Osteoarthritis — RepurpOS | OpenSourceMedicine

Disease overview

Alterations

128

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

214

Via biomarker

Natural agents

Natural products

106

Merged ranked

302

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, PubMed NP, ClinicalTrials.gov NP · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-05

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Structural progression is essentially universal over 10+ years without intervention; pain fluctuates but functional decline is the expected trajectory; no disease-modifying therapy exists as of 2024

Best-intervention remission

No cure or disease modification available; total joint replacement (TJR) achieves 85-90% patient satisfaction and near-elimination of pain but is not disease reversal; weight loss of >10% reduces pain scores ~50% and slows structural progression; exercise therapy comparable to NSAIDs for pain relief

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Large for pain management vs disease modification (disease modification doesn't exist); moderate for functional outcomes (exercise and weight loss underutilized vs medication)

Primary barrier

biological + practice

Barrier detail: OARSI formally petitioned the FDA in 2016 to recognize OA as a serious disease with no cure and no disease-modifying interventions — confirmed in FDA's criteria. Practice gap: NSAIDs have been first-line for >100 years despite long-term evidence of joint damage acceleration and GI/CV risk; exercise consistently outperforms medication in functional outcomes but is rarely 'prescribed'

Last SoC change: 2019-2020 — OARSI/ACR guidelines formally de-emphasized acetaminophen (evidence of minimal efficacy) and added conditional recommendation against opioids; NSAIDs have been first-line since the 1960s; duloxetine added ~2010 as centrally-acting option

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0005178 · ORPHA: ORPHA:248095

Alterations

128 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
Arthritis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
ACAN aggrecan	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADO 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ALDH1A2 aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ANAPC4 anaphase promoting complex subunit 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ANKFN1 ankyrin repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
APOE apolipoprotein E	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP4A ATPase H+/K+ transporting subunit alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP4B ATPase H+/K+ transporting subunit beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BANK1 B cell scaffold protein with ankyrin repeats 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BMAL1 basic helix-loop-helix ARNT like 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BMP6 bone morphogenetic protein 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1C calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1D calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1F calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 F	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1S calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 S	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL11A1 collagen type XI alpha 1 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL27A1 collagen type XXVII alpha 1 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL6A2 collagen type VI alpha 2 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COLGALT2 collagen beta(1-O)galactosyltransferase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CPS1 carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CRADD CARD and death domain containing adaptor protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CWC27 CWC27 spliceosome associated cyclophilin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Change From Baseline OA Disease Activity as Assessed by the Patient	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change From Baseline OA Function in the Target Knee	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change from baseline activity pain score at 1-months, 3-months and 6-months	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change in knee pain	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
DPEP1 dipeptidase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ECRG4 ECRG4 augurin precursor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EFEMP1 EGF-like fibulin extracellular matrix protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ERG ETS transcription factor ERG	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ESR1 estrogen receptor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Evaluation of FFOCT reconstructions in early osteoarthritis evaluation using visual quantitative information parameter.	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Excercie adherence	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
FAAH fatty acid amide hydrolase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FES FES proto-oncogene, tyrosine kinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FGF18 fibroblast growth factor 18	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FGFR3 fibroblast growth factor receptor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FOXP2 forkhead box P2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FRZB frizzled related protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FTO FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FURIN furin, paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GASK1A golgi associated kinase 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GDF5 growth differentiation factor 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GLIS3 GLIS family zinc finger 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GSDMC gasdermin C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Global Pain Severity-Graded Chronic Pain Scale	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
HHIP hedgehog interacting protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HRH2 histamine receptor H2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Evaluation change from baseline	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
JAZF1 JAZF zinc finger 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome score- (KOOS Score)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
LMX1B LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LRIG3 leucine rich repeats and immunoglobulin like domains 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LTBP1 latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LTBP3 latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Lequesne's Index	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Lower Extremity Function Scale (LEFS) change from baseline	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
MAP2K6 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MATN3 matrilin 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MDFIC MyoD family inhibitor domain containing	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Motor Function - Grip Strength (Dominant Hand)	Functional	Functional test	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Muscle strength	Functional	Functional test	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
NACA2 nascent polypeptide associated complex subunit alpha 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NFATC1 nuclear factor of activated T cells 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NGF nerve growth factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Numeric Pain Score (NPS) change from baseline	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
OPRK1 opioid receptor kappa 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OPRM1 opioid receptor mu 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Oxford Knee Score	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
P3H2 prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PAPPA pappalysin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PCSK1 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PLCD1 phospholipase C delta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PLOD2 procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PPP1R3B protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTCH1 patched 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTGER3 prostaglandin E receptor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTGS1 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTGS2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Pain (VAS in mm)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Patient Global Assessment (PGA)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Patient Satisfaction	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Physician Global Assessment (PhGA)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
RFLNA refilin A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RNF144B ring finger protein 144B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN10A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN11A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN1A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN2A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN3A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN4A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN5A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN7A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN8A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN9A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SERPINA1 serpin family A member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC25A13 solute carrier family 25 member 13	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC39A8 solute carrier family 39 member 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SMAD3 SMAD family member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SMO smoothened, frizzled class receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SOX5 SRY-box transcription factor 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SPAG17 sperm associated antigen 17	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SULF2 sulfatase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Self-Efficacy for Exercise	Functional	Functional test	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE)-modified	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
TACC3 transforming acidic coiled-coil containing protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TBX15 T-box transcription factor 15	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TBX2 T-box transcription factor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TEAD1 TEA domain transcription factor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TFAP2B transcription factor AP-2 beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TMEM129 transmembrane protein 129, E3 ubiquitin ligase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNC tenascin C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNFRSF11A TNF receptor superfamily member 11a	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNFSF11 TNF superfamily member 11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TRPV1 transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TSEN15 tRNA splicing endonuclease subunit 15	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TSKU tsukushi, small leucine rich proteoglycan	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
USP8 ubiquitin specific peptidase 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Visual Analog Pain Scale (at Rest) at 6 Weeks	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
WOMAC ARTHRITIS INDEX	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
WSCD2 WSC domain sialate O sulfotransferase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
ZC3H11B zinc finger CCCH-type containing 11B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
clinical status with the Oxford Knee Score	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
visual analogue scale	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
INDOMETHACIN	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 5 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 94 Trial pubs 49 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02860949 — Multimodal Drug Infiltration in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Is Posterior Capsular Infiltration Worth the Risk? (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00562627 — Efficacy of Multimodal Peri- and Intraarticular Drug Injections in Total Knee Arthroplasty (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02700451 — Post-op Acetaminophen vs NSAID Use on Lumbar Spinal Fusion Outcomes (COMPLETED) NA NCT02638831 — Ketorol Gel in Gonarthrosis and Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01042093 — Efficacy of Multimodal Perioperative Analgesia With Periarticular Drug Injection in Total Knee Arthroplasty(TKA) (COMPLETED) NA NCT05992883 — NSAID Injection Versus Corticosteroid Injection for Basilar Thumb Arthritis (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT02765815 — A Comparison of Exparel Local Anesthetic in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) Patients (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 NCT03119038 — Efficacy of Intraoperative Injections on Postoperative Pain Control During Total Hip Replacement (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Topical analgesics for acute and chronic pain in adults - an overview of Cochrane Reviews (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017) Cochrane review WITHDRAWN: Analgesia and non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis of the hip (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2007) Cochrane review WITHDRAWN: Non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for treating osteoarthritis of the knee (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2007) Cochrane review Analgesia and non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis of the hip (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2000) Cochrane review Non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis of the knee (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2000) Meta-analysis Quantitative systematic review of topically applied non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 1998) Meta-analysis A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of pharmacological therapy in osteoarthritis of the hip (The Journal of rheumatology, 1997) Meta-analysis A study to determine the efficacy and safety of tenoxicam versus piroxicam, diclofenac and indomethacin in patients with osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis (The Journal of rheumatology, 1993) Clinical trial publication Effect and usability of anti-inflammatory drug plasters for knee osteoarthritis: A crossover, double-blind, repeated measures, randomized controlled trial (Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association, 2021) Clinical trial publication Prompt analgesic effect of antihistaminic diphenhydramine ointment on bone-joint-muscle pain as assessed by skin impedance (Pharmacology, 2013) Clinical trial publication [Clinical study on the prevention of heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty by Xiaozhong Zhitong] (Zhongguo gu shang = China journal of orthopaedics and traumatology, 2011) Clinical trial publication [Randomized, double blind, multicentre, parallel group study to compare efficacy and safety of acemetacin and indometacin in patients with activated osteoarthrosis of the knee] (Praxis, 2009) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADUCANUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIXABAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £20–£50 / 28-60 tabs · US $30–$70 / 30-60 tabs	4 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPROPION HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01583023 — Using Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for the Treatment of Bipolar Depression (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLESTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 trials 5 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 25 Trial pubs 20 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01279395 — Anti-inflammatory Agents and Cholesterol Metabolism (TERMINATED) NCT04210284 — Oral Nutritional Optimization in Total Joint Arthroplasty (RECRUITING) NA NCT05749601 — Risk Factor Involved in Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) (COMPLETED) NA NCT00251069 — Glucosamine Sulphate and Increased Level of Blood Cholesterol (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Coffee and health outcomes: a systematic review of Mendelian randomisation studies (Nutrition research reviews, 2025) Cochrane review The relationship between circulating and tissue biomarkers and OA-related pain: A systematic literature review (Osteoarthritis and cartilage open, 2025) Cochrane review Pine bark (Pinus spp.) extract for treating chronic disorders (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020) Cochrane review Cardiovascular profile in osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of cardiovascular events and risk factors (Joint bone spine, 2019) Cochrane review Interventions to achieve long-term weight loss in obese older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Age and ageing, 2010) Meta-analysis Serum Metabolome Analysis Identified Amino-Acid Metabolism Associated With Pain in People With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis - A Cross-Sectional Study (The journal of pain, 2023) Systematic review An update on the association between metabolic syndrome and osteoarthritis and on the potential role of leptin in osteoarthritis (Cytokine, 2020) Clinical trial publication Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Probio-M8 enhances chondroitin efficacy for knee osteoarthritis in postmenopausal women via the gut-joint axis (mSystems, 2025) Clinical trial publication Risk factors for severe knee osteoarthritis and efficacy of diacerein in obese vietnamese patients: A randomized, single-blind, noncontrolled clinical trial (Medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of low-dose rosuvastatin/ezetimibe for dyslipidemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis (Medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication The effect of pentosan polysulfate sodium for improving dyslipidaemia and knee pain in people with knee osteoarthritis: A pilot study (Osteoarthritis and cartilage open, 2023) Clinical trial publication Effects of Diet Control and Telemedicine-Based Resistance Exercise Intervention on Patients with Obesity and Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Control Trial (International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHORIOGONADOTROPIN ALFA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DONANEMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DONEPEZIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02927522 — Donepezil Attenuate Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ESOMEPRAZOLE STRONTIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOFIBRATE MICRONIZED Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUVASTATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	3 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GALANTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GANCICLOVIR Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRBESARTAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANSOPRAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LECANEMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LORAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	5 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LUTEIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	7 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE POLACRILEX Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT07173335 — Integrated Healthy Lifestyle and Pain Care for People With Musculoskeletal Conditions Living in Rural Areas. (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NORETHINDRONE ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEPRAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
OMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PANTOPRAZOLE SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAVASTATIN SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–30 tabs · US $4–$8 / 30 tabs	2 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 4 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06603662 — Systemic Oral Glucocorticoids for the Treatment of Acute Osteoarthritis Pain in the Emergency Department (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT07630896 — Post-op Prednisone and Glucose Monitoring in TKA (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Corticosteroid injections for osteoarthritis of the knee: meta-analysis (BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2004) Clinical trial publication Real-time vs static scoring in musculoskeletal ultrasonography in patients with inflammatory hand osteoarthritis (Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2022) Clinical trial publication Earlier is better when treating rheumatoid arthritis: but can we detect a window of opportunity? (RMD open, 2020) Clinical trial publication The effect of low-dose aspirin on the decreased risk of development of dyspepsia and gastrointestinal ulcers associated to cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors (The Journal of rheumatology, 2007) Clinical trial publication Osteocyte viability with glucocorticoid treatment: relation to histomorphometry (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2003) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RABEPRAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RABEPRAZOLE SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITONAVIR Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	3 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RIVASTIGMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRETINOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TRIAMCINOLONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 11 Cochrane 4 Meta-analysis 82 Trial pubs 73 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02762370 — Study to Assess the Effects of FX006 on Blood Glucose in Patients With OA of the Knee and Type 2 Diabetes (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05526898 — Evaluating the Effect of Adipose Tissue Processed With the SyntrFuge™ System for Knee Osteoarthritis (UNKNOWN) NA NCT06653985 — Intra-articular Corticosteroid With Hyaluronic Acid Plus Physiotherapy for Hip Pathologies (NON-OP HIP) (RECRUITING) NA NCT04641351 — Corticosteroid Meniscectomy Randomized Trial (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT03191903 — Study of Cingal™ for the Relief of Knee Osteoarthritis Compared to Triamcinolone Hexacetonide (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT05292339 — Ketorolac in Upper Extremity Tendinopathy and Arthropathy (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT04782401 — The Effects of Ultrasound Guided Genicular Nerve Block for Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT04261049 — Effect of Zilretta Injection (COMPLETED) PHASE1 Published literature Cochrane review Limited Evidence to Support the Use of Intra-Articular Injection of Hyaluronic Acid for the Management of Hallux Rigidus: A Systematic Review (Foot & ankle orthopaedics, 2024) Cochrane review Intra-articular corticosteroids for the treatment of osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the comparison of different molecules and doses (Journal of experimental orthopaedics, 2024) Cochrane review Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Injections versus Steroid Injections in the Management of Upper and Lower Extremity Orthopedic Conditions: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis (Journal of clinical medicine, 2024) Cochrane review Intra-Articular Injection of Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (International journal of molecular sciences, 2023) Cochrane review A review of the efficacy of intraarticular hip injection for patients with hip osteoarthritis: To inject or not to inject in hip osteoarthritis? (Joint diseases and related surgery, 2022) Meta-analysis Effectiveness and safety of intra-articular interventions for knee and hip osteoarthritis based on large randomized trials: A systematic review and network meta-analysis (Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 2025) Meta-analysis Symptomatic Efficacy of Pharmacological Treatments for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and a Network Meta-Analysis with a 6-Month Time Horizon (Drugs, 2020) Meta-analysis Intraarticular corticosteroid for treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2006) Meta-analysis Intraarticular corticosteroid for treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2005) Systematic review Effect of corticosteroids on articular cartilage: have animal studies said everything? (Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 2015) Systematic review Intra-articular and soft tissue injections, a systematic review of relative efficacy of various corticosteroids (Clinical rheumatology, 2014) Clinical trial publication The Effects of Ultrasound-Guided Genicular Nerve Blocks Used with Local Anesthetics Alone or in Combination with Corticosteroids on Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial (Pain physician, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VONOPRAZAN FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADALIMUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPIVACAINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCITONIN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHONDROITIN SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHONDROITIN SULFATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CROCIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROSE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIACEREIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXYCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELORALINTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETORICOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FASINUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENTANYL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FULRANUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GW-406381	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HISTAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYALURONATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYALURONIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCODONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROMORPHONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN TRELAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK Very low cost OTC/prescription · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN TRELAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK Very low cost OTC/prescription · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETOROLAC	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LORECIVIVINT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUMIRACOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MORPHINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £15–£30 / 28–50 tabs (low-dose) · US $20–$40 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXCINOD	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYCODONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYGEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OZONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOSAN POLYSULFATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POLMACOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POVIDONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGABALIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROCAINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RESINIFERATOXIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RETATRUTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SECUKINUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SINOMENINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SMC021	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TANEZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TANOMASTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAPENTADOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOCILIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAMADOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAMADOL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRANEXAMIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZOLEDRONIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZUCAPSAICIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £5–£12 / 30 tabs or effervescent · US $8–$15 / 30-60 tabs (NAC)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALDUMASTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMG-108	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINO ACIDS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANAKINRA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARRY-797	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASTAXANTHIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATB-346	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK Varies (specialist) · US $30–$80 / 30-day (varies by product)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABINOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARNITINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CE-224535	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEBRANOPADOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CORTISONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £6–£10 / 30 tabs (0.1mg) · US $6 / 30 tabs (0.1mg, Cost Plus)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DENOSUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFELIKEFALIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENEKINRAGENE INZADENOVEC	Gene therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPTOTERMIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FASITIBANT CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEPIXNEBART	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FISETIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FUNAPIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GALCANEZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GEFAPIXANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GW842166X	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GZ-389988	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INULIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETOCONAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDOGROZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOCARNITINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUTIKIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTREXATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIV-711	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK0686	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MORPHINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £15–£30 / 28–50 tabs (low-dose) · US $20–$40 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ODANACATIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONABOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYTOCIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PG-530742	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PICLIDENOSON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POISON OAK EXTRACT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAR-113945	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOMATROPIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAPENTADOL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERIPARATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LINAPRAZAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TEGOPRAZAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AGG-523	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALLOPURINOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30-90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APOCYNIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AUTOLOGOUS CULTURED CHONDROCYTES	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BACLOFEN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BI 113823	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BI113823	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBACYCLIC PHOSPHATIDIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CILOSTAZOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
COPPER	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMETHYL SULFONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHIODIZED OIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLAVOCOXID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLPG-0555	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERLEUKIN-10	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LICOFELONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOSARTAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAVATREP	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEDI-578	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORPHENADRINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PLATELETS	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SPRIFERMIN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRACAINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACECLOFENAC	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAMINOPHEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMTOLMETIN GUACIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROMELAINS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPRENORPHINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANAKINUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAPSAICIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLINE MAGNESIUM TRISALICYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CORTISONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEUTERIUM OXIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICLOFENAC	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICLOFENAC POTASSIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICLOFENAC SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLUNISAL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPHENHYDRAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONABINOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOCALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESFLURBIPROFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETANERCEPT	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETODOLAC	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FAMOTIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£4 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30–60 tabs (Cost Plus)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOPROFEN CALCIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GINKGO	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLUCOSAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GOLD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUGGULSTERONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYLAN G-F 20	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK Very low cost OTC/prescription · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOXICAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETOPROFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETOROLAC TROMETHAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
L-006235-1	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIDOCAINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LONAPEGSOMATROPIN	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECLIZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECLOFENAMATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELOXICAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MENTHOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDAZOLAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MISOPROSTOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NABUMETONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXEN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEPAFENAC	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONDANSETRON	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXAPROZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIROXICAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASTERONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£5 / 28–30 tabs · US $4–$8 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROGLUMETACIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPOFOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROQUAZONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REMIFENTANIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROFECOXIB	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROPIVACAINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RUTIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SETAMEVETCEL	Cell therapy	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULINDAC	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUXAMETHONIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLMETIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE HEXACETONIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRYPSIN, CRYSTALLIZED	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALDECOXIB	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ADALIMUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPIVACAINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCITONIN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHONDROITIN SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHONDROITIN SULFATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CROCIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROSE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIACEREIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXYCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELORALINTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETORICOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FASINUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENTANYL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FULRANUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GW-406381	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HISTAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYALURONATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYALURONIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCODONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROMORPHONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN TRELAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK Very low cost OTC/prescription · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN TRELAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK Very low cost OTC/prescription · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETOROLAC	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LORECIVIVINT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUMIRACOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MORPHINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £15–£30 / 28–50 tabs (low-dose) · US $20–$40 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXCINOD	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYCODONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYGEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OZONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOSAN POLYSULFATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POLMACOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POVIDONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGABALIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROCAINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RESINIFERATOXIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RETATRUTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SECUKINUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SINOMENINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SMC021	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TANEZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TANOMASTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAPENTADOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOCILIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAMADOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAMADOL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRANEXAMIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZOLEDRONIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZUCAPSAICIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £5–£12 / 30 tabs or effervescent · US $8–$15 / 30-60 tabs (NAC)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALDUMASTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMG-108	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINO ACIDS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANAKINRA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARRY-797	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASTAXANTHIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATB-346	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK Varies (specialist) · US $30–$80 / 30-day (varies by product)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABINOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARNITINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CE-224535	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEBRANOPADOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CORTISONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £6–£10 / 30 tabs (0.1mg) · US $6 / 30 tabs (0.1mg, Cost Plus)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DENOSUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFELIKEFALIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENEKINRAGENE INZADENOVEC	Gene therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPTOTERMIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FASITIBANT CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEPIXNEBART	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FISETIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FUNAPIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GALCANEZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GEFAPIXANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GW842166X	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GZ-389988	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INULIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETOCONAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDOGROZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOCARNITINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUTIKIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTREXATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIV-711	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK0686	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MORPHINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £15–£30 / 28–50 tabs (low-dose) · US $20–$40 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ODANACATIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONABOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYTOCIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PG-530742	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PICLIDENOSON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POISON OAK EXTRACT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAR-113945	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOMATROPIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAPENTADOL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERIPARATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AGG-523	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALLOPURINOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30-90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APOCYNIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AUTOLOGOUS CULTURED CHONDROCYTES	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BACLOFEN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BI 113823	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BI113823	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBACYCLIC PHOSPHATIDIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CILOSTAZOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
COPPER	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMETHYL SULFONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHIODIZED OIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLAVOCOXID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLPG-0555	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERLEUKIN-10	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LICOFELONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOSARTAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAVATREP	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEDI-578	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORPHENADRINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PLATELETS	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SPRIFERMIN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRACAINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACECLOFENAC	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAMINOPHEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMTOLMETIN GUACIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROMELAINS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPRENORPHINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANAKINUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAPSAICIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLINE MAGNESIUM TRISALICYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CORTISONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEUTERIUM OXIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICLOFENAC	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICLOFENAC POTASSIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICLOFENAC SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLUNISAL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPHENHYDRAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONABINOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOCALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESFLURBIPROFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETANERCEPT	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETODOLAC	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FAMOTIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£4 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30–60 tabs (Cost Plus)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOPROFEN CALCIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GINKGO	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLUCOSAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GOLD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUGGULSTERONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYLAN G-F 20	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK Very low cost OTC/prescription · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 5 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 94 Trial pubs 49 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02860949 — Multimodal Drug Infiltration in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Is Posterior Capsular Infiltration Worth the Risk? (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00562627 — Efficacy of Multimodal Peri- and Intraarticular Drug Injections in Total Knee Arthroplasty (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02700451 — Post-op Acetaminophen vs NSAID Use on Lumbar Spinal Fusion Outcomes (COMPLETED) NA NCT02638831 — Ketorol Gel in Gonarthrosis and Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01042093 — Efficacy of Multimodal Perioperative Analgesia With Periarticular Drug Injection in Total Knee Arthroplasty(TKA) (COMPLETED) NA NCT05992883 — NSAID Injection Versus Corticosteroid Injection for Basilar Thumb Arthritis (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT02765815 — A Comparison of Exparel Local Anesthetic in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) Patients (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 NCT03119038 — Efficacy of Intraoperative Injections on Postoperative Pain Control During Total Hip Replacement (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Topical analgesics for acute and chronic pain in adults - an overview of Cochrane Reviews (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017) Cochrane review WITHDRAWN: Analgesia and non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis of the hip (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2007) Cochrane review WITHDRAWN: Non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for treating osteoarthritis of the knee (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2007) Cochrane review Analgesia and non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis of the hip (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2000) Cochrane review Non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis of the knee (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2000) Meta-analysis Quantitative systematic review of topically applied non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 1998) Meta-analysis A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of pharmacological therapy in osteoarthritis of the hip (The Journal of rheumatology, 1997) Meta-analysis A study to determine the efficacy and safety of tenoxicam versus piroxicam, diclofenac and indomethacin in patients with osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis (The Journal of rheumatology, 1993) Clinical trial publication Effect and usability of anti-inflammatory drug plasters for knee osteoarthritis: A crossover, double-blind, repeated measures, randomized controlled trial (Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association, 2021) Clinical trial publication Prompt analgesic effect of antihistaminic diphenhydramine ointment on bone-joint-muscle pain as assessed by skin impedance (Pharmacology, 2013) Clinical trial publication [Clinical study on the prevention of heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty by Xiaozhong Zhitong] (Zhongguo gu shang = China journal of orthopaedics and traumatology, 2011) Clinical trial publication [Randomized, double blind, multicentre, parallel group study to compare efficacy and safety of acemetacin and indometacin in patients with activated osteoarthrosis of the knee] (Praxis, 2009) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOXICAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETOPROFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETOROLAC TROMETHAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
L-006235-1	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIDOCAINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LONAPEGSOMATROPIN	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECLIZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECLOFENAMATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELOXICAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MENTHOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDAZOLAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MISOPROSTOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NABUMETONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXEN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEPAFENAC	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONDANSETRON	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXAPROZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIROXICAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASTERONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£5 / 28–30 tabs · US $4–$8 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROGLUMETACIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPOFOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROQUAZONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REMIFENTANIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROFECOXIB	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROPIVACAINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RUTIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SETAMEVETCEL	Cell therapy	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULINDAC	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUXAMETHONIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLMETIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE HEXACETONIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRYPSIN, CRYSTALLIZED	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALDECOXIB	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADUCANUMAB Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIXABAN Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £20–£50 / 28-60 tabs · US $30–$70 / 30-60 tabs	4 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPROPION HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01583023 — Using Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for the Treatment of Bipolar Depression (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLESTEROL Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 trials 5 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 25 Trial pubs 20 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01279395 — Anti-inflammatory Agents and Cholesterol Metabolism (TERMINATED) NCT04210284 — Oral Nutritional Optimization in Total Joint Arthroplasty (RECRUITING) NA NCT05749601 — Risk Factor Involved in Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) (COMPLETED) NA NCT00251069 — Glucosamine Sulphate and Increased Level of Blood Cholesterol (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Coffee and health outcomes: a systematic review of Mendelian randomisation studies (Nutrition research reviews, 2025) Cochrane review The relationship between circulating and tissue biomarkers and OA-related pain: A systematic literature review (Osteoarthritis and cartilage open, 2025) Cochrane review Pine bark (Pinus spp.) extract for treating chronic disorders (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020) Cochrane review Cardiovascular profile in osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of cardiovascular events and risk factors (Joint bone spine, 2019) Cochrane review Interventions to achieve long-term weight loss in obese older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Age and ageing, 2010) Meta-analysis Serum Metabolome Analysis Identified Amino-Acid Metabolism Associated With Pain in People With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis - A Cross-Sectional Study (The journal of pain, 2023) Systematic review An update on the association between metabolic syndrome and osteoarthritis and on the potential role of leptin in osteoarthritis (Cytokine, 2020) Clinical trial publication Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Probio-M8 enhances chondroitin efficacy for knee osteoarthritis in postmenopausal women via the gut-joint axis (mSystems, 2025) Clinical trial publication Risk factors for severe knee osteoarthritis and efficacy of diacerein in obese vietnamese patients: A randomized, single-blind, noncontrolled clinical trial (Medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of low-dose rosuvastatin/ezetimibe for dyslipidemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis (Medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication The effect of pentosan polysulfate sodium for improving dyslipidaemia and knee pain in people with knee osteoarthritis: A pilot study (Osteoarthritis and cartilage open, 2023) Clinical trial publication Effects of Diet Control and Telemedicine-Based Resistance Exercise Intervention on Patients with Obesity and Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Control Trial (International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHORIOGONADOTROPIN ALFA Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DONANEMAB Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DONEPEZIL Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02927522 — Donepezil Attenuate Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE SODIUM Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE SODIUM Repurposing via ATP4A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ESOMEPRAZOLE STRONTIUM Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOFIBRATE MICRONIZED Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUVASTATIN Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	3 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GALANTAMINE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GANCICLOVIR Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE Repurposing via ADO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 5 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 94 Trial pubs 49 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02860949 — Multimodal Drug Infiltration in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Is Posterior Capsular Infiltration Worth the Risk? (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00562627 — Efficacy of Multimodal Peri- and Intraarticular Drug Injections in Total Knee Arthroplasty (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02700451 — Post-op Acetaminophen vs NSAID Use on Lumbar Spinal Fusion Outcomes (COMPLETED) NA NCT02638831 — Ketorol Gel in Gonarthrosis and Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01042093 — Efficacy of Multimodal Perioperative Analgesia With Periarticular Drug Injection in Total Knee Arthroplasty(TKA) (COMPLETED) NA NCT05992883 — NSAID Injection Versus Corticosteroid Injection for Basilar Thumb Arthritis (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT02765815 — A Comparison of Exparel Local Anesthetic in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) Patients (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 NCT03119038 — Efficacy of Intraoperative Injections on Postoperative Pain Control During Total Hip Replacement (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Topical analgesics for acute and chronic pain in adults - an overview of Cochrane Reviews (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017) Cochrane review WITHDRAWN: Analgesia and non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis of the hip (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2007) Cochrane review WITHDRAWN: Non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for treating osteoarthritis of the knee (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2007) Cochrane review Analgesia and non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis of the hip (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2000) Cochrane review Non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis of the knee (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2000) Meta-analysis Quantitative systematic review of topically applied non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 1998) Meta-analysis A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of pharmacological therapy in osteoarthritis of the hip (The Journal of rheumatology, 1997) Meta-analysis A study to determine the efficacy and safety of tenoxicam versus piroxicam, diclofenac and indomethacin in patients with osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis (The Journal of rheumatology, 1993) Clinical trial publication Effect and usability of anti-inflammatory drug plasters for knee osteoarthritis: A crossover, double-blind, repeated measures, randomized controlled trial (Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association, 2021) Clinical trial publication Prompt analgesic effect of antihistaminic diphenhydramine ointment on bone-joint-muscle pain as assessed by skin impedance (Pharmacology, 2013) Clinical trial publication [Clinical study on the prevention of heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty by Xiaozhong Zhitong] (Zhongguo gu shang = China journal of orthopaedics and traumatology, 2011) Clinical trial publication [Randomized, double blind, multicentre, parallel group study to compare efficacy and safety of acemetacin and indometacin in patients with activated osteoarthrosis of the knee] (Praxis, 2009) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRBESARTAN Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANSOPRAZOLE Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LECANEMAB Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LORAZEPAM Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	5 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LUTEIN Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	7 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE POLACRILEX Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT07173335 — Integrated Healthy Lifestyle and Pain Care for People With Musculoskeletal Conditions Living in Rural Areas. (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NORETHINDRONE ACETATE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEPRAZOLE Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
OMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PANTOPRAZOLE SODIUM Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAVASTATIN SODIUM Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–30 tabs · US $4–$8 / 30 tabs	2 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 4 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06603662 — Systemic Oral Glucocorticoids for the Treatment of Acute Osteoarthritis Pain in the Emergency Department (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT07630896 — Post-op Prednisone and Glucose Monitoring in TKA (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Corticosteroid injections for osteoarthritis of the knee: meta-analysis (BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2004) Clinical trial publication Real-time vs static scoring in musculoskeletal ultrasonography in patients with inflammatory hand osteoarthritis (Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2022) Clinical trial publication Earlier is better when treating rheumatoid arthritis: but can we detect a window of opportunity? (RMD open, 2020) Clinical trial publication The effect of low-dose aspirin on the decreased risk of development of dyspepsia and gastrointestinal ulcers associated to cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors (The Journal of rheumatology, 2007) Clinical trial publication Osteocyte viability with glucocorticoid treatment: relation to histomorphometry (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2003) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RABEPRAZOLE Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RABEPRAZOLE SODIUM Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITONAVIR Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	3 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RIVASTIGMINE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULBACTAM Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRETINOIN Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TRIAMCINOLONE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 11 Cochrane 4 Meta-analysis 82 Trial pubs 73 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02762370 — Study to Assess the Effects of FX006 on Blood Glucose in Patients With OA of the Knee and Type 2 Diabetes (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05526898 — Evaluating the Effect of Adipose Tissue Processed With the SyntrFuge™ System for Knee Osteoarthritis (UNKNOWN) NA NCT06653985 — Intra-articular Corticosteroid With Hyaluronic Acid Plus Physiotherapy for Hip Pathologies (NON-OP HIP) (RECRUITING) NA NCT04641351 — Corticosteroid Meniscectomy Randomized Trial (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT03191903 — Study of Cingal™ for the Relief of Knee Osteoarthritis Compared to Triamcinolone Hexacetonide (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT05292339 — Ketorolac in Upper Extremity Tendinopathy and Arthropathy (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT04782401 — The Effects of Ultrasound Guided Genicular Nerve Block for Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT04261049 — Effect of Zilretta Injection (COMPLETED) PHASE1 Published literature Cochrane review Limited Evidence to Support the Use of Intra-Articular Injection of Hyaluronic Acid for the Management of Hallux Rigidus: A Systematic Review (Foot & ankle orthopaedics, 2024) Cochrane review Intra-articular corticosteroids for the treatment of osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the comparison of different molecules and doses (Journal of experimental orthopaedics, 2024) Cochrane review Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Injections versus Steroid Injections in the Management of Upper and Lower Extremity Orthopedic Conditions: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis (Journal of clinical medicine, 2024) Cochrane review Intra-Articular Injection of Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (International journal of molecular sciences, 2023) Cochrane review A review of the efficacy of intraarticular hip injection for patients with hip osteoarthritis: To inject or not to inject in hip osteoarthritis? (Joint diseases and related surgery, 2022) Meta-analysis Effectiveness and safety of intra-articular interventions for knee and hip osteoarthritis based on large randomized trials: A systematic review and network meta-analysis (Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 2025) Meta-analysis Symptomatic Efficacy of Pharmacological Treatments for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and a Network Meta-Analysis with a 6-Month Time Horizon (Drugs, 2020) Meta-analysis Intraarticular corticosteroid for treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2006) Meta-analysis Intraarticular corticosteroid for treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2005) Systematic review Effect of corticosteroids on articular cartilage: have animal studies said everything? (Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 2015) Systematic review Intra-articular and soft tissue injections, a systematic review of relative efficacy of various corticosteroids (Clinical rheumatology, 2014) Clinical trial publication The Effects of Ultrasound-Guided Genicular Nerve Blocks Used with Local Anesthetics Alone or in Combination with Corticosteroids on Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial (Pain physician, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VONOPRAZAN FUMARATE Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LINAPRAZAN Repurposing via ATP4A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TEGOPRAZAN Repurposing via ATP4A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ALDH1A2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

106 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Probiotics Natural product Effectiveness and safety of probiotics in treating knee osteoarthritis:… The effect of multi-strain probiotics on frailty in osteoarthritis pati… Probiotics and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) for osteoarthritic pain: ind…	Probiotic	Phase III	Moderate	26	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 10 Trial pubs 10 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04267432 — The Assessment of TCI633 Probiotics on Pain Relief and Functional Improvement in Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT05993247 — Efficacy of Probiotics for NSAID-induced Enteropathy in Arthritis Patients (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT03968770 — Probiotic for Pain Osteoarthritis (UNKNOWN) NA NCT07660367 — Bacillus Clausii Versus Multistrain Probiotics for Acute Watery Diarrhea in Children (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT03985709 — Probiotic for Osteoarthritis (UNKNOWN) NA NCT04017403 — Probiotics Attenuate Postoperative Cognition Decline (UNKNOWN) NA NCT07364578 — Probiotic Supplements in Osteoarthritis (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT06459700 — Effect of Probiotic Supplements on Osteoarthritis Outcomes (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Pycnogenol Natural product Human Study Pine bark extract significantly reduces pain in osteoarthritis. Human Study Pycnogenol may exert anti-inflammatory activity in osteoarthritic joint… Human Study This is the first evidence that polyphenols distribute into the synovia…	Botanical	Phase II	Moderate	23	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03106584 — The Marigot Osteoarthritis Nutritional Intervention (MOANi) Trial (UNKNOWN) NA NCT01321281 — A Study to Determine if Aquamin Modulates Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Blood of Osteoarthritis and Healthy Subjects (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Vitamin D3 Natural product Randomized controlled trial High-intensity versus low-intensity resistance training in patients wit… Randomized controlled trial Effects of vitamin D3 on glucose metabolism in patients with severe ost… Randomized controlled trial Effect of daily 2000 IU versus 800 IU vitamin D on blood pressure among…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	20	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 8 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06328426 — Vitamin D With Omega-3 or Metformin in Osteoarthritis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT04121533 — Vitamin D Supplementation in Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT05070871 — A Clinical Trial Investigating the Effect of Salmon Bone Meal on Osteoarthritis Among Men and Women (COMPLETED) NA NCT01403207 — An Analysis of Potential Sex Differences in Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NCT04405960 — Role of Alphacalcidol Supplement to Reduce Pain and COMP in Geriatric Knee Osteoarthritis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00599807 — Zurich Multiple Endpoint Vitamin D Trial in Knee OA Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04739592 — A Study of Alendronate Sodium Vitamin D3 Tablets on Knee Osteoarthritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT05100966 — FitJoints: Getting Fit for Hip and Knee Replacement (RECRUITING) NA Published literature Randomized controlled trial High-intensity versus low-intensity resistance training in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial (Clinical rehabilitation, 2022) Randomized controlled trial Effects of vitamin D3 on glucose metabolism in patients with severe osteoarthritis: A randomized double-blind trial comparing daily 2000 with 800 IU vitamin D3 (Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2021) Randomized controlled trial Effect of daily 2000 IU versus 800 IU vitamin D on blood pressure among adults age 60 years and older: a randomized clinical trial (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Effect of 2000 IU compared with 800 IU vitamin D on cognitive performance among adults age 60 years and older: a randomized controlled trial (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2019) Randomized controlled trial Vitamin D supplements for trunk muscle morphology in older adults: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Msm Natural product Cochrane review Efficacy of dietary supplements for treating knee osteoarthritis: a sys… Cochrane review Systematic review of the nutritional supplements dimethyl sulfoxide (DM… Randomized controlled trial [Combination therapy for exacerbations of pain in osteoarthritis with n…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	20	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	6 trials 2 Cochrane 12 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05634304 — Effect of a Patient-Centered Mobile App Self-Management Program for Osteoarthritis (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05975879 — A Study of the Feasibility of Using the Dietary Supplement "ARTNEO" in Patients With Osteoathritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT01836757 — Effect of Methyl-Sulphonyl-Methane on Osteoarthritis and Cartilage (UNKNOWN) PHASE1 NCT06032442 — A Study to Assess Efficacy of Supporting Properties and Safety of ARTNEO in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT01188213 — Efficacy of Methylsulfonylmethane Supplementation on Osteoarthritis of The Knee: A Randomized Controlled Study (COMPLETED) NA NCT01271218 — Effects of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Supplementation in Women With Knee Osteoarthritis Participating in an Exercise and Weight Loss Program (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy of dietary supplements for treating knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Frontiers in nutrition, 2025) Cochrane review Systematic review of the nutritional supplements dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in the treatment of osteoarthritis (Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 2008) Randomized controlled trial [Combination therapy for exacerbations of pain in osteoarthritis with non-fixed combinations] (Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 2025) Randomized controlled trial Methylsulfonylmethane Improves Knee Quality of Life in Participants with Mild Knee Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (Nutrients, 2023) Randomized controlled trial Efficacy and safety of a supplement combination on hand pain among people with symptomatic hand osteoarthritis an internet-based, randomised clinical trial the RADIANT study (Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 2021) Randomized controlled trial Methylsulfonylmethane for treatment of low back pain: A safety analysis of a randomized, controlled trial (Complementary therapies in medicine, 2019) Randomized controlled trial A randomized controlled trial evaluating methylsulfonylmethane versus placebo to prevent knee pain in military initial entry trainees (U.S. Army Medical Department journal, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Clinical trial publication The Effects of Vitamin D and Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation… Clinical trial publication Prevalence of Glucosamine and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Use and Characteristic… Clinical trial publication Supplementation with omega-3 fish oil has no effect on bone mineral den…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Moderate	20	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	7 trials 6 Cochrane 13 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT06328426 — Vitamin D With Omega-3 or Metformin in Osteoarthritis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT04121533 — Vitamin D Supplementation in Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT05372289 — Preoperative Immunonutrition in Patients Undergoing Spine Surgery (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03483090 — Investigating the Effect of Deep Sea Krill Oil Supplementation in Osteoarthritis of the Knee (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01351805 — Vitamin D and Fish Oil for Autoimmune Disease, Inflammation and Knee Pain (COMPLETED) NA NCT02333084 — The Influence Of a Natural Anti-Inflammatory Product On Levels Of Inflammatory Markers In Cases With Osteoarthritis Of Knee (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT07399743 — Effects of Lower Body Positive Pressure Therapy Versus Alpha Lipoic Acid and Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Knee Osteoarthritis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE3 Published literature Clinical trial publication The Effects of Vitamin D and Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Chronic Knee Pain in Older US Adults: Results From a Randomized Trial (Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2020) Clinical trial publication Prevalence of Glucosamine and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Use and Characteristics of Users among Mid-Age Women: Analysis of a Nationally Representative Sample of 10,638 Women (The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 2016) Clinical trial publication Supplementation with omega-3 fish oil has no effect on bone mineral density in adults with knee osteoarthritis: a 2-year randomized controlled trial (Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 2016) Clinical trial publication Fish oil in knee osteoarthritis: a randomised clinical trial of low dose versus high dose (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2016) Clinical trial publication Randomized Multicenter Placebo-Controlled Trial of Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Control of Aromatase Inhibitor-Induced Musculoskeletal Pain: SWOG S0927 (Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2015) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin C Natural product Systematic review Rosa canina - Rose hip pharmacological ingredients and molecular mechan… Systematic review Chondroprotection and the prevention of osteoarthritis progression of t… Systematic review The antioxidant vitamins A, C, E and selenium in the treatment of arthr…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	20	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Meta-analysis 7 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02801019 — Vitamin E-Diffused Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene Liner (COMPLETED) NA NCT05975879 — A Study of the Feasibility of Using the Dietary Supplement "ARTNEO" in Patients With Osteoathritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT03540186 — Epigenorm Antivir Combined With Acupuncture for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis Patients Who Are Overweight or Obese (UNKNOWN) NA NCT06032442 — A Study to Assess Efficacy of Supporting Properties and Safety of ARTNEO in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT01351805 — Vitamin D and Fish Oil for Autoimmune Disease, Inflammation and Knee Pain (COMPLETED) NA NCT05149053 — Hydrolyzed Collagen in the Reduction of Osteoarticular Pain and Functional Limitation (COMPLETED) NA NCT04661267 — Randomized Trial of Regenexx Stem Cell Support Formula (COMPLETED) NA NCT04783792 — The Effect of Phenolic Compounds in Osteoarthritis; a Nutritional Intervention (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Systematic review Rosa canina - Rose hip pharmacological ingredients and molecular mechanics counteracting osteoarthritis - A systematic review (Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2019) Systematic review Chondroprotection and the prevention of osteoarthritis progression of the knee: a systematic review of treatment agents (The American journal of sports medicine, 2015) Systematic review The antioxidant vitamins A, C, E and selenium in the treatment of arthritis: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials (Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2007) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin D3 Natural product Randomized controlled trial High-intensity versus low-intensity resistance training in patients wit… Randomized controlled trial Effects of vitamin D3 on glucose metabolism in patients with severe ost… Randomized controlled trial Effect of daily 2000 IU versus 800 IU vitamin D on blood pressure among…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 8 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06328426 — Vitamin D With Omega-3 or Metformin in Osteoarthritis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT04121533 — Vitamin D Supplementation in Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT05070871 — A Clinical Trial Investigating the Effect of Salmon Bone Meal on Osteoarthritis Among Men and Women (COMPLETED) NA NCT01403207 — An Analysis of Potential Sex Differences in Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NCT04405960 — Role of Alphacalcidol Supplement to Reduce Pain and COMP in Geriatric Knee Osteoarthritis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00599807 — Zurich Multiple Endpoint Vitamin D Trial in Knee OA Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04739592 — A Study of Alendronate Sodium Vitamin D3 Tablets on Knee Osteoarthritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT05100966 — FitJoints: Getting Fit for Hip and Knee Replacement (RECRUITING) NA Published literature Randomized controlled trial High-intensity versus low-intensity resistance training in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial (Clinical rehabilitation, 2022) Randomized controlled trial Effects of vitamin D3 on glucose metabolism in patients with severe osteoarthritis: A randomized double-blind trial comparing daily 2000 with 800 IU vitamin D3 (Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2021) Randomized controlled trial Effect of daily 2000 IU versus 800 IU vitamin D on blood pressure among adults age 60 years and older: a randomized clinical trial (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Effect of 2000 IU compared with 800 IU vitamin D on cognitive performance among adults age 60 years and older: a randomized controlled trial (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2019) Randomized controlled trial Vitamin D supplements for trunk muscle morphology in older adults: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Clinical trial publication The Effects of Vitamin D and Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation… Clinical trial publication Prevalence of Glucosamine and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Use and Characteristic… Clinical trial publication Supplementation with omega-3 fish oil has no effect on bone mineral den…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	19	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	7 trials 6 Cochrane 13 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT06328426 — Vitamin D With Omega-3 or Metformin in Osteoarthritis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT04121533 — Vitamin D Supplementation in Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT05372289 — Preoperative Immunonutrition in Patients Undergoing Spine Surgery (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03483090 — Investigating the Effect of Deep Sea Krill Oil Supplementation in Osteoarthritis of the Knee (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01351805 — Vitamin D and Fish Oil for Autoimmune Disease, Inflammation and Knee Pain (COMPLETED) NA NCT02333084 — The Influence Of a Natural Anti-Inflammatory Product On Levels Of Inflammatory Markers In Cases With Osteoarthritis Of Knee (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT07399743 — Effects of Lower Body Positive Pressure Therapy Versus Alpha Lipoic Acid and Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Knee Osteoarthritis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE3 Published literature Clinical trial publication The Effects of Vitamin D and Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Chronic Knee Pain in Older US Adults: Results From a Randomized Trial (Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2020) Clinical trial publication Prevalence of Glucosamine and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Use and Characteristics of Users among Mid-Age Women: Analysis of a Nationally Representative Sample of 10,638 Women (The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 2016) Clinical trial publication Supplementation with omega-3 fish oil has no effect on bone mineral density in adults with knee osteoarthritis: a 2-year randomized controlled trial (Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 2016) Clinical trial publication Fish oil in knee osteoarthritis: a randomised clinical trial of low dose versus high dose (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2016) Clinical trial publication Randomized Multicenter Placebo-Controlled Trial of Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Control of Aromatase Inhibitor-Induced Musculoskeletal Pain: SWOG S0927 (Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2015) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Msm Natural product Cochrane review Efficacy of dietary supplements for treating knee osteoarthritis: a sys… Cochrane review Systematic review of the nutritional supplements dimethyl sulfoxide (DM… Randomized controlled trial [Combination therapy for exacerbations of pain in osteoarthritis with n…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	6 trials 2 Cochrane 12 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05634304 — Effect of a Patient-Centered Mobile App Self-Management Program for Osteoarthritis (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05975879 — A Study of the Feasibility of Using the Dietary Supplement "ARTNEO" in Patients With Osteoathritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT01836757 — Effect of Methyl-Sulphonyl-Methane on Osteoarthritis and Cartilage (UNKNOWN) PHASE1 NCT06032442 — A Study to Assess Efficacy of Supporting Properties and Safety of ARTNEO in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT01188213 — Efficacy of Methylsulfonylmethane Supplementation on Osteoarthritis of The Knee: A Randomized Controlled Study (COMPLETED) NA NCT01271218 — Effects of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Supplementation in Women With Knee Osteoarthritis Participating in an Exercise and Weight Loss Program (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy of dietary supplements for treating knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Frontiers in nutrition, 2025) Cochrane review Systematic review of the nutritional supplements dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in the treatment of osteoarthritis (Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 2008) Randomized controlled trial [Combination therapy for exacerbations of pain in osteoarthritis with non-fixed combinations] (Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 2025) Randomized controlled trial Methylsulfonylmethane Improves Knee Quality of Life in Participants with Mild Knee Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (Nutrients, 2023) Randomized controlled trial Efficacy and safety of a supplement combination on hand pain among people with symptomatic hand osteoarthritis an internet-based, randomised clinical trial the RADIANT study (Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 2021) Randomized controlled trial Methylsulfonylmethane for treatment of low back pain: A safety analysis of a randomized, controlled trial (Complementary therapies in medicine, 2019) Randomized controlled trial A randomized controlled trial evaluating methylsulfonylmethane versus placebo to prevent knee pain in military initial entry trainees (U.S. Army Medical Department journal, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin C Natural product Systematic review Rosa canina - Rose hip pharmacological ingredients and molecular mechan… Systematic review Chondroprotection and the prevention of osteoarthritis progression of t… Systematic review The antioxidant vitamins A, C, E and selenium in the treatment of arthr…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	19	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Meta-analysis 7 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02801019 — Vitamin E-Diffused Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene Liner (COMPLETED) NA NCT05975879 — A Study of the Feasibility of Using the Dietary Supplement "ARTNEO" in Patients With Osteoathritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT03540186 — Epigenorm Antivir Combined With Acupuncture for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis Patients Who Are Overweight or Obese (UNKNOWN) NA NCT06032442 — A Study to Assess Efficacy of Supporting Properties and Safety of ARTNEO in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT01351805 — Vitamin D and Fish Oil for Autoimmune Disease, Inflammation and Knee Pain (COMPLETED) NA NCT05149053 — Hydrolyzed Collagen in the Reduction of Osteoarticular Pain and Functional Limitation (COMPLETED) NA NCT04661267 — Randomized Trial of Regenexx Stem Cell Support Formula (COMPLETED) NA NCT04783792 — The Effect of Phenolic Compounds in Osteoarthritis; a Nutritional Intervention (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Systematic review Rosa canina - Rose hip pharmacological ingredients and molecular mechanics counteracting osteoarthritis - A systematic review (Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2019) Systematic review Chondroprotection and the prevention of osteoarthritis progression of the knee: a systematic review of treatment agents (The American journal of sports medicine, 2015) Systematic review The antioxidant vitamins A, C, E and selenium in the treatment of arthritis: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials (Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2007) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Krill Oil Natural product Cochrane review Clinical efficacy and mechanisms of krill oil supplementation in knee o… Cochrane review Comparative Effectiveness of Nutritional Supplements in the Treatment o… Cochrane review Krill oil for knee osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis of randomized contro…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 3 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 5 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03483090 — Investigating the Effect of Deep Sea Krill Oil Supplementation in Osteoarthritis of the Knee (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT06880926 — Antarctic Krill Oil for Knee Osteoarthritis Pain (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Clinical efficacy and mechanisms of krill oil supplementation in knee osteoarthritis: meta-analysis and mechanistic insights (Inflammopharmacology, 2026) Cochrane review Comparative Effectiveness of Nutritional Supplements in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Network Meta-Analysis (Nutrients, 2025) Cochrane review Krill oil for knee osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Krill Oil for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA, 2024) Clinical trial publication A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of a Krill Oil, Astaxanthin, and Oral Hyaluronic Acid Complex on Joint Health in People with Mild Osteoarthritis (Nutrients, 2023) Clinical trial publication Krill oil improved osteoarthritic knee pain in adults with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis: a 6-month multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2022) Clinical trial publication Krill Oil Improves Mild Knee Joint Pain: A Randomized Control Trial (PloS one, 2016) Clinical trial publication Evaluation of the effect of Neptune Krill Oil on chronic inflammation and arthritic symptoms (Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2007) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Curcumin Natural product Cochrane review Reframing Nutraceuticals in Knee Osteoarthritis with Sarcopenia: A Musc… Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of different curcumin formulations in osteoarthriti… Cochrane review Lifestyle Interventions and Supplements for Joint and Arthritis Pain: A…	Food compound	Phase III	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 16 Cochrane 27 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06359665 — Oral Curcumin for the Treatment of Pain of Thumb Base Joint (CMC) Arthritis (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE1 NCT03540186 — Epigenorm Antivir Combined With Acupuncture for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis Patients Who Are Overweight or Obese (UNKNOWN) NA NCT06105840 — Combination of Curcuminoid With Acupressure for Inflammation and Pain in the Elderly With Osteoarthritis Genu (UNKNOWN) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00792818 — The Efficacy and Safety of Curcuma Domestica Extracts and Ibuprofen in Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07183215 — Efficacy Test of Curcuminoid Standardized Turmeric Capsules to Improving Inflammatory Biomarkers in Osteoarthritis Genu (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01909037 — Exploratory Non Comparative Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Highly Bioavailable Curcumin (Flexofytol) in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT03017118 — Turmeric for Patients With Basal Joint Arthritis (RECRUITING) NA NCT04661267 — Randomized Trial of Regenexx Stem Cell Support Formula (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Reframing Nutraceuticals in Knee Osteoarthritis with Sarcopenia: A Muscle-Joint-Centered Narrative Review (Nutrients, 2026) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of different curcumin formulations in osteoarthritis: an umbrella review of systematic reviews (Frontiers in medicine, 2026) Cochrane review Lifestyle Interventions and Supplements for Joint and Arthritis Pain: A Narrative Review (American journal of lifestyle medicine, 2025) Cochrane review Comparative Effectiveness of Nutritional Supplements in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Network Meta-Analysis (Nutrients, 2025) Cochrane review Effects of curcumin on serum inflammatory biomarkers in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (BMC complementary medicine and therapies, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Boswellia Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Boswellia and its extract may be an effective and safe treatment option… Human Study A Boswellia serrata extract safely reduces pain and improves physical f… Human Study Benefits of a food supplement containing Boswellia serrata and bromelai…	Botanical	Approved	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	7 trials 22 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05975879 — A Study of the Feasibility of Using the Dietary Supplement "ARTNEO" in Patients With Osteoathritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT06032442 — A Study to Assess Efficacy of Supporting Properties and Safety of ARTNEO in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT02977936 — Management of Joint Pain Associated With Osteoarthritis of the Knee With Association of Plant Extracts. (COMPLETED) NCT05925725 — Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Loxacon Dietary Supplement Capsules at Patients With Knee Arthrosis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01271218 — Effects of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Supplementation in Women With Knee Osteoarthritis Participating in an Exercise and Weight Loss Program (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07324746 — The Effectiveness of a Herbal Supplement in Osteoarthritis. (RECRUITING) NA NCT00577330 — Efficacy of Myalgesin™ to Support Joint Function in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Glucosamine Natural product Meta-analysis Effectiveness of treatments for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis:… Meta-analysis Effectiveness and Safety of SYSADOAs Used in Eastern and Western Region… Meta-analysis Efficiency of Glucosamine in Treating Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarth…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 67 Cochrane 42 Meta-analysis 170 Trial pubs 155 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05237596 — Prescription-grade Crystalline Glucosamine Sulfate Therapy in Erosive Hand Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NCT02167516 — A Clinical Study of Xin'an Medicine in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT04121533 — Vitamin D Supplementation in Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT00805519 — Efficacy and Safety of Prednisolone and Chloroquine Add on Therapy in Osteoarthritis of the Knee (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT06623773 — Study on Structum® in Adult Patients With Osteoarthritis (TRUST) (COMPLETED) NCT02562833 — The PLE²NO Self-management and Exercise Program for Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT00513422 — The Long-term Evaluation of Glucosamine Sulphate Study (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01356199 — Effect of Artronat on the Quality of Life of Patient With Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Meta-analysis Effectiveness of treatments for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Clinical oral investigations, 2025) Meta-analysis Effectiveness and Safety of SYSADOAs Used in Eastern and Western Regions for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials-SYSADOAs Are Effective and Safe for Knee OA (Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 2025) Meta-analysis Efficiency of Glucosamine in Treating Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis: A Meta-Analytic Umbrella Review (Current rheumatology reviews, 2025) Meta-analysis Evaluation of efficacy and safety of glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and their combination regimen in the management of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Inflammopharmacology, 2024) Meta-analysis A 2022 Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Enriched Therapeutic Diets and Nutraceuticals in Canine and Feline Osteoarthritis (International journal of molecular sciences, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Chondroitin Natural product Clinical trial publication Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Probio-M8 enhances chondroitin e… Clinical trial publication Effects of cartilage-supporting nutritional supplementation on knee ost… Clinical trial publication [Combination therapy for exacerbations of pain in osteoarthritis with n…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 48 Cochrane 44 Meta-analysis 115 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT00805519 — Efficacy and Safety of Prednisolone and Chloroquine Add on Therapy in Osteoarthritis of the Knee (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT06623773 — Study on Structum® in Adult Patients With Osteoarthritis (TRUST) (COMPLETED) NCT02562833 — The PLE²NO Self-management and Exercise Program for Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT05632783 — TreatMent Of Knee osTeoarthritis wIth chONdroitin Sulfate - the OA MOTION Study (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT00513422 — The Long-term Evaluation of Glucosamine Sulphate Study (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT05321836 — GLUCOSAMINE/CHONDROITIN and PHYSICAL THERAPY EFFECTS ON OLDER POPULATION WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS (COMPLETED) NA NCT04665804 — Effects of Creatine Supplementation as Compared to Glucosamine/Chondroitin Sulfate Supplementation in Addition to Exercise and Physical Therapy in the Management of Knee Osteoarthritis. (COMPLETED) NA NCT00955552 — Efficacy and Safety Study of Glucosamine/Chondroitin Sulfate to Patients Treatment With Osteoarthrosis of the Knee (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Clinical trial publication Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Probio-M8 enhances chondroitin efficacy for knee osteoarthritis in postmenopausal women via the gut-joint axis (mSystems, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effects of cartilage-supporting nutritional supplementation on knee osteoarthritis symptoms and quality of life in a 12-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study (Scientific reports, 2025) Clinical trial publication [Combination therapy for exacerbations of pain in osteoarthritis with non-fixed combinations] (Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 2025) Clinical trial publication Nutrition supplementation combined with exercise versus exercise alone in treating knee osteoarthritis: a double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial (Age and ageing, 2025) Clinical trial publication Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Pharmaceutical-Grade Chondroitin Sulfate for Knee Osteoarthritis Based on Individual Patient Data from a Randomized Clinical Trial (Advances in therapy, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Resveratrol Natural product Meta-analysis Identification of therapeutic targets in osteoarthritis by combining he… Systematic review Mechanisms of active metabolites from traditional Chinese medicine in o… Systematic review Nutraceuticals: do they represent a new era in the management of osteoa…	Food compound	Phase III	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 11 Trial pubs 10 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02905799 — Resveratrol in Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07634302 — Effects of Resveratrol Supplementation Combined With a Low-Calorie Diet in Postmenopausal Women With Obesity and Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT04661267 — Randomized Trial of Regenexx Stem Cell Support Formula (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Meta-analysis Identification of therapeutic targets in osteoarthritis by combining heterogeneous transcriptional datasets, drug-induced expression profiles, and known drug-target interactions (Journal of translational medicine, 2024) Systematic review Mechanisms of active metabolites from traditional Chinese medicine in osteoarthritis: a critical review (Frontiers in pharmacology, 2026) Systematic review Nutraceuticals: do they represent a new era in the management of osteoarthritis? - a narrative review from the lessons taken with five products (Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 2011) Clinical trial publication Plasma concentrations following oral administration of two different forms of resveratrol in horses (Journal of equine veterinary science, 2026) Clinical trial publication Improvement in postural imbalance with intake of resveratrol (polyphenolic phytoalexin) in patients of knee osteoarthritis (Explore (New York, N.Y.), 2026) Clinical trial publication Resveratrol supplementation improves functional performance in knee osteoarthritis by upregulating sirtuin 1: a randomized study (Inflammopharmacology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Resveratrol treatment increases sirtuin 1 levels and alleviates frailty phenotype in knee osteoarthritis patients: a randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial (International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 2025) Clinical trial publication Oral resveratrol in adults with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized placebo-controlled trial (ARTHROL) (PLoS medicine, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
L-Carnitine Natural product Meta-analysis Effect of l-Carnitine Supplementation on Osteoarthritis: A Systematic R… Meta-analysis Dietary supplements for treating osteoarthritis: a systematic review an…	Amino acid	Phase II	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 2 Meta-analysis 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07660081 — Effects of Acetyl L-Carnitine Supplementation on Clinical, Metabolic and Inflammatory Symptoms in Obese, Diabetic, Postmenopausal Women With Osteoarthritis (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT06960694 — Effect of L-carnitine on Disease Activity in Patients With Mild to Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Meta-analysis Effect of l-Carnitine Supplementation on Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review (Molecular nutrition & food research, 2024) Meta-analysis Dietary supplements for treating osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (British journal of sports medicine, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Ashwagandha Natural product	Ayurvedic	Preclinical	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 1 Cochrane View evidence Registry trials NCT03262805 — To Assess the Lanconone® (E-OA-07) Efficacy in Physical Activity-related Pain- LEAP Study (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Creatine Natural product	Amino acid	Preclinical	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	6 trials 10 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04665804 — Effects of Creatine Supplementation as Compared to Glucosamine/Chondroitin Sulfate Supplementation in Addition to Exercise and Physical Therapy in the Management of Knee Osteoarthritis. (COMPLETED) NA NCT04058002 — Project Arthritis Recovering Quality of Life Through Education 70+ (UNKNOWN) NA NCT04423887 — Effects of Creatine Supplementation in Addition to Resistance Exercise Training in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT00749983 — Effects of Creatine Supplementation in Women With Knee Osteoarthritis and Fibromyalgia (COMPLETED) NA NCT04423432 — Effects of Creatine and Glucoseamine/ Chondritin Sulfate Co-Supplementation in Addition to Exercise and Physical Therapy in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis (UNKNOWN) NA NCT02290275 — Creatine, Exercise and Inflammatory Markers in Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Glucosamine Natural product Meta-analysis Effectiveness of treatments for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis:… Meta-analysis Effectiveness and Safety of SYSADOAs Used in Eastern and Western Region… Meta-analysis Efficiency of Glucosamine in Treating Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarth…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 67 Cochrane 42 Meta-analysis 170 Trial pubs 155 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05237596 — Prescription-grade Crystalline Glucosamine Sulfate Therapy in Erosive Hand Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NCT02167516 — A Clinical Study of Xin'an Medicine in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT04121533 — Vitamin D Supplementation in Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT00805519 — Efficacy and Safety of Prednisolone and Chloroquine Add on Therapy in Osteoarthritis of the Knee (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT06623773 — Study on Structum® in Adult Patients With Osteoarthritis (TRUST) (COMPLETED) NCT02562833 — The PLE²NO Self-management and Exercise Program for Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT00513422 — The Long-term Evaluation of Glucosamine Sulphate Study (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01356199 — Effect of Artronat on the Quality of Life of Patient With Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Meta-analysis Effectiveness of treatments for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Clinical oral investigations, 2025) Meta-analysis Effectiveness and Safety of SYSADOAs Used in Eastern and Western Regions for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials-SYSADOAs Are Effective and Safe for Knee OA (Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 2025) Meta-analysis Efficiency of Glucosamine in Treating Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis: A Meta-Analytic Umbrella Review (Current rheumatology reviews, 2025) Meta-analysis Evaluation of efficacy and safety of glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and their combination regimen in the management of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Inflammopharmacology, 2024) Meta-analysis A 2022 Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Enriched Therapeutic Diets and Nutraceuticals in Canine and Feline Osteoarthritis (International journal of molecular sciences, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Curcumin Natural product Cochrane review Reframing Nutraceuticals in Knee Osteoarthritis with Sarcopenia: A Musc… Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of different curcumin formulations in osteoarthriti… Cochrane review Lifestyle Interventions and Supplements for Joint and Arthritis Pain: A…	Food compound	Phase III	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 16 Cochrane 27 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06359665 — Oral Curcumin for the Treatment of Pain of Thumb Base Joint (CMC) Arthritis (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE1 NCT03540186 — Epigenorm Antivir Combined With Acupuncture for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis Patients Who Are Overweight or Obese (UNKNOWN) NA NCT06105840 — Combination of Curcuminoid With Acupressure for Inflammation and Pain in the Elderly With Osteoarthritis Genu (UNKNOWN) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00792818 — The Efficacy and Safety of Curcuma Domestica Extracts and Ibuprofen in Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07183215 — Efficacy Test of Curcuminoid Standardized Turmeric Capsules to Improving Inflammatory Biomarkers in Osteoarthritis Genu (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01909037 — Exploratory Non Comparative Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Highly Bioavailable Curcumin (Flexofytol) in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT03017118 — Turmeric for Patients With Basal Joint Arthritis (RECRUITING) NA NCT04661267 — Randomized Trial of Regenexx Stem Cell Support Formula (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Reframing Nutraceuticals in Knee Osteoarthritis with Sarcopenia: A Muscle-Joint-Centered Narrative Review (Nutrients, 2026) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of different curcumin formulations in osteoarthritis: an umbrella review of systematic reviews (Frontiers in medicine, 2026) Cochrane review Lifestyle Interventions and Supplements for Joint and Arthritis Pain: A Narrative Review (American journal of lifestyle medicine, 2025) Cochrane review Comparative Effectiveness of Nutritional Supplements in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Network Meta-Analysis (Nutrients, 2025) Cochrane review Effects of curcumin on serum inflammatory biomarkers in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (BMC complementary medicine and therapies, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Boswellia Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Boswellia and its extract may be an effective and safe treatment option… Human Study A Boswellia serrata extract safely reduces pain and improves physical f… Human Study Benefits of a food supplement containing Boswellia serrata and bromelai…	Botanical	Approved	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	7 trials 22 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05975879 — A Study of the Feasibility of Using the Dietary Supplement "ARTNEO" in Patients With Osteoathritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT06032442 — A Study to Assess Efficacy of Supporting Properties and Safety of ARTNEO in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT02977936 — Management of Joint Pain Associated With Osteoarthritis of the Knee With Association of Plant Extracts. (COMPLETED) NCT05925725 — Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Loxacon Dietary Supplement Capsules at Patients With Knee Arthrosis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01271218 — Effects of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Supplementation in Women With Knee Osteoarthritis Participating in an Exercise and Weight Loss Program (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07324746 — The Effectiveness of a Herbal Supplement in Osteoarthritis. (RECRUITING) NA NCT00577330 — Efficacy of Myalgesin™ to Support Joint Function in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Chondroitin Natural product Clinical trial publication Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Probio-M8 enhances chondroitin e… Clinical trial publication Effects of cartilage-supporting nutritional supplementation on knee ost… Clinical trial publication [Combination therapy for exacerbations of pain in osteoarthritis with n…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 48 Cochrane 44 Meta-analysis 115 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT00805519 — Efficacy and Safety of Prednisolone and Chloroquine Add on Therapy in Osteoarthritis of the Knee (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT06623773 — Study on Structum® in Adult Patients With Osteoarthritis (TRUST) (COMPLETED) NCT02562833 — The PLE²NO Self-management and Exercise Program for Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT05632783 — TreatMent Of Knee osTeoarthritis wIth chONdroitin Sulfate - the OA MOTION Study (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT00513422 — The Long-term Evaluation of Glucosamine Sulphate Study (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT05321836 — GLUCOSAMINE/CHONDROITIN and PHYSICAL THERAPY EFFECTS ON OLDER POPULATION WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS (COMPLETED) NA NCT04665804 — Effects of Creatine Supplementation as Compared to Glucosamine/Chondroitin Sulfate Supplementation in Addition to Exercise and Physical Therapy in the Management of Knee Osteoarthritis. (COMPLETED) NA NCT00955552 — Efficacy and Safety Study of Glucosamine/Chondroitin Sulfate to Patients Treatment With Osteoarthrosis of the Knee (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Clinical trial publication Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Probio-M8 enhances chondroitin efficacy for knee osteoarthritis in postmenopausal women via the gut-joint axis (mSystems, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effects of cartilage-supporting nutritional supplementation on knee osteoarthritis symptoms and quality of life in a 12-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study (Scientific reports, 2025) Clinical trial publication [Combination therapy for exacerbations of pain in osteoarthritis with non-fixed combinations] (Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 2025) Clinical trial publication Nutrition supplementation combined with exercise versus exercise alone in treating knee osteoarthritis: a double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial (Age and ageing, 2025) Clinical trial publication Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Pharmaceutical-Grade Chondroitin Sulfate for Knee Osteoarthritis Based on Individual Patient Data from a Randomized Clinical Trial (Advances in therapy, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Creatine Natural product Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on postoperative muscle damage and… Effects of lower limb vibration on hip pain and function after total hi… A prospective randomized controlled trial comparing the systemic inflam…	Amino acid	Phase II	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	6 trials 10 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04665804 — Effects of Creatine Supplementation as Compared to Glucosamine/Chondroitin Sulfate Supplementation in Addition to Exercise and Physical Therapy in the Management of Knee Osteoarthritis. (COMPLETED) NA NCT04058002 — Project Arthritis Recovering Quality of Life Through Education 70+ (UNKNOWN) NA NCT04423887 — Effects of Creatine Supplementation in Addition to Resistance Exercise Training in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT00749983 — Effects of Creatine Supplementation in Women With Knee Osteoarthritis and Fibromyalgia (COMPLETED) NA NCT04423432 — Effects of Creatine and Glucoseamine/ Chondritin Sulfate Co-Supplementation in Addition to Exercise and Physical Therapy in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis (UNKNOWN) NA NCT02290275 — Creatine, Exercise and Inflammatory Markers in Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
L-Carnitine Natural product Meta-analysis Effect of l-Carnitine Supplementation on Osteoarthritis: A Systematic R… Meta-analysis Dietary supplements for treating osteoarthritis: a systematic review an…	Amino acid	Phase II	Emerging	13	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 2 Meta-analysis 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07660081 — Effects of Acetyl L-Carnitine Supplementation on Clinical, Metabolic and Inflammatory Symptoms in Obese, Diabetic, Postmenopausal Women With Osteoarthritis (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT06960694 — Effect of L-carnitine on Disease Activity in Patients With Mild to Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Meta-analysis Effect of l-Carnitine Supplementation on Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review (Molecular nutrition & food research, 2024) Meta-analysis Dietary supplements for treating osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (British journal of sports medicine, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Ashwagandha Natural product The effect of a multi-herbal product, C. autumnale, W. somnifera, and P… From herbal hope to hormonal havoc: chronic ashwagandha use and HPA axi… Efficacy of botanical extracts for knee osteoarthritis: a network meta-…	Ayurvedic	Phase I	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 1 Cochrane View evidence Registry trials NCT03262805 — To Assess the Lanconone® (E-OA-07) Efficacy in Physical Activity-related Pain- LEAP Study (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
S-Adenosylmethionine Natural product S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Clinician… Chondroprotection and the prevention of osteoarthritis progression of t… Comparative clinical trial of S-adenosylmethionine versus nabumetone fo…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	Examine.com	Examine.com
Rose Hip Natural product Human Study Rose-hip powder significantly alleviates symptoms of osteoarthritis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	Examine.com	Examine.com
Type-Ii Collagen Natural product Effect of aerobic exercise of different intensity on articular cartilag… Histological and Immunohistochemical Methods in Normal and Osteoarthrit… Efficacy of combined undenatured type II collagen and hydrolysed collag…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	Examine.com	Examine.com
Avocado/Soybean Unsaponifiables Natural product Human Study Avocado/soybean unsaponifiables are safe and effective in the treatment…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	Examine.com	Examine.com
Bromelain Natural product Human Study Benefits of a food supplement containing Boswellia serrata and bromelai…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	Examine.com	Examine.com
Collagen Peptides Natural product Management and Amelioration of Knee Joint Osteoarthritis in Adults Usin… Collagen peptides supplementation improves function, pain, and physical… Collagen Peptides, in Association with Vitamin C, Sodium Hyaluronate, M…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	Examine.com	Examine.com
Microlactin Natural product Proprietary Milk Protein Concentrate Reduces Joint Discomfort While Imp…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	Examine.com	Examine.com
Vitamin E Natural product Human Study A combination of fish oil, nettle and vitamin E (Phytalgic) decreases t… Human Study Diet-derived circulating antioxidants and risk of knee osteoarthritis,… Human Study Low vitamin K status is associated with abnormal cartilage, bone minera…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Magnesium Natural product Human Study The results confirm that the beneficial effects of spa therapy in patie… Human In Vitro An in situ depot for continuous evolution of gaseous H2 mediated by a m…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Vitamin K Natural product Human Study A combination of fish oil, nettle and vitamin E (Phytalgic) decreases t… Human Study Diet-derived circulating antioxidants and risk of knee osteoarthritis,… Human Study Low vitamin K status is associated with abnormal cartilage, bone minera…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Lycopene Natural product Human Study Exploring the impact of curcumin on osteoarthritis symptomatology. Human Study Lower serum levels of alpha tocopherol and lycopene is associated with…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Resveratrol Natural product Meta-analysis Identification of therapeutic targets in osteoarthritis by combining he… Systematic review Mechanisms of active metabolites from traditional Chinese medicine in o… Systematic review Nutraceuticals: do they represent a new era in the management of osteoa…	Food compound	Phase III	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 11 Trial pubs 10 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02905799 — Resveratrol in Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07634302 — Effects of Resveratrol Supplementation Combined With a Low-Calorie Diet in Postmenopausal Women With Obesity and Knee Osteoarthritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT04661267 — Randomized Trial of Regenexx Stem Cell Support Formula (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Meta-analysis Identification of therapeutic targets in osteoarthritis by combining heterogeneous transcriptional datasets, drug-induced expression profiles, and known drug-target interactions (Journal of translational medicine, 2024) Systematic review Mechanisms of active metabolites from traditional Chinese medicine in osteoarthritis: a critical review (Frontiers in pharmacology, 2026) Systematic review Nutraceuticals: do they represent a new era in the management of osteoarthritis? - a narrative review from the lessons taken with five products (Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 2011) Clinical trial publication Plasma concentrations following oral administration of two different forms of resveratrol in horses (Journal of equine veterinary science, 2026) Clinical trial publication Improvement in postural imbalance with intake of resveratrol (polyphenolic phytoalexin) in patients of knee osteoarthritis (Explore (New York, N.Y.), 2026) Clinical trial publication Resveratrol supplementation improves functional performance in knee osteoarthritis by upregulating sirtuin 1: a randomized study (Inflammopharmacology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Resveratrol treatment increases sirtuin 1 levels and alleviates frailty phenotype in knee osteoarthritis patients: a randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial (International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 2025) Clinical trial publication Oral resveratrol in adults with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized placebo-controlled trial (ARTHROL) (PLoS medicine, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Quercetin Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Therapeutic potential of senolytic agent quercetin in osteoarthritis. Human Study A combination of glucosamine, chondroitin and quercetin significantly i…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Saffron Natural product Human Study Significant effect of crocin on the gene expression of MicroRNA-21 and… Human In Vitro Reduced production of pro-Inflammatory and pro-catabolic factors by hum…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Andrographis Natural product A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to assess the effi…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Echinacea Natural product Protective effect of ethanolic extract of Echinacea purpurea contained… The effect and safety of highly standardized Ginger (Zingiber officinal…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Ginseng Natural product Human Study A water soluble extract of Panax notoginseng, Rehmannia glutinosa and E…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Egcg Natural product Human Study Ambient green light reduces knee pain in osteoarthritis patients. Human Study Eggshell membrane significantly reduced both joint pain and stiffness i…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Ginkgo Biloba Natural product Ginkgetin attenuates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and osteoarthri… Standardized Ginkgo Biloba Extract (EGb 761) for Knee Osteoarthritis: A… Ginkgetin ameliorates IL-1β-stimulated inflammation via modulating PI3K…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	2	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Nifedipine Natural product Interleukin-1β downregulates K(+) currents through K(v)1.6 channels and… PIEZO mechanosensitivity in chondrocytes is differentially modulated by… Evaluation of Cartilage Integrity Following Administration of Oral and…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nitrendipine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Daidzin Natural product Daidzin Inhibits Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by Regulating FoxO1 Expre…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Omeprazole Natural product Efficacy and safety of celecoxib versus diclofenac and omeprazole in el… Risk factors associated with a decrease ≥2 g/dL in haemoglobin and/or ≥… Haemoglobin decreases in NSAID users over time: an analysis of two larg…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Verapamil Natural product Targeting Txnip-mediated metabolic reprogramming has therapeutic potent… S100A10 regulates tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis in chon… Voltage-dependent calcium channels in chondrocytes: roles in health and…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Diltiazem Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-(5,6-dihydroxy-4-keto-2-phenyl-chromen-7-yl)oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxy-tetrahydropyran-2-carboxylic acid;(2R,3S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)chroman-3,5,7-triol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
SAMe (S-Adenosylmethionine) Natural product Human Study Sam-e significantly improves osteoarthritis symptoms and depression. Human Study Sam-e works as good as Piroxicam, but sustained clinical improvement lo… Human Study Sam-e works like NSAIDs against inflammation in osteoarthritis, but is…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Flavonoids Natural product Mechanisms of active metabolites from traditional Chinese medicine in o… Advancements in Osteoarthritis Treatment: The Potential of Natural Herb… Osteoarthritis in the Elderly Population: Preclinical Evidence of Nutri…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Ginsenosides Natural product Animal Study, Human In Vitro Ginsenoside Rg1 can inhibit inflammatory responses in human chondrocyte…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Astaxanthin Natural product Human Study Efficacy and safety of a krill oil, astaxanthin, and oral hyaluronic ac…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Nigella Sativa (Aka Black Seed) Natural product Human Study N. sativa seeds is beneficial in relieving the symptoms of knee osteoar… Human Study The effect of nanomicelle curcumin supplementation and Nigella sativa o… Human Study The efficacy of Nigella sativa oil on serum biomarkers of inflammation…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Formononetin Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Celadrin Natural product Human Study Celadrin, a proprietary formula containing Cetyl Myristoleate, improves… Human Study Topical Celadrin, a proprietary formula containing Cetyl Myristoleate,…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Krill Natural product Human Study Efficacy and safety of a krill oil, astaxanthin, and oral hyaluronic ac… Human Study Krill oil reduces symptoms of chronic inflammation and arthritis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Palmitoylethanolamide Natural product Human Study These data suggest that palmitoylethanolamide is effective in treating…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Arctigenin Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Mineral Water Natural product Human Study A combination of mud-bath therapy and bicarbonate-sulphate mineral bath… Human Study A seaweed derived mineral supplement may increase range of motion and w… Human Study A water soluble extract of Panax notoginseng, Rehmannia glutinosa and E…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Citrus Peel Natural product Human Study A combination of Phellodendron and Citrus peel extract has a beneficial… Human Study Phellodendron and Citrus extracts benefit joint health in osteoarthriti…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Phellodendron Natural product Human Study A combination of Phellodendron and Citrus peel extract has a beneficial… Human Study Phellodendron and Citrus extracts benefit joint health in osteoarthriti…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Homeopathic Medicine: All Natural product Human Study A homeopathic complex with physiotherapy could significantly improve sy… Human Study A homeopathic gel compares favorably to NSAID gel for treating osteoart… Meta Analysis, Review Clinicians may consider Tai Chi as a viable complementary and alternati…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Avocado Natural product Human Study Avocado/soybean unsaponifiables are safe and effective in the treatment…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Soy Natural product Human Study Avocado/soybean unsaponifiables are safe and effective in the treatment…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Unsaponifiables Natural product Human Study Avocado/soybean unsaponifiables are safe and effective in the treatment…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Burdock Natural product Human Study Burdock root tea improves inflammatory status and oxidative stress in p…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Cetyl Myristoleate Natural product Human Study Celadrin, a proprietary formula containing Cetyl Myristoleate, improves… Human Study Topical Celadrin, a proprietary formula containing Cetyl Myristoleate,…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Cissus Quadrangularis Natural product Human Study Cissus quadrangularis reduces joint pain in exercise-trained men.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Tamarind Natural product Human Study Efficacy of a proprietary combination of Tamarindus indica seeds and Cu…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Paeoniflorin Natural product Human Study Paeoniflorin ameliorates osteoarthritis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Pycnogenol (Pine Bark) Natural product Human Study Pine bark extract significantly reduces pain in osteoarthritis. Human Study Pycnogenol may exert anti-inflammatory activity in osteoarthritic joint… Human Study Willow bark extract STW 33-I in the long-term treatment of outpatients…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Betulinic Acid Natural product Human In Vitro Betulinic acid inhibited IL-1β-induced inflammation in osteoarthritis c…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Pterostilbene Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Hesperidin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Royal Jelly Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Apigenin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.