Summary
| Direction in PACVS | ↑ Elevated — higher than in the comparison group |
|---|---|
| Category | Autoimmune |
| Also described as | Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 |
| Compared against | HC (healthy controls) |
| Associated symptoms | Ecchymosis, skin edema, rash |
| Test type | Blood test (serum / plasma / whole blood) |
| Source | Mantovani et al. 2024 — doi:10.3390/biomedicines12122852 |
| Condition atlas | PACVS Biomarker Atlas |
Related Autoimmune markers in PACVS
- Anti-AT1R (angiotensin II type 1 receptor) ↑
- Anti-MAS1 receptor autoantibodies ↑
- Anti-STAB1 autoantibodies ↑
- Anti-ADRA2A (α2B adrenergic receptor) ↓
- Anti-CHRM3 (muscarinic M3) ↕
- Anti-idiotype antibodies (ACE2 ↔ Anti-S) ↕
- Anti-GPCR autoantibodies (panel) ↑
Full list: PACVS Biomarker Atlas.
Frequently asked questions
Is Anti-ACE2 autoantibodies high or low in PACVS?
Elevated. Studies summarised in the OSMF atlas report higher Anti-ACE2 autoantibodies in PACVS than in healthy controls. Source: Mantovani et al. 2024.
What symptoms is Anti-ACE2 autoantibodies associated with in PACVS?
The cited literature associates this marker with Ecchymosis, skin edema, rash. These are population-level associations and do not mean the marker causes the symptoms.
Which test measures Anti-ACE2 autoantibodies?
It is measured as a blood test (serum / plasma / whole blood). Many of the cited studies used research-grade assays, so clinical availability may vary.
Is one abnormal Anti-ACE2 autoantibodies result diagnostic of PACVS?
No. No single biomarker is diagnostic of PACVS. Anti-ACE2 autoantibodies findings come from group comparisons, overlap considerably between patients and controls, and vary with study design, timing and comparison group. A result should be interpreted by a clinician alongside symptoms, history and other tests.
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Last reviewed: 2026-06-30 · Page generated from pacvs.json · Browse: PACVS atlas · Biomarker Index · All marker pages
Disclaimer: This page is an educational synthesis of published, peer-reviewed research and is not medical advice. Biomarker findings vary across studies with case definitions, comparison groups, timing and assay methods. Direction of change reflects the predominant finding in the cited source and does not establish a diagnostic threshold. Discuss any test result with a qualified clinician.