free tri-iodothyronine (low) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 80% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Serum neurofilament light chain (elevated) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 27% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Every cohort that measured a given thing, grouped by comparability signature. Within a set the estimates are directly comparable; different sets are shown but never pooled, and the signature diff is the reason why.
| Measure | Observations | Distinct signatures | Largest comparable set |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fatigue | 20 | 17 | 2 |
| Post-exertional malaise | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| Cognitive dysfunction | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| Chronic fatigue syndrome / ME-CFS caseness | 5 | 4 | 2 |
| Any persistent symptom | 6 | 5 | 2 |
| Arthralgia / rheumatic musculoskeletal pain | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| Irritable bowel syndrome (post-infectious) | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Felt fully recovered | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Impaired quality of life | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Not working due to illness | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Paraesthesia / numbness | 2 | 2 | 1 |
measure sym:fatigue · Structured checklist · ref Current · denom Symptomatic subset · 3-6 mo · Proportion — directly comparable
measure sym:fatigue · Structured checklist · ref Current · denom Assessed at timepoint · 3-6 mo · Proportion — directly comparable
measure sym:fatigue · Lab assay · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · Unspecified · Qualitative — directly comparable
measure sym:fatigue · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Unclear · 24 mo+ · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:fatigue · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 0-3 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:fatigue · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Unclear · 3-6 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:fatigue · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 3-6 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:fatigue · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 24 mo+ · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:fatigue · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:fatigue · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Unclear · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:fatigue · Validated instrument · ref Past 30 days · denom Assessed at timepoint · Unspecified · Mean (SD) — single observation
measure sym:fatigue · Registry linkage · ref N/A · denom Assessed at timepoint · Acute · Count — single observation
measure sym:fatigue · Lab assay · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · Acute · Qualitative — single observation
measure sym:fatigue · Structured checklist · ref Since infection · denom Assessed at timepoint · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:fatigue · Validated instrument · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · Unspecified · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:fatigue · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Unclear · Acute · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:fatigue · Structured checklist · ref Past 7 days · denom Assessed at timepoint · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:post-exertional-malaise · Clinician-assessed · ref Current · denom Assessed at timepoint · Unspecified · Proportion — directly comparable
measure sym:post-exertional-malaise · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Unclear · 3-6 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:post-exertional-malaise · Structured checklist · ref Current · denom Symptomatic subset · 3-6 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:cognitive-dysfunction · Structured checklist · ref Current · denom Symptomatic subset · 3-6 mo · Proportion — directly comparable
measure sym:cognitive-dysfunction · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Unclear · 3-6 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:cognitive-dysfunction · Structured checklist · ref Past 7 days · denom Assessed at timepoint · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:arthralgia · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 24 mo+ · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:arthralgia · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:arthralgia · Structured checklist · ref Since infection · denom Assessed at timepoint · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:irritable-bowel-syndrome · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Unclear · 24 mo+ · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:irritable-bowel-syndrome · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Unclear · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure case-def:cfs · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 3-6 mo · Proportion — directly comparable
measure case-def:cfs · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 6-12 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure case-def:cfs · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure case-def:cfs · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 24 mo+ · Proportion — single observation
measure func:recovery · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 3-6 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure func:recovery · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 6-12 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure func:qol-impairment · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 6-12 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure func:qol-impairment · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Unclear · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure func:unable-to-work · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Unclear · 6-12 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure func:unable-to-work · Open-ended report · ref Since infection · denom Responders · 24 mo+ · Proportion — single observation
measure func:any-persistent-symptom · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · 3-6 mo · Proportion — directly comparable
measure func:any-persistent-symptom · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Unclear · 3-6 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure func:any-persistent-symptom · Registry linkage · ref N/A · denom Assessed at timepoint · Acute · Qualitative — single observation
measure func:any-persistent-symptom · Unclear · ref not reported · denom Assessed at timepoint · Acute · Proportion — single observation
measure func:any-persistent-symptom · Open-ended report · ref Since infection · denom Responders · 24 mo+ · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:paresthesia · Open-ended report · ref Current · denom Symptomatic subset · 3-6 mo · Proportion — single observation
measure sym:paresthesia · Structured checklist · ref Past 7 days · denom Assessed at timepoint · 12-24 mo · Proportion — single observation
What predicts who develops the chronic syndrome given infection — with the acute-phase emphasis, temporality rules, replication table and factor × pathogen matrix — is now a dedicated page.
Open the susceptibility & conversion analysis →
Triangular matrix of joinable harmonized estimates: exact, instrument match, construct match, or an empty cell for no joinable evidence.
| cohort | appelman-2024-lc-muscle | blomberg-2021-bergen-covid | bergen-giardiasis-2004 | mylonas-rrv-polyarthritis | katz-2009-mononucleosis | colombo-dengue | decodeme-mecfs-gwas | dubbo-infection-outcomes | nohynek-2012-pandemrix-narcolepsy | cao-lormeau-zika-gbs | lam-2009-sars-survivors | huang-2021-wuhan | aucott-slice-ptlds | white-1998-glandular-fever | long-covid-host-genetics | morroy-netherlands-qfever | nih-intramural-me-cfs-2024 | recover-adult-long-covid | marburg-pacvs | davis-2021-longcovid | phosp-covid | postvac-germany-survey | prevail-iii-ebola | marimoutou-2012-gendarmes | schilte-2013-chikungunya-reunion | sejvar-wnv-neuroinvasive | telechik-reunion | moldofsky-post-sars | uk-me-cfs-biobank | vitae-survey | walkerton-health-study | yale-listen-pvs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| appelman-2024-lc-muscle | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| blomberg-2021-bergen-covid | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| bergen-giardiasis-2004 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| mylonas-rrv-polyarthritis | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| katz-2009-mononucleosis | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||
| colombo-dengue | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
| decodeme-mecfs-gwas | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| dubbo-infection-outcomes | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
| nohynek-2012-pandemrix-narcolepsy | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||
| cao-lormeau-zika-gbs | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
| lam-2009-sars-survivors | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||
| huang-2021-wuhan | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||
| aucott-slice-ptlds | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
| white-1998-glandular-fever | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||
| long-covid-host-genetics | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| morroy-netherlands-qfever | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| nih-intramural-me-cfs-2024 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| recover-adult-long-covid | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| marburg-pacvs | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| davis-2021-longcovid | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| phosp-covid | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
| postvac-germany-survey | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| prevail-iii-ebola | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| marimoutou-2012-gendarmes | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| schilte-2013-chikungunya-reunion | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| sejvar-wnv-neuroinvasive | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| telechik-reunion | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| moldofsky-post-sars | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| uk-me-cfs-biobank | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| vitae-survey | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| walkerton-health-study | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| yale-listen-pvs | — |
| Prospective (inception) | Prospective (non-inception) | Retrospective cohort | Registry linkage | Case-control | Cross-sectional | Survey | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS-CoV-2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) | 1 | ||||||
| Giardia duodenalis (lamblia) | 1 | ||||||
| Zika virus | 1 | ||||||
| Dengue virus | 1 | ||||||
| Unknown / idiopathic trigger | 1 | 2 | |||||
| Mixed (EBV / Ross River virus / Coxiella burnetii) | 1 | ||||||
| Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) | 2 | ||||||
| SARS-CoV-1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based) | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Chikungunya virus | 1 | 2 | |||||
| Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) | 1 | ||||||
| Ross River virus | 1 | ||||||
| Pandemrix (AS03-adjuvanted H1N1 influenza vaccine) | 1 | ||||||
| Ebola virus | 1 | ||||||
| West Nile virus | 1 | ||||||
| Campylobacter jejuni / E. coli O157:H7 (Walkerton outbreak) | 1 |
| Yes | No | Unclear | N/A | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS-CoV-2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | |
| Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) | 1 | |||
| Giardia duodenalis (lamblia) | 1 | |||
| Zika virus | 1 | |||
| Dengue virus | 1 | |||
| Unknown / idiopathic trigger | 1 | 2 | ||
| Mixed (EBV / Ross River virus / Coxiella burnetii) | 1 | |||
| Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) | 2 | |||
| SARS-CoV-1 | 2 | |||
| COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based) | 2 | 2 | ||
| Chikungunya virus | 1 | 2 | ||
| Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) | 1 | |||
| Ross River virus | 1 | |||
| Pandemrix (AS03-adjuvanted H1N1 influenza vaccine) | 1 | |||
| Ebola virus | 1 | |||
| West Nile virus | 1 | |||
| Campylobacter jejuni / E. coli O157:H7 (Walkerton outbreak) | 1 |
| Fatigue / PEM | Neurocognitive | Autonomic | Musculoskeletal | Sleep | Sensory | Gastrointestinal | Respiratory | Neuropathic | Constitutional | Other | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS-CoV-2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | |||||
| Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) | 1 | ||||||||||
| Giardia duodenalis (lamblia) | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Zika virus | 1 | ||||||||||
| Dengue virus | 1 | ||||||||||
| Unknown / idiopathic trigger | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Mixed (EBV / Ross River virus / Coxiella burnetii) | 1 | ||||||||||
| Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) | 2 | ||||||||||
| SARS-CoV-1 | 2 | ||||||||||
| COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Chikungunya virus | 1 | 2 | |||||||||
| Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Ross River virus | |||||||||||
| Pandemrix (AS03-adjuvanted H1N1 influenza vaccine) | 1 | ||||||||||
| Ebola virus | 1 | ||||||||||
| West Nile virus | 1 | ||||||||||
| Campylobacter jejuni / E. coli O157:H7 (Walkerton outbreak) | 1 |
| Yes (validated instrument) | Yes (single item) | No | Unclear | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS-CoV-2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | |
| Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) | 1 | |||
| Giardia duodenalis (lamblia) | 1 | |||
| Zika virus | 1 | |||
| Dengue virus | 1 | |||
| Unknown / idiopathic trigger | 3 | |||
| Mixed (EBV / Ross River virus / Coxiella burnetii) | 1 | |||
| Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) | 1 | 1 | ||
| SARS-CoV-1 | 2 | |||
| COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA / spike-based) | 1 | 3 | ||
| Chikungunya virus | 3 | |||
| Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) | 1 | |||
| Ross River virus | 1 | |||
| Pandemrix (AS03-adjuvanted H1N1 influenza vaccine) | 1 | |||
| Ebola virus | 1 | |||
| West Nile virus | 1 | |||
| Campylobacter jejuni / E. coli O157:H7 (Walkerton outbreak) | 1 |