Summary
| Direction in PACVS | ↕ Inconsistent — reported as both higher and lower across studies, with no consistent direction |
|---|---|
| Category | Autoimmune |
| Also described as | Immunopathogenic mechanism |
| Compared against | Internal correlation |
| Associated symptoms | ACE2 levels correlate with anti-S titers |
| Test type | Blood test (serum / plasma / whole blood) |
| Source | Mantovani et al. 2024 — doi:10.3390/biomedicines12122852 |
| Condition atlas | PACVS Biomarker Atlas |
Related Autoimmune markers in PACVS
- Anti-CHRM3 (muscarinic M3) ↕
- Anti-GPCR autoantibodies (panel) ↑
- Anti-ADRA2A (α2B adrenergic receptor) ↓
- Anti-STAB1 autoantibodies ↑
- Anti-MAS1 receptor autoantibodies ↑
- Anti-AT1R (angiotensin II type 1 receptor) ↑
- Anti-ACE2 autoantibodies ↑
Full list: PACVS Biomarker Atlas.
Frequently asked questions
Is Anti-idiotype antibodies (ACE2 ↔ Anti-S) high or low in PACVS?
Mixed. Some studies report higher and others lower Anti-idiotype antibodies (ACE2 ↔ Anti-S) in PACVS compared with Internal correlation, so no single direction is established. Source: Mantovani et al. 2024.
What symptoms is Anti-idiotype antibodies (ACE2 ↔ Anti-S) associated with in PACVS?
The cited literature associates this marker with ACE2 levels correlate with anti-S titers. These are population-level associations and do not mean the marker causes the symptoms.
Which test measures Anti-idiotype antibodies (ACE2 ↔ Anti-S)?
It is measured as a blood test (serum / plasma / whole blood). Many of the cited studies used research-grade assays, so clinical availability may vary.
Is one abnormal Anti-idiotype antibodies (ACE2 ↔ Anti-S) result diagnostic of PACVS?
No. No single biomarker is diagnostic of PACVS. Anti-idiotype antibodies (ACE2 ↔ Anti-S) findings come from group comparisons, overlap considerably between patients and controls, and vary with study design, timing and comparison group. A result should be interpreted by a clinician alongside symptoms, history and other tests.
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Last reviewed: 2026-06-30 · Page generated from pacvs.json · Browse: PACVS atlas · Biomarker Index · All marker pages
Disclaimer: This page is an educational synthesis of published, peer-reviewed research and is not medical advice. Biomarker findings vary across studies with case definitions, comparison groups, timing and assay methods. Direction of change reflects the predominant finding in the cited source and does not establish a diagnostic threshold. Discuss any test result with a qualified clinician.