Chronic Kidney Disease — RepurpOS

Disease overview

Alterations

100

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

333

Via biomarker

205

Natural agents

Natural products

109

Merged ranked

534

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed MeSH, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed Literature, PubMed NP, ClinicalTrials.gov NP · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-05

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

GFR decline averages 2-5 mL/min/year on standard care (ACE/ARB + blood pressure control); progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in ~20-30% at 10 years for moderate CKD; reversal essentially impossible once structural fibrosis established

Best-intervention remission

SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin, dapagliflozin) reduce progression to ESRD by 30-35% in CKD trials (EMPA-KIDNEY, DAPA-CKD); finerenone (non-steroidal MRA) adds 15-20% additional protection; combination slows but does not reverse disease

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Moderate — SGLT2 inhibitors represent a genuine paradigm shift but are dramatically underused

Primary barrier

practice/access

Barrier detail: SGLT2 inhibitors have robust evidence for CKD protection regardless of diabetes status (EMPA-KIDNEY 2023) but prescribing rates in non-diabetic CKD remain very low; ACE/ARB as sole strategy (established in 1990s-2000s) still dominant despite the new data

Last SoC change: 2023 — KDIGO guidelines updated to include SGLT2 inhibitors as first-line in CKD regardless of diabetes (EMPA-KIDNEY data); finerenone added for CKD in T2DM; ACE/ARB first-line unchanged since 2000; this is the first major CKD pharmacotherapy advance in 20 years

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0005300 · MESH: D051436 · UMLS_CUI: C1561643

Alterations

100 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
ABCC8 ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ACE angiotensin I converting enzyme	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA2A adenosine A2a receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA2B adenosine A2b receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AGTR1 angiotensin II receptor type 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
APOE apolipoprotein E	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
APOL1 apolipoprotein L1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BICC1 BicC family RNA binding protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1C calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1D calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1F calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 F	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1S calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 S	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CASR calcium sensing receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDKAL1 CDKAL1 threonylcarbamoyladenosine tRNA methylthiotransferase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CFHR5 complement factor H related 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL4A3 collagen type IV alpha 3 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL4A4 collagen type IV alpha 4 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL4A5 collagen type IV alpha 5 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CPS1 carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CST3 cystatin C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DPP4 dipeptidyl peptidase 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EDNRA endothelin receptor type A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EGLN1 egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EGLN2 egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EGLN3 egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EPOR erythropoietin receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FAN1 FANCD2 and FANCI associated nuclease 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FGF5 fibroblast growth factor 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FKBP1A FKBP prolyl isomerase 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FTO FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GATM glycine amidinotransferase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GHR growth hormone receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GLP1R glucagon like peptide 1 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GPD2 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HBB hemoglobin subunit beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IGF2BP2 insulin like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
INS insulin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
INSR insulin receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
JAZF1 JAZF zinc finger 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNJ11 potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNQ1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LPP LIM domain containing preferred translocation partner in lipoma	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MC2R melanocortin 2 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND1 mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND2 mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS4 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NFATC1 nuclear factor of activated T cells 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR3C2 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NRIP1 nuclear receptor interacting protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OPRK1 opioid receptor kappa 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
P2RY12 purinergic receptor P2Y12	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
P4HTM prolyl 4-hydroxylase, transmembrane	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE10A phosphodiesterase 10A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE1A phosphodiesterase 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE1B phosphodiesterase 1B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE1C phosphodiesterase 1C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE2A phosphodiesterase 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE3A phosphodiesterase 3A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE3B phosphodiesterase 3B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE4A phosphodiesterase 4A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE4B phosphodiesterase 4B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE4C phosphodiesterase 4C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE4D phosphodiesterase 4D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE5A phosphodiesterase 5A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE6A phosphodiesterase 6A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE6B phosphodiesterase 6B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE6C phosphodiesterase 6C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE6D phosphodiesterase 6D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE6G phosphodiesterase 6G	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE6H phosphodiesterase 6H	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE7A phosphodiesterase 7A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE7B phosphodiesterase 7B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE8A phosphodiesterase 8A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE8B phosphodiesterase 8B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE9A phosphodiesterase 9A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDILT protein disulfide isomerase like, testis expressed	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PKD1 polycystin 1, transient receptor potential channel interacting	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PKD2 polycystin 2, transient receptor potential cation channel	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PPARG peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PRKAG2 protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTPN22 protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RMND1 required for meiotic nuclear division 1 homolog	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SDCCAG8 SHH signaling and ciliogenesis regulator SDCCAG8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SERPINC1 serpin family C member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SHROOM3 shroom family member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC12A1 solute carrier family 12 member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC12A3 solute carrier family 12 member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC22A2 solute carrier family 22 member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC30A8 solute carrier family 30 member 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC34A1 solute carrier family 34 member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC5A1 solute carrier family 5 member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC5A2 solute carrier family 5 member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC9A3 solute carrier family 9 member A3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TCF7L2 transcription factor 7 like 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TPPP tubulin polymerization promoting protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
UMOD uromodulin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
VDR vitamin D receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
WDR72 WD repeat domain 72	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZEB2 zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
METOPROLOL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	105	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	5 trials 14 Trial pubs 11 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01291888 — Nebivolol Versus Sustained Release Metoprolol Succinate in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) NCT02966717 — Rituximab Combined With MSCs in the Treatment of PNS (3-4 Stage of CKD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT04364139 — African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT05931276 — CSP #2026 - Beta Blocker Dialyzability on Cardiovascular Outcomes (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT03361280 — Removal of Beta Blocker Drugs by Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Effects of enhanced versus reduced vasodilating treatment on brachial and central blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial (Journal of hypertension, 2021) Clinical trial publication Effects of additional vasodilatory or nonvasodilatory treatment on renal function, vascular resistance and oxygenation in chronic kidney disease: a randomized clinical trial (Journal of hypertension, 2019) Clinical trial publication Metoprolol Increases Uric Acid and Risk of Gout in African Americans With Chronic Kidney Disease Attributed to Hypertension (American journal of hypertension, 2017) Clinical trial publication Influence of chronic renal failure on stereoselective metoprolol metabolism in hypertensive patients (Journal of clinical pharmacology, 2005) Clinical trial publication Blood pressure control, drug therapy, and kidney disease (Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2005) Randomized controlled trial The relationship between magnitude of proteinuria reduction and risk of end-stage renal disease: results of the African American study of kidney disease and hypertension (Archives of internal medicine, 2005) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	105	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01239472 — Cytokines Evaluation in Early Calcineurin Inhibitors Withdrawn on Renal Transplant (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00472082 — Early Conversion From Tacrolimus to Efalizumab Maintenance Therapy in Kidney Transplant Recipients (TERMINATED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT02328222 — ESTEROID WITHDRAWAL STUDY, SAFETY AND EFFICACY IN RENAL TRANPLANTATION (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00931255 — Tacrolimus to Sirolimus Conversion for Delayed Graft Function (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT02314403 — Renal Allograft Tolerance Through Mixed Chimerism (Belatacept) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00859131 — Safety and Efficacy Study of Thymoglobulin Versus IL2 Receptor Antagonists (COMPLETED) NA NCT02432833 — Multicentre, Open Label, Randomized, Two-arm, Parallel-group Study to Assess Efficacy and Safety of ENVARSUS® Compared With Tacrolimus Used as Per Current Clinical Practice in the Initial Maintenance Setting in de Novo Kidney Transplant Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05525507 — Delayed Immunological Tolerance in Patients With Well-functioning Pre-existing HLA-matched Kidney Transplants (RECRUITING) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Acetazolamide for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a new use for an old drug (Pediatric cardiology, 2006) Clinical trial publication Severe metabolic acidosis and disturbances of calcium metabolism induced by acetazolamide in patients on haemodialysis (Clinical science (London, England : 1979), 1990) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL413	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARBEPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 9 Cochrane 11 Meta-analysis 97 Trial pubs 65 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00090753 — A Study of Intravenous or Subcutaneous Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol-Epoetin Beta (RO0503821, Mircera) in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients With Renal Anemia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00121602 — Efficacy Study: Darbepoetin Alfa for the Treatment of Anemia in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00598273 — Safety & Efficacy of Peginesatide for the Treatment of Anemia in Participants With Chronic Renal Failure Not on Dialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00526747 — Erythropoietin Resistance in Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) NCT00112008 — Study for Subjects With Chronic Kidney Disease(CKD) Not Receiving Dialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01506947 — A Pilot Clinical Study Evaluating the Effect of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Lowering On Erythropoietin Consumption in Calcitriol-Resistant Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00661505 — A Study of Intravenous Mircera in Hemodialysis Patients With Chronic Renal Anemia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02912494 — A Phase III Study of JR-131 in Renal Anemia Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of epoetin alfa vs. darbepoetin in children with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review, meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis (Journal of nephrology, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of daprodustat versus darbepoetin alfa in the treatment of anemia in chronic renal failure: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Journal of pharmacological sciences, 2025) Cochrane review Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anaemia in adults with chronic kidney disease: a network meta-analysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023) Cochrane review Continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator (CERA) for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017) Cochrane review Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anaemia in adults with chronic kidney disease: a network meta-analysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014) Meta-analysis Comparative effectiveness of darbepoetin vs other agents in chronic kidney disease-related anemia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (BMC nephrology, 2025) Meta-analysis Efficacy and safety of vadadustat compared to darbepoetin alfa on anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis (International urology and nephrology, 2023) Clinical trial publication Safety and Efficacy of Vadadustat Versus Darbepoetin Alfa for Chronic Kidney Disease-Related Anemia in Patients Receiving Dialysis by Baseline Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent Dose (Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis, 2026) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of daprodustat in patients on peritoneal dialysis in the ASCEND-D trial (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2025) Clinical trial publication Higher hemoglobin levels using darbepoetin alfa and kidney outcomes in advanced chronic kidney disease without diabetes: a prespecified secondary analysis of the PREDICT trial (Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2023) Clinical trial publication Vadadustat for treatment of anemia in patients with dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease receiving peritoneal dialysis (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2023) Clinical trial publication Treatment satisfaction with molidustat in CKD-related anemia in non-dialysis patients: a post-hoc analysis of two clinical trials (Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 7 Cochrane 13 Meta-analysis 74 Trial pubs 49 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01191983 — A Study of Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol-Epoetin Beta (Mircera) for the Treatment of Chronic Renal Anemia in Participants With Diabetic Nephropathy (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00090753 — A Study of Intravenous or Subcutaneous Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol-Epoetin Beta (RO0503821, Mircera) in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients With Renal Anemia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00307814 — A Study to Evaluate PROCRIT (Epoetin Alfa) for Maintenance Phase Treatment of Patients With Anemia Due to Chronic Kidney Disease (PROMPT) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00121602 — Efficacy Study: Darbepoetin Alfa for the Treatment of Anemia in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00598273 — Safety & Efficacy of Peginesatide for the Treatment of Anemia in Participants With Chronic Renal Failure Not on Dialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT05373303 — The Clinical Study for Evaluating The Safety And Efficacy Of Epodion® (COMPLETED) NA NCT00156962 — Epoetin Alfa (EPO) in Subjects With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT01422824 — An Observational Study of Mircera (Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol-Epoetin Beta) as Maintenance Treatment in Patients With Chronic Renal Anemia on Haemodialysis (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of epoetin alfa vs. darbepoetin in children with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review, meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis (Journal of nephrology, 2025) Cochrane review Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anaemia in adults with chronic kidney disease: a network meta-analysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023) Cochrane review Economic and quality of life burden of anemia on patients with CKD on dialysis: a systematic review (Journal of medical economics, 2019) Cochrane review Continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator (CERA) for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017) Cochrane review Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anaemia in adults with chronic kidney disease: a network meta-analysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014) Meta-analysis The efficacy and safety of roxadustat for anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2021) Meta-analysis Roxadustat (FG-4592) treatment for anemia in dialysis-dependent (DD) and not dialysis-dependent (NDD) chronic kidney disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Pharmacological research, 2020) Clinical trial publication Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of UB-851 versus ® in patients with renal anemia receiving hemodialysis: A randomized, double-masked, phase III trial (Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA, 2026) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of daprodustat in patients on peritoneal dialysis in the ASCEND-D trial (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2025) Clinical trial publication Subcutaneous C.E.R.A. for the Maintenance Treatment of Anemia in Pediatric Patients With CKD: A Phase 2, Open-Label, Single-Arm, Multicenter Study (American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2023) Clinical trial publication Biosimilar erythropoietin in anemia treatment (BEAT)-Efficacy and safety of a 1:1 dose conversion from EPREX® to EPIAO® in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis: A prospective, randomized, double blind, parallel group study (Medicine, 2022) Clinical trial publication Three Times Weekly Dosing of Daprodustat versus Conventional Epoetin for Treatment of Anemia in Hemodialysis Patients: ASCEND-TD: A Phase 3 Randomized, Double-Blind, Noninferiority Trial (Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRON SUCROSE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 45 Trial pubs 32 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03619850 — A Study to Evaluate the Safety (Compared to Iron Sucrose), Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of Ferumoxytol for the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) in Pediatric Subjects With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT00830037 — A Clinical Trial of Oral Versus IV Iron in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT02392910 — Hospitalization & Mortality in Patients With Iron Deficiency CKD and HF Treated With i.v. Iron. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05691257 — Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Roxadustat in the Treatment of Heart Failure With Chronic Kidney Disease and Anemia (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00318812 — Heme Iron Polypeptide for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Chronic Renal Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT03214627 — Artificial Intelligence for Optimal Anemia Management in End-stage Renal Disease: The Anemia Control Model (ACM) Trial (TERMINATED) NA NCT06556134 — Oral Liposomal Iron Versus Injectable Iron Sucrose for Anemia Treatment in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01414075 — Study of Roxadustat (FG-4592) to Correct Anemia in Newly Initiated Dialysis Participants Not on Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent Treatment (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Intravenous Versus Oral Iron Supplementation for the Treatment of Anemia in CKD: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2016) Clinical trial publication Recurrent event analyses in patients receiving maintenance dialysis and the effect of higher- versus lower-dose chronic intravenous iron therapy: A report focusing on heart failure events from the PIVOTAL trial (European journal of heart failure, 2025) Clinical trial publication Comparison of Iron Dosing Strategies in Patients Undergoing Long-Term Hemodialysis: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2021) Clinical trial publication Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Ferric Derisomaltose Compared to Iron Sucrose for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease With and Without Heart Failure (The American journal of cardiology, 2021) Clinical trial publication Conversion of haemodialysis patients from iron sucrose to iron isomaltoside: a real-world experience (BMC nephrology, 2020) Clinical trial publication Safety and efficacy of iron isomaltoside 1000/ferric derisomaltose versus iron sucrose in patients with chronic kidney disease: the FERWON-NEPHRO randomized, open-label, comparative trial (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PARICALCITOL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 11 Cochrane 16 Meta-analysis 66 Trial pubs 56 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01368042 — Quality of Life in Greek Hemodialysis Patients Receiving Zemplar Intravenous (COMPLETED) NCT01136564 — Reno- and Vascular Protective Effect of a Vitamin-D-analogue in Moderate to Severe Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02018133 — Identification of Markers for Determining the Efficacy of Vitamin D Receptor Activator Therapy in Stage 3/4 CKD Patients (COMPLETED) NCT00257920 — A Study of Zemplar® Injection and Hectorol® Injection on Intestinal Absorption of Calcium in Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00752102 — Vitamin D and Coronary Calcification Study (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01506947 — A Pilot Clinical Study Evaluating the Effect of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Lowering On Erythropoietin Consumption in Calcitriol-Resistant Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01081665 — Follow-up Patients With End Stage Renal Disease Receiving Zemplar to Prevent and Treat Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (COMPLETED) NCT00701805 — Long-term Safety Study of Paricalcitol Injection in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients With Hemodialysis (HD) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review A systematic review of the pharmacotherapy of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in grades 3-5 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2022) Cochrane review Vitamin D supplementation for the improvement of vascular function in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (International urology and nephrology, 2019) Cochrane review Comparison of Paricalcitol and Calcitriol in Dialysis Patients With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies (Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy, 2019) Cochrane review Treating endothelial dysfunction with vitamin D in chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis (BMC nephrology, 2018) Cochrane review Effects of paricalcitol on cardiovascular outcomes and renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease : A meta-analysis (Herz, 2018) Meta-analysis The effect of oral supplementation of Paricalcitol on C-reactive protein levels in chronic kidney disease patients: GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of data from randomized controlled trials (BMC pharmacology & toxicology, 2024) Meta-analysis Effect of regulated vitamin D increase on vascular markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD, 2024) Meta-analysis Paricalcitol and Extended-Release Calcifediol for Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease: Results From a Network Meta-Analysis (The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2023) Meta-analysis [Extended release calcifediol and paricalcitol in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism: a network meta-analysis of indirect comparison] (Giornale italiano di nefrologia : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di nefrologia, 2023) Meta-analysis Vitamin D Supplementation for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses of Trials Investigating the Response to Supplementation and an Overview of Guidelines (Calcified tissue international, 2021) Clinical trial publication Dose response of PTH and FGF23 to paricalcitol in patients with end-stage renal failure on chronic intermittent hemodialysis (Clinical nephrology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Adjunctive Active Vitamin D Decreases Kidney Function during Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism with Extended-Release Calcifediol in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease in a Randomized Trial (American journal of nephrology, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEVELAMER CARBONATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 23 Trial pubs 21 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03001011 — Evaluation of Renvela in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Not On Dialysis And Hyperphosphatemia In China (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00853242 — Randomized Study Comparing Genz-644470, Placebo, and Sevelamer Carbonate in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02684643 — Study of Individualized Therapy on Hyperphosphatemia in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT01431326 — Pharmacokinetics of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (COMPLETED) NCT01277497 — Effect of Phosphate Binders on Markers of Vascular Health in Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3 and 4 (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT04551300 — A Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of VS-505(AP301) to Treat Hyperphosphatemia in Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00681941 — An Open Label Dose Titration of Sevelamer Carbonate Tabs 3 Times a Day in Hyperphosphatemic CKD Patients Not On Dialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03984760 — Ferric Citrate for the Treatment of Hyperphosphatemia in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Comparative Effectiveness of Phosphate Binders in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (PloS one, 2016) Meta-analysis The efficacy and safety of sevelamer and lanthanum versus calcium-containing and iron-based binders in treating hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2017) Clinical trial publication Tolerability, safety and efficacy of a novel phosphate binder VS-505 (AP301): a Phase 2 dose-escalation and dose-ranging study in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2024) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and Safety of Ferric Citrate on Hyperphosphatemia among Chinese Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Phase III Multicenter Randomized Open-Label Active-Drug-Controlled Study (American journal of nephrology, 2023) Clinical trial publication Characteristics of Patients Who Achieve Serum Phosphorus Control on Sucroferric Oxyhydroxide or Sevelamer Carbonate: A post hoc Analysis of a Phase 3 Study (Nephron, 2020) Clinical trial publication Effect of calcitriol combined with sevelamer carbonate on serum parathyroid hormone in patients with chronic renal failure (Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France), 2020) Clinical trial publication Differential effects of phosphate binders on vitamin D metabolism in chronic kidney disease (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2020) Randomized controlled trial The Effect of Sevelamer on Serum Levels of Gut-Derived Uremic Toxins: Results from In Vitro Experiments and A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial (Toxins, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEVELAMER HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 2 Cochrane 5 Meta-analysis 41 Trial pubs 28 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01431326 — Pharmacokinetics of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (COMPLETED) NCT01049815 — Sevelamer Hydrochloride and Femoral and Carotid Intima Media Thickness Progression in End Stage Renal Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT00324376 — Study to Compare Once A Day Sevelamer Dosing With Three Times Per Day Sevelamer Dosing (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00196755 — Study of Safety and Efficacy of Renagel® Compared With Calcium Acetate in Patients With Peritoneal Dialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00704483 — Efficacy of SBR759 in Lowering Serum Phosphate Levels in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00324571 — Dialysis Clinical Outcomes Revisited (DCOR) Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00824460 — Study of Phosphate Levels in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00441545 — Head to Head Study Against Sevelamer Hydrochloride (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review A meta-analysis of phosphate binders lanthanum carbonate versus sevelamer hydrochloride in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis (African health sciences, 2018) Cochrane review Comparative Effectiveness of Phosphate Binders in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (PloS one, 2016) Meta-analysis The efficacy and safety of sevelamer and lanthanum versus calcium-containing and iron-based binders in treating hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2017) Meta-analysis Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate on chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder in dialysis patients: a systematic review (BMC nephrology, 2013) Meta-analysis Meta-analysis of the effect of sevelamer on phosphorus, calcium, PTH, and serum lipids in dialysis patients (Advances in renal replacement therapy, 2003) Systematic review The phosphate binder equivalent dose (Seminars in dialysis, 2011) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of sucroferric oxyhydroxide compared with sevelamer hydrochloride in Japanese haemodialysis patients with hyperphosphataemia: A randomized, open-label, multicentre, 12-week phase III study (Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.), 2017) Clinical trial publication Cost-minimization analysis of lanthanum carbonate versus sevelamer hydrochloride in US patients with end-stage renal disease (Clinical therapeutics, 2014) Clinical trial publication Dose-finding study of bixalomer in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis with hyperphosphatemia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled and sevelamer hydrochloride-controlled open-label, parallel group study (Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy, 2014) Clinical trial publication Effect of chitosan chewing gum on reducing serum phosphorus in hemodialysis patients: a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (BMC nephrology, 2014) Clinical trial publication Clinical effects of long-term (36-month) lanthanum carbonate administration in hemodialysis patients in Japan (Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy, 2014) Randomized controlled trial Randomized controlled trial of bixalomer versus sevelamer hydrochloride in hemodialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia (Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOMATROPIN	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00194961 — Effect of Growth Hormone on Leptin, Cytokines and Body Composition of Children With Growth Failure Due to Chronic Kidney Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT01343641 — Growth Hormone Secretagogue MK-0677's Effect on Lean Body Mass in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 4/5 Subjects (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT00395291 — Growth Hormone Secretagogue MK-0677 Effect on IGF-1 Levels in ESRD Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT00194883 — Effect of Cytokines on Growth of Children With Chronic Kidney Failure (SUSPENDED) PHASE4 NCT01502137 — Pharmacokinetics of Somatropin in Patients With End Stage Renal Disease Receiving Chronic Haemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01604395 — Long-term Safety and Effectiveness of Growth Hormone With GHD, TS, CRF, SGA , ISS and PWS in Children (RECRUITING) NCT00244075 — Effects of Nutritional Supplementation on Protein and Energy Homeostasis in Malnourished Chronic Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00943995 — Three Times Weekly (TIW) Growth Hormone Therapy in Children on Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETOHEXAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACETYLCHOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ADENOSINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ADUCANUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMINOPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE BENZOATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN II Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 11 Cochrane 15 Meta-analysis 154 Trial pubs 109 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06272487 — Zilebesiran as Add-on Therapy in Patients With High Cardiovascular Risk and Hypertension Not Adequately Controlled by Standard of Care Antihypertensive Medications (KARDIA-3) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00858299 — The Change of Urinary Angiotensinogen Excretion After Valsartan Treatment in Patients With Persistent Proteinuria (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01377285 — Renoprotection by Pentoxifylline and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00572312 — Optimalization of Nephroprotection Using Atorvastatin (Sortis) (COMPLETED) NA NCT00791830 — Saving Residual Renal Function Among Haemodialysis Patients Receiving Irbesartan (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00190580 — Kanagawa Valsartan Trial (KVT): Effects of Valsartan on Renal and Cardiovascular Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01371747 — Patiromer in the Treatment of Hyperkalemia in Patients With Hypertension and Diabetic Nephropathy (AMETHYST-DN) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00395005 — Correlation of Urinary Kallikrein With Cytokines, Proteinuria and Renal Function in Chronic Renal Disease Patients (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review All in on ARBs: Is it time to fold the ACEIs? (Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, 2026) Cochrane review Novel Potassium Binders in Reduction of Hyperkalemia and Optimization of RAAS Inhibitors Treatment in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease or Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (Drugs, 2025) Cochrane review Benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors combining with renin-angiotensin-system blockers on cardiovascular outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients: A systemic review and meta-analysis (Medicina clinica, 2022) Cochrane review ACE Inhibitor Benefit to Kidney and Cardiovascular Outcomes for Patients with Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3-5: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials (Drugs, 2020) Cochrane review Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in hypertensive adults with non-diabetic CKD with or without proteinuria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials (Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, 2019) Meta-analysis Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers on All-Cause Mortality and Renal Outcomes in Patients with Diabetes and Albuminuria: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Kidney & blood pressure research, 2018) Systematic review Transglutaminase 2 as a novel target in chronic kidney disease - Methods, mechanisms and pharmacological inhibition (Pharmacology & therapeutics, 2021) Clinical trial publication Pharmacogenomics-Guided Precision Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease with Resistant Hypertension: A Prospective Cohort Study (Kidney & blood pressure research, 2026) Clinical trial publication User Actions within a Clinical Decision Support Alert for the Management of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease (Applied clinical informatics, 2025) Clinical trial publication A Pilot, Single-Blinded, Randomized Crossover Trial of Cramp Reduction with Angiotensin II in Maintenance Patients on Hemodialysis (the CRAMP-HD Study) (American journal of nephrology, 2025) Clinical trial publication A Five-Year Prospective, Randomized, Open-Label Study of Standard-Dose Versus Low-Dose Prolonged-Release Tacrolimus With or Without Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Post Kidney Transplantation (Clinical transplantation, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of sparsentan versus irbesartan in patients with IgA nephropathy (PROTECT): 2-year results from a randomised, active-controlled, phase 3 trial (Lancet (London, England), 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ANGIOTENSIN II ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIXABAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £20–£50 / 28-60 tabs · US $30–$70 / 30-60 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ARGIPRESSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASCORBIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASPIRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK Very low cost · US Very low cost	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ATORVASTATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM TRIHYDRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AZILSARTAN KAMEDOXOMIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZILSARTAN MEDOXOMIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENAZEPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENAZEPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENAZEPRILAT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BEPRIDIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUMETANIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BUPROPION HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE CITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01377285 — Renoprotection by Pentoxifylline and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01678794 — CR Aim #2 - AT1 Receptor Blockade & ACE Inhibition Effect on Humoral Function (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT05271448 — Continuing or Discontinuing ACE/ARBs in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Coronary Angiography (UNKNOWN) NA NCT01976572 — Drug-Drug Interaction Study to Evaluate the Effect of Colestilan on the Pharmacokinetics of Single Doses of Candesartan Cilexetil in Healthy Subjects (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00741585 — Prognostic Value of the Circadian Pattern of Ambulatory Blood Pressure for Multiple Risk Assessment (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00231803 — The Canadian Prevention of Renal and Cardiovascular Endpoints Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT01827202 — RAS Quantification in Patients With Aliskiren or Candesartan (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07547878 — Rapid and Simultaneous Initiation of Four Guideline-Directed CKD Therapies (RAPID-CKD) (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CANDOXATRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAPTOPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CHLORPROPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CHOLESTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CHORIOGONADOTROPIN ALFA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CILAZAPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CINNARIZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLEVIDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSPORINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 5 Cochrane 7 Meta-analysis 118 Trial pubs 65 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00493194 — Fibrosis in Renal Allografts (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00027820 — Total-Body Irradiation and Fludarabine Phosphate Followed by Donor Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant in Treating Patients With Hematologic Malignancies or Kidney Cancer (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00854139 — Combined Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) and Renal Transplant for Multiple Myeloma (MM) With End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00812123 — Calcineurin Free Immunosuppression in Renal Transplant Recipients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00005113 — A Study to Compare Treatment With Sirolimus Versus Standard Treatment in Patients Who Have Received a Kidney Transplant (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT00365287 — Combination Chemotherapy and Total-Body Irradiation Before Donor Umbilical Cord Blood Transplant in Treating Patients With Advanced Hematologic Cancer, Metastatic Breast Cancer, or Kidney Cancer (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00256750 — Belatacept Evaluation of Nephroprotection and Efficacy as First-line Immunosuppression (BENEFIT) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00698685 — Pentostatin and Alemtuzumab as a Preparative Regimen for Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation (TERMINATED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive agents for adults with lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Frontiers in immunology, 2023) Cochrane review Correlation between gene polymorphism and blood concentration of calcineurin inhibitors in renal transplant recipients: An overview of systematic reviews (Medicine, 2019) Cochrane review Association of CYP3A4*1B genotype with Cyclosporin A pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients: A meta-analysis (Gene, 2018) Cochrane review Cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive therapy for patients with steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a meta-analysis (Current medical research and opinion, 2017) Cochrane review Immunosuppression for membranous nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 36 clinical trials (Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2013) Meta-analysis Calcineurin Inhibitor Minimization, Conversion, Withdrawal, and Avoidance Strategies in Renal Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, 2016) Systematic review Kidney transplantation in Africa: a systematic review of treatment outcomes, and strategies for enhancing care and sustainability (International urology and nephrology, 2026) Systematic review Immunosuppressive therapy and nutritional diseases of patients after kidney transplantation: a systematic review (BMC nephrology, 2025) Systematic review Pemphigoid diseases in patients with end-stage kidney diseases: pathogenesis and treatment (Frontiers in immunology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Obesity is associated with a higher incidence of rejection in patients on belatacept: A pooled analysis from the BENEFIT/BENEFIT-EXT clinical trials (American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, 2024) Clinical trial publication Comparing Kidney Health Outcomes in Children, Adolescents, and Adults With Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (JAMA network open, 2022) Clinical trial publication Successful Induction of Specific Immunological Tolerance by Combined Kidney and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in HLA-Identical Siblings (Frontiers in immunology, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEFIBROTIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DESERPIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEXAMETHASONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIAZOXIDE CHOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM MALATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DONANEMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DONEPEZIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DRONEDARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENALAPRIL MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ENALAPRILAT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENALAPRILAT ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPROSARTAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials 2 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01087749 — Pharmacokinetic Study in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Healthy Volunteers (COMPLETED) PHASE1 Published literature Clinical trial publication [Effect of eprosartan on the hemostatic system in patients with chronic kidney disease associated with hereditary thrombophilia] (Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 2013) Clinical trial publication Moxonidine normalizes sympathetic hyperactivity in patients with eprosartan-treated chronic renal failure (Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2004) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPROSARTAN MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FELODIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FENOFIBRATE MICRONIZED Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLAVONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLUVASTATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FOSINOPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FOSINOPRIL SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FUROSEMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GABAPENTIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–100 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–100 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
GALANTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GANCICLOVIR Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GENISTEIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Systematic review Potential Effects of Bioactive Compounds of Plant-Based Foods and Medicinal Plants in Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis: A Systematic Review (Nutrients, 2024) Clinical trial publication Positive effect of dietary soy in ESRD patients with systemic inflammation--correlation between blood levels of the soy isoflavones and the acute-phase reactants (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2006) Clinical trial publication Serum levels and metabolic clearance of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in hemodialysis patients (Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 1999) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GLICLAZIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GLIMEPIRIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GLIPIZIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GLYBURIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 27 Trial pubs 22 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07020104 — The Role of Skin Sodium Accumulation in Chronic Kidney Disease (RECRUITING) NA NCT06841692 — Diuretic Testing in Chronic Kidney Disease (RECRUITING) NA NCT05171686 — Diuretics and Volume Overload in Early CKD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02875886 — DD-study: Diet or Diuretics for Salt-sensitivity in Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01087749 — Pharmacokinetic Study in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Healthy Volunteers (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT02646397 — Benidipine and Hydrochlorothiazide in Fosinopril Treated Chronic Kidney Disease Patients With Hypertension (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT07271420 — Blood Pressure Control With Thiazide Diuretics in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT03170336 — A New Application of Amiloride in the Treatment of Patient With Chronic Kidney Disease In Reducing Urinary PROtein (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Altered dietary salt intake for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023) Meta-analysis Olmesartan-based monotherapy vs combination therapy in hypertension: A meta-analysis based on age and chronic kidney disease status (Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.), 2017) Clinical trial publication The urine metabolomic signature of distal diuretics and diuretic-induced hyponatremia in patients with chronic kidney disease (American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Chlorthalidone vs Hydrochlorothiazide and Kidney Outcomes in Patients With Hypertension: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA network open, 2024) Clinical trial publication A Randomized Trial of Distal Diuretics versus Dietary Sodium Restriction for Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease (Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2020) Clinical trial publication Long-term efficacy and tolerability of azilsartan medoxomil/chlorthalidone vs olmesartan medoxomil/hydrochlorothiazide in chronic kidney disease (Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.), 2018) Clinical trial publication Renoprotective RAAS inhibition does not affect the association between worse renal function and higher plasma aldosterone levels (BMC nephrology, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IBUTILIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IMIDAPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 8 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Pharmacological interventions for pruritus in adult palliative care patients (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2016) Cochrane review Pharmacological interventions for pruritus in adult palliative care patients (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013) Clinical trial publication Contractile hyporesponsiveness to norepinephrine of forearm veins in chronic renal failure (American journal of hypertension, 2006) Clinical trial publication Abnormal rhythmic oscillations of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in chronic renal failure (Clinical science (London, England : 1979), 2006) Clinical trial publication Effect of high dose ramipril with or without indomethacin on glomerular selectivity (Kidney international, 2002) Clinical trial publication Effects of oral prostaglandins on indomethacin-induced renal failure in patients with cirrhosis and ascites (The Journal of rheumatology. Supplement, 1990) Clinical trial publication Effects of acute and chronic dosing of NSAIDs in patients with renal insufficiency (Kidney international, 1986) Randomized controlled trial A controlled study of the effect of indomethacin in uremic pericarditis (Kidney international, 1983) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRBESARTAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IRBESARTAN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISRADIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ISTRADEFYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LECANEMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LEVAMLODIPINE MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVODOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LISINOPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISINOPRIL ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LORAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LOSARTAN POTASSIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 3 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00565396 — Effectiveness Study on Fosinopril and/or Losartan in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05271448 — Continuing or Discontinuing ACE/ARBs in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Coronary Angiography (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03603938 — Bedtime Potassium Losartan on CKD With Nocturnal Hypertension Patients With Nondipping Blood Pressure Pattern (UNKNOWN) NA NCT00231803 — The Canadian Prevention of Renal and Cardiovascular Endpoints Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT04078711 — Chinese Medicine Treat for Hypertensive Renal Injury (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT02232763 — Efficacy and Safety of Losartan in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease With Tubular Proteinuria (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01087749 — Pharmacokinetic Study in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Healthy Volunteers (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00140985 — Antiproteinuric Efficacy of Losartan Potassium in Patients With Non-Diabetic Proteinuric Renal Diseases (0954-213) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review [Efficacy, safety, and mechanism of Huangkui Capsules in treating chronic kidney disease: Meta-analysis and integrative bioinformatics] (Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica, 2023) Clinical trial publication [Effect of Chuanhuang No. 1 recipe on renal function and micro-inflammation in phase 3 chronic kidney disease patients] (Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi = Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine, 2015) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of Abelmoschus manihot for primary glomerular disease: a prospective, multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial (American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2014) Clinical trial publication Effects of blood pressure level on progression of diabetic nephropathy: results from the RENAAL study (Archives of internal medicine, 2003) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LUTEIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MALATHION Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEFLOQUINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METFORMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITIGLINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MOEXIPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MOEXIPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NATEGLINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NICARDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NICARDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE POLACRILEX Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NIFEDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NIMODIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NISOLDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NITROPRUSSIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NORETHINDRONE ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXTRIPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PENTOXIFYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PERINDOPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	5 trials 1 Cochrane 13 Trial pubs 9 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02299310 — Effect of Valsartan vs Perindopril on HOMA-IR Index in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00231803 — The Canadian Prevention of Renal and Cardiovascular Endpoints Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT03502031 — Safety and Efficacy of Two Year of RAAS Alone or in Combination With Spironolactone Therapy (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT07547878 — Rapid and Simultaneous Initiation of Four Guideline-Directed CKD Therapies (RAPID-CKD) (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT01219413 — Influence of Aliskiren on Proteinuria (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non-diabetic chronic kidney disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023) Clinical trial publication Aliskiren attenuates oxidative stress and improves tubular status in non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease-Placebo controlled, randomized, cross-over study (Advances in medical sciences, 2014) Clinical trial publication [Isoprostanes - important marker of the oxidative stress estimation in patients with chronic kidney disease] (Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego, 2013) Clinical trial publication Effect of aliskiren on proteinuria in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease: a double-blind, crossover, randomised, controlled trial (International urology and nephrology, 2012) Clinical trial publication Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (European heart journal, 2010) Clinical trial publication Clinical study of Trilogy Detoxicating Therapy combined with routine Western medicine on patients with chronic renal failure (Chinese journal of integrative medicine, 2008) Randomized controlled trial Lower blood pressure and risk of recurrent stroke in patients with chronic kidney disease: PROGRESS trial (Kidney international, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PERINDOPRIL ARGININE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERINDOPRIL ERBUMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERINDOPRILAT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAVASTATIN SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–30 tabs · US $4–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
PREGABALIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
QUINAPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
QUINAPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINAPRILAT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAMIPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAMIPRILAT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
REGADENOSON Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
REGADENOSON ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
REPAGLINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RESCINNAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RITONAVIR Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RIVASTIGMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SARALASIN ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILDENAFIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£8 / 4–8 tabs (generic) · US $5–$15 / 10-30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
SODIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SPARSENTAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of sparsentan versus irbesartan in patients with IgA nephropathy (PROTECT): 2-year results from a randomised, active-controlled, phase 3 trial (Lancet (London, England), 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SPIRAPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SPIRAPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULOCTIDIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELMISARTAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 17 Trial pubs 14 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00528385 — Optimalization of Nephroprotection Using Agents Inhibiting Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (COMPLETED) NA NCT03550859 — HMG-CoA Reductase add-on in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients With Proteinuria (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01377285 — Renoprotection by Pentoxifylline and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01541267 — The Effect of Various Types of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Blockade on Proteinuria (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00741585 — Prognostic Value of the Circadian Pattern of Ambulatory Blood Pressure for Multiple Risk Assessment (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01271478 — Use of Telmisartan and Captopril in Inflammation of Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00221845 — Effect of Strict Blood Pressure Control and ACE-Inhibition on Progression of Chronic Renal Failure in Pediatric Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07547878 — Rapid and Simultaneous Initiation of Four Guideline-Directed CKD Therapies (RAPID-CKD) (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Systematic review Management of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and albuminuria in patients with diabetes and CKD: a systematic review for a KDOQI clinical practice guideline (American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2012) Clinical trial publication Pharmacogenomics-Guided Precision Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease with Resistant Hypertension: A Prospective Cohort Study (Kidney & blood pressure research, 2026) Clinical trial publication A Clinical Multicenter Randomized Controlled Study on JianpiQinghua Decoction in Treating Stage 3 Chronic Kidney Disease with A Syndrome Type of Dampness-heat due to Spleen Deficiency (Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan xue bao. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae, 2016) Clinical trial publication Effects of Ramipril and Telmisartan on Plasma Concentrations of Low Molecular Weight and Protein Thiols and Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (Disease markers, 2016) Clinical trial publication Comparison of Efficacy of Long-term Oral Treatment with Telmisartan and Benazepril in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease (Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 2015) Clinical trial publication Angiotensin blockade in late autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (The New England journal of medicine, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TERODILINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
THEOPHYLLINE SODIUM GLYCINATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLAZAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TOLBUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TOLBUTAMIDE SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TORSEMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRANDOLAPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRANDOLAPRILAT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRETINOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRIAMCINOLONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALPROIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VALSARTAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 10 Cochrane 10 Meta-analysis 44 Trial pubs 36 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00858299 — The Change of Urinary Angiotensinogen Excretion After Valsartan Treatment in Patients With Persistent Proteinuria (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01617681 — Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Multiple Doses of Valsartan in Children With Hypertension With or Without CKD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02299310 — Effect of Valsartan vs Perindopril on HOMA-IR Index in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01377285 — Renoprotection by Pentoxifylline and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT05271448 — Continuing or Discontinuing ACE/ARBs in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Coronary Angiography (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05279742 — Enhancing the Natriuretic Peptide System in HFpEF (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT04263922 — Huaiqihuang Granule in the Treatment of Primary Glomerulonephritis of Stage CKD3 (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00741585 — Prognostic Value of the Circadian Pattern of Ambulatory Blood Pressure for Multiple Risk Assessment (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review The effectiveness and safety of sacubitril/valsartan in real-world dialysis patients with heart failure reduced ejection fraction (Medicine, 2026) Cochrane review Updates in chronic kidney disease management: A systematic review (Pharmacotherapy, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of sacubitril-valsartan in hypertension patients with end-stage kidney disease on maintenance dialysis: a meta-analysis (Journal of hypertension, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy of Modern Therapies for Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction in Specific Population Subgroups: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (Cardiorenal medicine, 2024) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibition in heart failure patients with end-stage kidney disease on maintenance dialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis (European journal of heart failure, 2025) Meta-analysis Efficacy of ARNIs on hard renal outcomes in heart failure with and without chronic kidney disease: when endpoint definition matters-an updated meta-analysis (ESC heart failure, 2026) Systematic review The role of sacubitril/valsartan in abnormal renal function patients combined with heart failure: a meta-analysis and systematic analysis (Renal failure, 2024) Clinical trial publication On-treatment systolic blood pressure and preserved kidney function in hypertensive patients with proteinuria. The VALUE Trial (Blood pressure, 2025) Clinical trial publication Obesity and Risk of Kidney Outcomes in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Participant-Level Pooled Analysis of 4 Contemporary Trials (JACC. Heart failure, 2025) Clinical trial publication Low Achieved Systolic Blood Pressure Related to Kidney Protection in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic High-Risk Hypertensive Patients (American journal of hypertension, 2025) Clinical trial publication Switching From ARBs to Sacubitril/Valsartan Safely Improves 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Patients With Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease (American journal of hypertension, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effects of valsartan vs amlodipine and achieved lower blood pressure on the incidence of end-stage kidney disease: The VALUE Trial (European journal of internal medicine, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
VERAPAMIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
VERAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
VIDARABINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VORINOSTAT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	UK £5–£12 / 30 tabs or effervescent · US $8–$15 / 30-60 tabs (NAC)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	UK Very low cost · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CINACALCET	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOPIDOGREL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
COLESTILAN CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPLERENONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOCALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EVEROLIMUS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAMIPRIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM BICARBONATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SPIRONOLACTONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULODEXIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TICAGRELOR	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALSARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VONAPANITASE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZINC SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATRASENTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BARDOXOLONE METHYL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BAXDROSTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BELATACEPT	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEXAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BORTEZOMIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANDESARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1200796	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1542	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL160	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL180570	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2106643	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2108243	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2109163	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL384467	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL393220	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CORTICOTROPIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESIDUSTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROMETHORPHAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFELIKEFALIN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EFEPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENOXAPARIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERTUGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETELCALCETIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FASIGLIFAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOFIBRIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC CARBOXYMALTOSE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC CITRATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC DERISOMALTOSE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERROUS SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FIMASARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOLIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLIPIZIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN GLARGINE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN LISPRO	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRBESARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRON ISOMALTOSIDE 1000	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANREOTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOTHYROXINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£4 / 28–30 tabs · US $5–$15 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISINOPRIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOSARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MALTOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIROGABALIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOLIDUSTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OCEDURENONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMARIGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28–30 tabs · US $4–$8 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RILPARENCEL	Cell therapy	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSUVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROXADUSTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SACUBITRIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEVELAMER	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILYBIN A	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SITAGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM ZIRCONIUM CYCLOSILICATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TADALAFIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TESTOSTERONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLVAPTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TORSEMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VEVERIMER	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VICADROSTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIBOTENTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZINC ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANAKINRA	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASCORBIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BERAPROST	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCIUM CARBONATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROTRECOGIN ALFA (ACTIVATED)	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ECULIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESCITALOPRAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETANERCEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICODEXTRIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOCARNITINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIPOIC ACID, ALPHA	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LY2623091	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIACINAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEDIPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SITAXENTAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM NITRITE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAPANOR HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
THYMALFASIN	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALFACALCIDOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALLOPURINOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30-90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMILORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AVENCIGUAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BALCINRENONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BARICITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BERAPROST SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BERBERINE URSODEOXYCHOLATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETA-ALANINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIFIDOBACTERIUM SPP.	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUMETANIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPROPION	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAGRILINTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAMOSTAT MESILATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARNITINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHARCOAL, ACTIVATED	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1200711	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1201439	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL131	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1355736	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1421	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1715	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2108623	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2141296	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL231779	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL262777	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL3989857	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL441687	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL460026	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL494	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL545	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL866	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL975	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
COTADUTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CRIZANLIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DASATINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROSE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELBASVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEBUXOSTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERMAGATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUCONAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GRAZOPREVIR ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEPARIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HISTIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUTAMOREN MESYLATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICATIBANT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMLIFIDASE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOQUERCETIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE MONONITRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEDIPASVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIXIVAPTAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LORUNDROSTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAXACALCITOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MENAQUINONE 6	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOLAZONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINAMIDE RIBOSIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYLANTHANUM CARBONATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PACIBEKITUG	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PATIROMER	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PECTIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGINESATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIOGLITAZONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRFENIDONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POTASSIUM CITRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPOLIS WAX	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUERCETIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RECOMBINANT HUMAN KALLIKREIN-1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RETATRUTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIBAVIRIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSIGLITAZONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RUNCACIGUAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAPROPTERIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAPROPTERIN DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAXAGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SBR-759	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SETRUSUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CITRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOFOSBUVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFORAPHANE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENOFOVIR ALAFENAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIRZEPATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOFOGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERINURAD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN E	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VOLENRELAXIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZILTIVEKIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TASOSARTAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIVAROXABAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	UK £20–£50 / 28 tabs (varies by dose) · US $30–$80 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAR-407899	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALANYL GLUTAMINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINO ACIDS	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1200496	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1229	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1237022	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1237025	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1639	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1951095	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2108358	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2108742	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL221959	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL222645	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL387675	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL515387	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL554	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL930	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
COLCHICINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DENOSUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXYCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENALAPRIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEPIXNEBART	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOROESTRADIOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOROESTRADIOL F-18	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GALACTOSE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLUTATHIONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IPRAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIRMATRELVIR	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PCS-499	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITONAVIR	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM FERRIC GLUCONATE COMPLEX	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
STANNIC PROTOPORFIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEGOPRUBART	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VOXELOTOR	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AGALSIDASE BETA	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALBUTEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AROTINOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENAZEPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZBROMARONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIOTIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIXALOMER	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCIFEDIOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCITRIOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCIUM ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTAROLINE FOSAMIL ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1201583	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1617	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHLOROTHIAZIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHLORTHALIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CINACALCET HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYANOCOBALAMIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPAGLIFLOZIN PROPANEDIOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPRODUSTAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESFLURANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFELIKEFALIN ACETATE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOMPERIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXERCALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENTECAVIR	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN BETA	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN DELTA	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN ZETA	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETELCALCETIDE HYDROCHLORIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EZETIMIBE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENTANYL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC OXYHYDROXIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC PYROPHOSPHATE CITRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERUMOXYTOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FESOMERSEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FESOMERSEN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FINERENONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOSINOPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FUROSEMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLICLAZIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLIMEPIRIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLYBURIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LACTULOSE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANTHANUM CARBONATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LERCANIDIPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LINAGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIRAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LORUNDROSTAT HYDROBROMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOSARTAN POTASSIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXY POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL-EPOETIN BETA	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOCYCLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEMOLIZUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIACIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OSELTAMIVIR PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PANTOTHENIC ACID	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PITAVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAMIPEXOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROBUCOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPOFOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRIDOXINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIBOFLAVIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RINVECALINASE ALFA	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILDENAFIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£8 / 4–8 tabs (generic) · US $5–$15 / 10-30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOTAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAMSULOSIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELBIVUDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELMISARTAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UPACICALCET	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UPACICALCET SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VADADUSTAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
WARFARIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
DARBEPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 9 Cochrane 11 Meta-analysis 97 Trial pubs 65 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00090753 — A Study of Intravenous or Subcutaneous Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol-Epoetin Beta (RO0503821, Mircera) in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients With Renal Anemia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00121602 — Efficacy Study: Darbepoetin Alfa for the Treatment of Anemia in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00598273 — Safety & Efficacy of Peginesatide for the Treatment of Anemia in Participants With Chronic Renal Failure Not on Dialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00526747 — Erythropoietin Resistance in Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) NCT00112008 — Study for Subjects With Chronic Kidney Disease(CKD) Not Receiving Dialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01506947 — A Pilot Clinical Study Evaluating the Effect of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Lowering On Erythropoietin Consumption in Calcitriol-Resistant Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00661505 — A Study of Intravenous Mircera in Hemodialysis Patients With Chronic Renal Anemia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02912494 — A Phase III Study of JR-131 in Renal Anemia Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of epoetin alfa vs. darbepoetin in children with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review, meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis (Journal of nephrology, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of daprodustat versus darbepoetin alfa in the treatment of anemia in chronic renal failure: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Journal of pharmacological sciences, 2025) Cochrane review Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anaemia in adults with chronic kidney disease: a network meta-analysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023) Cochrane review Continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator (CERA) for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017) Cochrane review Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anaemia in adults with chronic kidney disease: a network meta-analysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014) Meta-analysis Comparative effectiveness of darbepoetin vs other agents in chronic kidney disease-related anemia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (BMC nephrology, 2025) Meta-analysis Efficacy and safety of vadadustat compared to darbepoetin alfa on anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis (International urology and nephrology, 2023) Clinical trial publication Safety and Efficacy of Vadadustat Versus Darbepoetin Alfa for Chronic Kidney Disease-Related Anemia in Patients Receiving Dialysis by Baseline Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent Dose (Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis, 2026) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of daprodustat in patients on peritoneal dialysis in the ASCEND-D trial (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2025) Clinical trial publication Higher hemoglobin levels using darbepoetin alfa and kidney outcomes in advanced chronic kidney disease without diabetes: a prespecified secondary analysis of the PREDICT trial (Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2023) Clinical trial publication Vadadustat for treatment of anemia in patients with dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease receiving peritoneal dialysis (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2023) Clinical trial publication Treatment satisfaction with molidustat in CKD-related anemia in non-dialysis patients: a post-hoc analysis of two clinical trials (Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 7 Cochrane 13 Meta-analysis 74 Trial pubs 49 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01191983 — A Study of Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol-Epoetin Beta (Mircera) for the Treatment of Chronic Renal Anemia in Participants With Diabetic Nephropathy (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00090753 — A Study of Intravenous or Subcutaneous Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol-Epoetin Beta (RO0503821, Mircera) in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients With Renal Anemia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00307814 — A Study to Evaluate PROCRIT (Epoetin Alfa) for Maintenance Phase Treatment of Patients With Anemia Due to Chronic Kidney Disease (PROMPT) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00121602 — Efficacy Study: Darbepoetin Alfa for the Treatment of Anemia in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00598273 — Safety & Efficacy of Peginesatide for the Treatment of Anemia in Participants With Chronic Renal Failure Not on Dialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT05373303 — The Clinical Study for Evaluating The Safety And Efficacy Of Epodion® (COMPLETED) NA NCT00156962 — Epoetin Alfa (EPO) in Subjects With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT01422824 — An Observational Study of Mircera (Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol-Epoetin Beta) as Maintenance Treatment in Patients With Chronic Renal Anemia on Haemodialysis (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of epoetin alfa vs. darbepoetin in children with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review, meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis (Journal of nephrology, 2025) Cochrane review Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anaemia in adults with chronic kidney disease: a network meta-analysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023) Cochrane review Economic and quality of life burden of anemia on patients with CKD on dialysis: a systematic review (Journal of medical economics, 2019) Cochrane review Continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator (CERA) for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017) Cochrane review Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anaemia in adults with chronic kidney disease: a network meta-analysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014) Meta-analysis The efficacy and safety of roxadustat for anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2021) Meta-analysis Roxadustat (FG-4592) treatment for anemia in dialysis-dependent (DD) and not dialysis-dependent (NDD) chronic kidney disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Pharmacological research, 2020) Clinical trial publication Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of UB-851 versus ® in patients with renal anemia receiving hemodialysis: A randomized, double-masked, phase III trial (Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA, 2026) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of daprodustat in patients on peritoneal dialysis in the ASCEND-D trial (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2025) Clinical trial publication Subcutaneous C.E.R.A. for the Maintenance Treatment of Anemia in Pediatric Patients With CKD: A Phase 2, Open-Label, Single-Arm, Multicenter Study (American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2023) Clinical trial publication Biosimilar erythropoietin in anemia treatment (BEAT)-Efficacy and safety of a 1:1 dose conversion from EPREX® to EPIAO® in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis: A prospective, randomized, double blind, parallel group study (Medicine, 2022) Clinical trial publication Three Times Weekly Dosing of Daprodustat versus Conventional Epoetin for Treatment of Anemia in Hemodialysis Patients: ASCEND-TD: A Phase 3 Randomized, Double-Blind, Noninferiority Trial (Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRON SUCROSE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 45 Trial pubs 32 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03619850 — A Study to Evaluate the Safety (Compared to Iron Sucrose), Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of Ferumoxytol for the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) in Pediatric Subjects With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT00830037 — A Clinical Trial of Oral Versus IV Iron in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT02392910 — Hospitalization & Mortality in Patients With Iron Deficiency CKD and HF Treated With i.v. Iron. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05691257 — Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Roxadustat in the Treatment of Heart Failure With Chronic Kidney Disease and Anemia (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00318812 — Heme Iron Polypeptide for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Chronic Renal Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT03214627 — Artificial Intelligence for Optimal Anemia Management in End-stage Renal Disease: The Anemia Control Model (ACM) Trial (TERMINATED) NA NCT06556134 — Oral Liposomal Iron Versus Injectable Iron Sucrose for Anemia Treatment in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01414075 — Study of Roxadustat (FG-4592) to Correct Anemia in Newly Initiated Dialysis Participants Not on Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent Treatment (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Intravenous Versus Oral Iron Supplementation for the Treatment of Anemia in CKD: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2016) Clinical trial publication Recurrent event analyses in patients receiving maintenance dialysis and the effect of higher- versus lower-dose chronic intravenous iron therapy: A report focusing on heart failure events from the PIVOTAL trial (European journal of heart failure, 2025) Clinical trial publication Comparison of Iron Dosing Strategies in Patients Undergoing Long-Term Hemodialysis: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2021) Clinical trial publication Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Ferric Derisomaltose Compared to Iron Sucrose for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease With and Without Heart Failure (The American journal of cardiology, 2021) Clinical trial publication Conversion of haemodialysis patients from iron sucrose to iron isomaltoside: a real-world experience (BMC nephrology, 2020) Clinical trial publication Safety and efficacy of iron isomaltoside 1000/ferric derisomaltose versus iron sucrose in patients with chronic kidney disease: the FERWON-NEPHRO randomized, open-label, comparative trial (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PARICALCITOL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 11 Cochrane 16 Meta-analysis 66 Trial pubs 56 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01368042 — Quality of Life in Greek Hemodialysis Patients Receiving Zemplar Intravenous (COMPLETED) NCT01136564 — Reno- and Vascular Protective Effect of a Vitamin-D-analogue in Moderate to Severe Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02018133 — Identification of Markers for Determining the Efficacy of Vitamin D Receptor Activator Therapy in Stage 3/4 CKD Patients (COMPLETED) NCT00257920 — A Study of Zemplar® Injection and Hectorol® Injection on Intestinal Absorption of Calcium in Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00752102 — Vitamin D and Coronary Calcification Study (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01506947 — A Pilot Clinical Study Evaluating the Effect of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Lowering On Erythropoietin Consumption in Calcitriol-Resistant Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01081665 — Follow-up Patients With End Stage Renal Disease Receiving Zemplar to Prevent and Treat Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (COMPLETED) NCT00701805 — Long-term Safety Study of Paricalcitol Injection in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients With Hemodialysis (HD) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review A systematic review of the pharmacotherapy of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in grades 3-5 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2022) Cochrane review Vitamin D supplementation for the improvement of vascular function in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (International urology and nephrology, 2019) Cochrane review Comparison of Paricalcitol and Calcitriol in Dialysis Patients With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies (Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy, 2019) Cochrane review Treating endothelial dysfunction with vitamin D in chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis (BMC nephrology, 2018) Cochrane review Effects of paricalcitol on cardiovascular outcomes and renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease : A meta-analysis (Herz, 2018) Meta-analysis The effect of oral supplementation of Paricalcitol on C-reactive protein levels in chronic kidney disease patients: GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of data from randomized controlled trials (BMC pharmacology & toxicology, 2024) Meta-analysis Effect of regulated vitamin D increase on vascular markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD, 2024) Meta-analysis Paricalcitol and Extended-Release Calcifediol for Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease: Results From a Network Meta-Analysis (The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2023) Meta-analysis [Extended release calcifediol and paricalcitol in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism: a network meta-analysis of indirect comparison] (Giornale italiano di nefrologia : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di nefrologia, 2023) Meta-analysis Vitamin D Supplementation for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses of Trials Investigating the Response to Supplementation and an Overview of Guidelines (Calcified tissue international, 2021) Clinical trial publication Dose response of PTH and FGF23 to paricalcitol in patients with end-stage renal failure on chronic intermittent hemodialysis (Clinical nephrology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Adjunctive Active Vitamin D Decreases Kidney Function during Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism with Extended-Release Calcifediol in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease in a Randomized Trial (American journal of nephrology, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEVELAMER CARBONATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 23 Trial pubs 21 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03001011 — Evaluation of Renvela in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Not On Dialysis And Hyperphosphatemia In China (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00853242 — Randomized Study Comparing Genz-644470, Placebo, and Sevelamer Carbonate in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02684643 — Study of Individualized Therapy on Hyperphosphatemia in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT01431326 — Pharmacokinetics of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (COMPLETED) NCT01277497 — Effect of Phosphate Binders on Markers of Vascular Health in Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3 and 4 (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT04551300 — A Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of VS-505(AP301) to Treat Hyperphosphatemia in Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00681941 — An Open Label Dose Titration of Sevelamer Carbonate Tabs 3 Times a Day in Hyperphosphatemic CKD Patients Not On Dialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03984760 — Ferric Citrate for the Treatment of Hyperphosphatemia in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Comparative Effectiveness of Phosphate Binders in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (PloS one, 2016) Meta-analysis The efficacy and safety of sevelamer and lanthanum versus calcium-containing and iron-based binders in treating hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2017) Clinical trial publication Tolerability, safety and efficacy of a novel phosphate binder VS-505 (AP301): a Phase 2 dose-escalation and dose-ranging study in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2024) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and Safety of Ferric Citrate on Hyperphosphatemia among Chinese Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Phase III Multicenter Randomized Open-Label Active-Drug-Controlled Study (American journal of nephrology, 2023) Clinical trial publication Characteristics of Patients Who Achieve Serum Phosphorus Control on Sucroferric Oxyhydroxide or Sevelamer Carbonate: A post hoc Analysis of a Phase 3 Study (Nephron, 2020) Clinical trial publication Effect of calcitriol combined with sevelamer carbonate on serum parathyroid hormone in patients with chronic renal failure (Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France), 2020) Clinical trial publication Differential effects of phosphate binders on vitamin D metabolism in chronic kidney disease (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2020) Randomized controlled trial The Effect of Sevelamer on Serum Levels of Gut-Derived Uremic Toxins: Results from In Vitro Experiments and A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial (Toxins, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEVELAMER HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 2 Cochrane 5 Meta-analysis 41 Trial pubs 28 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01431326 — Pharmacokinetics of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (COMPLETED) NCT01049815 — Sevelamer Hydrochloride and Femoral and Carotid Intima Media Thickness Progression in End Stage Renal Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT00324376 — Study to Compare Once A Day Sevelamer Dosing With Three Times Per Day Sevelamer Dosing (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00196755 — Study of Safety and Efficacy of Renagel® Compared With Calcium Acetate in Patients With Peritoneal Dialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00704483 — Efficacy of SBR759 in Lowering Serum Phosphate Levels in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00324571 — Dialysis Clinical Outcomes Revisited (DCOR) Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00824460 — Study of Phosphate Levels in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00441545 — Head to Head Study Against Sevelamer Hydrochloride (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review A meta-analysis of phosphate binders lanthanum carbonate versus sevelamer hydrochloride in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis (African health sciences, 2018) Cochrane review Comparative Effectiveness of Phosphate Binders in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (PloS one, 2016) Meta-analysis The efficacy and safety of sevelamer and lanthanum versus calcium-containing and iron-based binders in treating hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2017) Meta-analysis Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate on chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder in dialysis patients: a systematic review (BMC nephrology, 2013) Meta-analysis Meta-analysis of the effect of sevelamer on phosphorus, calcium, PTH, and serum lipids in dialysis patients (Advances in renal replacement therapy, 2003) Systematic review The phosphate binder equivalent dose (Seminars in dialysis, 2011) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of sucroferric oxyhydroxide compared with sevelamer hydrochloride in Japanese haemodialysis patients with hyperphosphataemia: A randomized, open-label, multicentre, 12-week phase III study (Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.), 2017) Clinical trial publication Cost-minimization analysis of lanthanum carbonate versus sevelamer hydrochloride in US patients with end-stage renal disease (Clinical therapeutics, 2014) Clinical trial publication Dose-finding study of bixalomer in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis with hyperphosphatemia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled and sevelamer hydrochloride-controlled open-label, parallel group study (Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy, 2014) Clinical trial publication Effect of chitosan chewing gum on reducing serum phosphorus in hemodialysis patients: a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (BMC nephrology, 2014) Clinical trial publication Clinical effects of long-term (36-month) lanthanum carbonate administration in hemodialysis patients in Japan (Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy, 2014) Randomized controlled trial Randomized controlled trial of bixalomer versus sevelamer hydrochloride in hemodialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia (Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOMATROPIN	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00194961 — Effect of Growth Hormone on Leptin, Cytokines and Body Composition of Children With Growth Failure Due to Chronic Kidney Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT01343641 — Growth Hormone Secretagogue MK-0677's Effect on Lean Body Mass in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 4/5 Subjects (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT00395291 — Growth Hormone Secretagogue MK-0677 Effect on IGF-1 Levels in ESRD Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT00194883 — Effect of Cytokines on Growth of Children With Chronic Kidney Failure (SUSPENDED) PHASE4 NCT01502137 — Pharmacokinetics of Somatropin in Patients With End Stage Renal Disease Receiving Chronic Haemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01604395 — Long-term Safety and Effectiveness of Growth Hormone With GHD, TS, CRF, SGA , ISS and PWS in Children (RECRUITING) NCT00244075 — Effects of Nutritional Supplementation on Protein and Energy Homeostasis in Malnourished Chronic Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00943995 — Three Times Weekly (TIW) Growth Hormone Therapy in Children on Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	UK £5–£12 / 30 tabs or effervescent · US $8–$15 / 30-60 tabs (NAC)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	UK Very low cost · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CINACALCET	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOPIDOGREL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
COLESTILAN CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPLERENONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOCALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EVEROLIMUS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAMIPRIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM BICARBONATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SPIRONOLACTONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULODEXIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TICAGRELOR	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALSARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VONAPANITASE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZINC SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATRASENTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BARDOXOLONE METHYL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BAXDROSTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BELATACEPT	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEXAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BORTEZOMIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANDESARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1200796	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1542	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL160	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL180570	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2106643	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2108243	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2109163	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL384467	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL393220	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL413	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CORTICOTROPIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESIDUSTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROMETHORPHAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFELIKEFALIN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EFEPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENOXAPARIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERTUGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETELCALCETIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FASIGLIFAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOFIBRIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC CARBOXYMALTOSE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC CITRATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC DERISOMALTOSE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERROUS SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FIMASARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOLIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLIPIZIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN GLARGINE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN LISPRO	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRBESARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRON ISOMALTOSIDE 1000	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANREOTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOTHYROXINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£4 / 28–30 tabs · US $5–$15 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISINOPRIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOSARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MALTOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	5 trials 14 Trial pubs 11 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01291888 — Nebivolol Versus Sustained Release Metoprolol Succinate in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) NCT02966717 — Rituximab Combined With MSCs in the Treatment of PNS (3-4 Stage of CKD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT04364139 — African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT05931276 — CSP #2026 - Beta Blocker Dialyzability on Cardiovascular Outcomes (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT03361280 — Removal of Beta Blocker Drugs by Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Effects of enhanced versus reduced vasodilating treatment on brachial and central blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial (Journal of hypertension, 2021) Clinical trial publication Effects of additional vasodilatory or nonvasodilatory treatment on renal function, vascular resistance and oxygenation in chronic kidney disease: a randomized clinical trial (Journal of hypertension, 2019) Clinical trial publication Metoprolol Increases Uric Acid and Risk of Gout in African Americans With Chronic Kidney Disease Attributed to Hypertension (American journal of hypertension, 2017) Clinical trial publication Influence of chronic renal failure on stereoselective metoprolol metabolism in hypertensive patients (Journal of clinical pharmacology, 2005) Clinical trial publication Blood pressure control, drug therapy, and kidney disease (Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2005) Randomized controlled trial The relationship between magnitude of proteinuria reduction and risk of end-stage renal disease: results of the African American study of kidney disease and hypertension (Archives of internal medicine, 2005) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIROGABALIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOLIDUSTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OCEDURENONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMARIGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28–30 tabs · US $4–$8 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RILPARENCEL	Cell therapy	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSUVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROXADUSTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SACUBITRIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEVELAMER	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILYBIN A	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SITAGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM ZIRCONIUM CYCLOSILICATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01239472 — Cytokines Evaluation in Early Calcineurin Inhibitors Withdrawn on Renal Transplant (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00472082 — Early Conversion From Tacrolimus to Efalizumab Maintenance Therapy in Kidney Transplant Recipients (TERMINATED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT02328222 — ESTEROID WITHDRAWAL STUDY, SAFETY AND EFFICACY IN RENAL TRANPLANTATION (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00931255 — Tacrolimus to Sirolimus Conversion for Delayed Graft Function (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT02314403 — Renal Allograft Tolerance Through Mixed Chimerism (Belatacept) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00859131 — Safety and Efficacy Study of Thymoglobulin Versus IL2 Receptor Antagonists (COMPLETED) NA NCT02432833 — Multicentre, Open Label, Randomized, Two-arm, Parallel-group Study to Assess Efficacy and Safety of ENVARSUS® Compared With Tacrolimus Used as Per Current Clinical Practice in the Initial Maintenance Setting in de Novo Kidney Transplant Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05525507 — Delayed Immunological Tolerance in Patients With Well-functioning Pre-existing HLA-matched Kidney Transplants (RECRUITING) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TADALAFIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TESTOSTERONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLVAPTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TORSEMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VEVERIMER	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VICADROSTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIBOTENTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZINC ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANAKINRA	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASCORBIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BERAPROST	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCIUM CARBONATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROTRECOGIN ALFA (ACTIVATED)	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ECULIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESCITALOPRAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETANERCEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICODEXTRIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOCARNITINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIPOIC ACID, ALPHA	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LY2623091	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIACINAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEDIPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SITAXENTAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM NITRITE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAPANOR HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
THYMALFASIN	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALFACALCIDOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALLOPURINOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30-90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMILORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AVENCIGUAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BALCINRENONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BARICITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BERAPROST SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BERBERINE URSODEOXYCHOLATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETA-ALANINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIFIDOBACTERIUM SPP.	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUMETANIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPROPION	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAGRILINTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAMOSTAT MESILATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARNITINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHARCOAL, ACTIVATED	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1200711	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1201439	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL131	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1355736	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1421	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1715	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2108623	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2141296	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL231779	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL262777	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL3989857	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL441687	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL460026	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL494	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL545	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL866	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL975	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
COTADUTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CRIZANLIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DASATINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROSE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELBASVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEBUXOSTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERMAGATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUCONAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GRAZOPREVIR ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEPARIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HISTIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUTAMOREN MESYLATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICATIBANT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMLIFIDASE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOQUERCETIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE MONONITRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEDIPASVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIXIVAPTAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LORUNDROSTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAXACALCITOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MENAQUINONE 6	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOLAZONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINAMIDE RIBOSIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYLANTHANUM CARBONATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PACIBEKITUG	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PATIROMER	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PECTIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGINESATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIOGLITAZONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRFENIDONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POTASSIUM CITRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPOLIS WAX	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUERCETIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RECOMBINANT HUMAN KALLIKREIN-1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RETATRUTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIBAVIRIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSIGLITAZONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RUNCACIGUAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAPROPTERIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAPROPTERIN DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAXAGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SBR-759	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SETRUSUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CITRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOFOSBUVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFORAPHANE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENOFOVIR ALAFENAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIRZEPATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOFOGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERINURAD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN E	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VOLENRELAXIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZILTIVEKIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIVAROXABAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	UK £20–£50 / 28 tabs (varies by dose) · US $30–$80 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAR-407899	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALANYL GLUTAMINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINO ACIDS	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1200496	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1229	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1237022	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1237025	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1639	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1951095	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2108358	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2108742	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL221959	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL222645	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL387675	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL515387	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL554	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL930	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
COLCHICINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DENOSUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXYCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENALAPRIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEPIXNEBART	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOROESTRADIOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOROESTRADIOL F-18	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GALACTOSE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLUTATHIONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IPRAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIRMATRELVIR	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PCS-499	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITONAVIR	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM FERRIC GLUCONATE COMPLEX	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
STANNIC PROTOPORFIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEGOPRUBART	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VOXELOTOR	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Acetazolamide for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a new use for an old drug (Pediatric cardiology, 2006) Clinical trial publication Severe metabolic acidosis and disturbances of calcium metabolism induced by acetazolamide in patients on haemodialysis (Clinical science (London, England : 1979), 1990) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AGALSIDASE BETA	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALBUTEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AROTINOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENAZEPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZBROMARONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIOTIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIXALOMER	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCIFEDIOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCITRIOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCIUM ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTAROLINE FOSAMIL ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1201583	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1617	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHLOROTHIAZIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHLORTHALIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CINACALCET HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYANOCOBALAMIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPAGLIFLOZIN PROPANEDIOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPRODUSTAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESFLURANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFELIKEFALIN ACETATE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOMPERIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXERCALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENTECAVIR	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN BETA	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN DELTA	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN ZETA	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETELCALCETIDE HYDROCHLORIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EZETIMIBE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENTANYL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC OXYHYDROXIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC PYROPHOSPHATE CITRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERUMOXYTOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FESOMERSEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FESOMERSEN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FINERENONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOSINOPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FUROSEMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLICLAZIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLIMEPIRIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLYBURIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LACTULOSE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANTHANUM CARBONATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LERCANIDIPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LINAGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIRAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LORUNDROSTAT HYDROBROMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOSARTAN POTASSIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXY POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL-EPOETIN BETA	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOCYCLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEMOLIZUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIACIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OSELTAMIVIR PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PANTOTHENIC ACID	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PITAVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAMIPEXOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROBUCOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPOFOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRIDOXINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIBOFLAVIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RINVECALINASE ALFA	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILDENAFIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£8 / 4–8 tabs (generic) · US $5–$15 / 10-30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOTAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAMSULOSIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELBIVUDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELMISARTAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UPACICALCET	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UPACICALCET SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VADADUSTAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
WARFARIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Acetazolamide for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a new use for an old drug (Pediatric cardiology, 2006) Clinical trial publication Severe metabolic acidosis and disturbances of calcium metabolism induced by acetazolamide in patients on haemodialysis (Clinical science (London, England : 1979), 1990) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETOHEXAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACETYLCHOLINE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ADENOSINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ADUCANUMAB Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMINOPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE BENZOATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing via CACNA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE MALEATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN II Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 11 Cochrane 15 Meta-analysis 154 Trial pubs 109 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06272487 — Zilebesiran as Add-on Therapy in Patients With High Cardiovascular Risk and Hypertension Not Adequately Controlled by Standard of Care Antihypertensive Medications (KARDIA-3) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00858299 — The Change of Urinary Angiotensinogen Excretion After Valsartan Treatment in Patients With Persistent Proteinuria (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01377285 — Renoprotection by Pentoxifylline and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00572312 — Optimalization of Nephroprotection Using Atorvastatin (Sortis) (COMPLETED) NA NCT00791830 — Saving Residual Renal Function Among Haemodialysis Patients Receiving Irbesartan (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00190580 — Kanagawa Valsartan Trial (KVT): Effects of Valsartan on Renal and Cardiovascular Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01371747 — Patiromer in the Treatment of Hyperkalemia in Patients With Hypertension and Diabetic Nephropathy (AMETHYST-DN) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00395005 — Correlation of Urinary Kallikrein With Cytokines, Proteinuria and Renal Function in Chronic Renal Disease Patients (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review All in on ARBs: Is it time to fold the ACEIs? (Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, 2026) Cochrane review Novel Potassium Binders in Reduction of Hyperkalemia and Optimization of RAAS Inhibitors Treatment in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease or Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (Drugs, 2025) Cochrane review Benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors combining with renin-angiotensin-system blockers on cardiovascular outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients: A systemic review and meta-analysis (Medicina clinica, 2022) Cochrane review ACE Inhibitor Benefit to Kidney and Cardiovascular Outcomes for Patients with Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3-5: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials (Drugs, 2020) Cochrane review Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in hypertensive adults with non-diabetic CKD with or without proteinuria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials (Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, 2019) Meta-analysis Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers on All-Cause Mortality and Renal Outcomes in Patients with Diabetes and Albuminuria: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Kidney & blood pressure research, 2018) Systematic review Transglutaminase 2 as a novel target in chronic kidney disease - Methods, mechanisms and pharmacological inhibition (Pharmacology & therapeutics, 2021) Clinical trial publication Pharmacogenomics-Guided Precision Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease with Resistant Hypertension: A Prospective Cohort Study (Kidney & blood pressure research, 2026) Clinical trial publication User Actions within a Clinical Decision Support Alert for the Management of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease (Applied clinical informatics, 2025) Clinical trial publication A Pilot, Single-Blinded, Randomized Crossover Trial of Cramp Reduction with Angiotensin II in Maintenance Patients on Hemodialysis (the CRAMP-HD Study) (American journal of nephrology, 2025) Clinical trial publication A Five-Year Prospective, Randomized, Open-Label Study of Standard-Dose Versus Low-Dose Prolonged-Release Tacrolimus With or Without Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Post Kidney Transplantation (Clinical transplantation, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of sparsentan versus irbesartan in patients with IgA nephropathy (PROTECT): 2-year results from a randomised, active-controlled, phase 3 trial (Lancet (London, England), 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ANGIOTENSIN II ACETATE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIXABAN Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £20–£50 / 28-60 tabs · US $30–$70 / 30-60 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ARGIPRESSIN Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASCORBIC ACID Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASPIRIN Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK Very low cost · US Very low cost	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ATORVASTATIN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM TRIHYDRATE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AZILSARTAN KAMEDOXOMIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZILSARTAN MEDOXOMIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENAZEPRIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENAZEPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENAZEPRILAT Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BEPRIDIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUMETANIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BUPROPION HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE CITRATE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01377285 — Renoprotection by Pentoxifylline and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01678794 — CR Aim #2 - AT1 Receptor Blockade & ACE Inhibition Effect on Humoral Function (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT05271448 — Continuing or Discontinuing ACE/ARBs in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Coronary Angiography (UNKNOWN) NA NCT01976572 — Drug-Drug Interaction Study to Evaluate the Effect of Colestilan on the Pharmacokinetics of Single Doses of Candesartan Cilexetil in Healthy Subjects (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00741585 — Prognostic Value of the Circadian Pattern of Ambulatory Blood Pressure for Multiple Risk Assessment (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00231803 — The Canadian Prevention of Renal and Cardiovascular Endpoints Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT01827202 — RAS Quantification in Patients With Aliskiren or Candesartan (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07547878 — Rapid and Simultaneous Initiation of Four Guideline-Directed CKD Therapies (RAPID-CKD) (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CANDOXATRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAPTOPRIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CHLORPROPAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CHOLESTEROL Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CHORIOGONADOTROPIN ALFA Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CILAZAPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CINNARIZINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLEVIDIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSPORINE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 5 Cochrane 7 Meta-analysis 118 Trial pubs 65 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00493194 — Fibrosis in Renal Allografts (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00027820 — Total-Body Irradiation and Fludarabine Phosphate Followed by Donor Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant in Treating Patients With Hematologic Malignancies or Kidney Cancer (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00854139 — Combined Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) and Renal Transplant for Multiple Myeloma (MM) With End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00812123 — Calcineurin Free Immunosuppression in Renal Transplant Recipients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00005113 — A Study to Compare Treatment With Sirolimus Versus Standard Treatment in Patients Who Have Received a Kidney Transplant (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT00365287 — Combination Chemotherapy and Total-Body Irradiation Before Donor Umbilical Cord Blood Transplant in Treating Patients With Advanced Hematologic Cancer, Metastatic Breast Cancer, or Kidney Cancer (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00256750 — Belatacept Evaluation of Nephroprotection and Efficacy as First-line Immunosuppression (BENEFIT) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00698685 — Pentostatin and Alemtuzumab as a Preparative Regimen for Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation (TERMINATED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive agents for adults with lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Frontiers in immunology, 2023) Cochrane review Correlation between gene polymorphism and blood concentration of calcineurin inhibitors in renal transplant recipients: An overview of systematic reviews (Medicine, 2019) Cochrane review Association of CYP3A4*1B genotype with Cyclosporin A pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients: A meta-analysis (Gene, 2018) Cochrane review Cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive therapy for patients with steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a meta-analysis (Current medical research and opinion, 2017) Cochrane review Immunosuppression for membranous nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 36 clinical trials (Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2013) Meta-analysis Calcineurin Inhibitor Minimization, Conversion, Withdrawal, and Avoidance Strategies in Renal Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, 2016) Systematic review Kidney transplantation in Africa: a systematic review of treatment outcomes, and strategies for enhancing care and sustainability (International urology and nephrology, 2026) Systematic review Immunosuppressive therapy and nutritional diseases of patients after kidney transplantation: a systematic review (BMC nephrology, 2025) Systematic review Pemphigoid diseases in patients with end-stage kidney diseases: pathogenesis and treatment (Frontiers in immunology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Obesity is associated with a higher incidence of rejection in patients on belatacept: A pooled analysis from the BENEFIT/BENEFIT-EXT clinical trials (American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, 2024) Clinical trial publication Comparing Kidney Health Outcomes in Children, Adolescents, and Adults With Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (JAMA network open, 2022) Clinical trial publication Successful Induction of Specific Immunological Tolerance by Combined Kidney and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in HLA-Identical Siblings (Frontiers in immunology, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEFIBROTIDE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DESERPIDINE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEXAMETHASONE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIAZOXIDE CHOLINE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM MALATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DONANEMAB Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DONEPEZIL Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DRONEDARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENALAPRIL MALEATE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ENALAPRILAT Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENALAPRILAT ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPROSARTAN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials 2 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01087749 — Pharmacokinetic Study in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Healthy Volunteers (COMPLETED) PHASE1 Published literature Clinical trial publication [Effect of eprosartan on the hemostatic system in patients with chronic kidney disease associated with hereditary thrombophilia] (Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 2013) Clinical trial publication Moxonidine normalizes sympathetic hyperactivity in patients with eprosartan-treated chronic renal failure (Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2004) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPROSARTAN MESYLATE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FELODIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FENOFIBRATE MICRONIZED Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLAVONE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLUVASTATIN Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FOSINOPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FOSINOPRIL SODIUM Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FUROSEMIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GABAPENTIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–100 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–100 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
GALANTAMINE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GANCICLOVIR Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GENISTEIN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Systematic review Potential Effects of Bioactive Compounds of Plant-Based Foods and Medicinal Plants in Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis: A Systematic Review (Nutrients, 2024) Clinical trial publication Positive effect of dietary soy in ESRD patients with systemic inflammation--correlation between blood levels of the soy isoflavones and the acute-phase reactants (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2006) Clinical trial publication Serum levels and metabolic clearance of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in hemodialysis patients (Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 1999) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GLICLAZIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GLIMEPIRIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GLIPIZIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GLYBURIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 27 Trial pubs 22 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07020104 — The Role of Skin Sodium Accumulation in Chronic Kidney Disease (RECRUITING) NA NCT06841692 — Diuretic Testing in Chronic Kidney Disease (RECRUITING) NA NCT05171686 — Diuretics and Volume Overload in Early CKD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02875886 — DD-study: Diet or Diuretics for Salt-sensitivity in Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01087749 — Pharmacokinetic Study in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Healthy Volunteers (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT02646397 — Benidipine and Hydrochlorothiazide in Fosinopril Treated Chronic Kidney Disease Patients With Hypertension (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT07271420 — Blood Pressure Control With Thiazide Diuretics in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT03170336 — A New Application of Amiloride in the Treatment of Patient With Chronic Kidney Disease In Reducing Urinary PROtein (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Altered dietary salt intake for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023) Meta-analysis Olmesartan-based monotherapy vs combination therapy in hypertension: A meta-analysis based on age and chronic kidney disease status (Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.), 2017) Clinical trial publication The urine metabolomic signature of distal diuretics and diuretic-induced hyponatremia in patients with chronic kidney disease (American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Chlorthalidone vs Hydrochlorothiazide and Kidney Outcomes in Patients With Hypertension: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA network open, 2024) Clinical trial publication A Randomized Trial of Distal Diuretics versus Dietary Sodium Restriction for Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease (Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2020) Clinical trial publication Long-term efficacy and tolerability of azilsartan medoxomil/chlorthalidone vs olmesartan medoxomil/hydrochlorothiazide in chronic kidney disease (Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.), 2018) Clinical trial publication Renoprotective RAAS inhibition does not affect the association between worse renal function and higher plasma aldosterone levels (BMC nephrology, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IBUTILIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IMIDAPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 8 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Pharmacological interventions for pruritus in adult palliative care patients (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2016) Cochrane review Pharmacological interventions for pruritus in adult palliative care patients (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013) Clinical trial publication Contractile hyporesponsiveness to norepinephrine of forearm veins in chronic renal failure (American journal of hypertension, 2006) Clinical trial publication Abnormal rhythmic oscillations of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in chronic renal failure (Clinical science (London, England : 1979), 2006) Clinical trial publication Effect of high dose ramipril with or without indomethacin on glomerular selectivity (Kidney international, 2002) Clinical trial publication Effects of oral prostaglandins on indomethacin-induced renal failure in patients with cirrhosis and ascites (The Journal of rheumatology. Supplement, 1990) Clinical trial publication Effects of acute and chronic dosing of NSAIDs in patients with renal insufficiency (Kidney international, 1986) Randomized controlled trial A controlled study of the effect of indomethacin in uremic pericarditis (Kidney international, 1983) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRBESARTAN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IRBESARTAN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISRADIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ISTRADEFYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LECANEMAB Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LEVAMLODIPINE MALEATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVODOPA Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LISINOPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISINOPRIL ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LORAZEPAM Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LOSARTAN POTASSIUM Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 3 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00565396 — Effectiveness Study on Fosinopril and/or Losartan in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05271448 — Continuing or Discontinuing ACE/ARBs in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Coronary Angiography (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03603938 — Bedtime Potassium Losartan on CKD With Nocturnal Hypertension Patients With Nondipping Blood Pressure Pattern (UNKNOWN) NA NCT00231803 — The Canadian Prevention of Renal and Cardiovascular Endpoints Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT04078711 — Chinese Medicine Treat for Hypertensive Renal Injury (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT02232763 — Efficacy and Safety of Losartan in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease With Tubular Proteinuria (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01087749 — Pharmacokinetic Study in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Healthy Volunteers (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00140985 — Antiproteinuric Efficacy of Losartan Potassium in Patients With Non-Diabetic Proteinuric Renal Diseases (0954-213) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review [Efficacy, safety, and mechanism of Huangkui Capsules in treating chronic kidney disease: Meta-analysis and integrative bioinformatics] (Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica, 2023) Clinical trial publication [Effect of Chuanhuang No. 1 recipe on renal function and micro-inflammation in phase 3 chronic kidney disease patients] (Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi = Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine, 2015) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of Abelmoschus manihot for primary glomerular disease: a prospective, multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial (American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2014) Clinical trial publication Effects of blood pressure level on progression of diabetic nephropathy: results from the RENAAL study (Archives of internal medicine, 2003) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LUTEIN Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MALATHION Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEFLOQUINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METFORMIN Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	5 trials 14 Trial pubs 11 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01291888 — Nebivolol Versus Sustained Release Metoprolol Succinate in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) NCT02966717 — Rituximab Combined With MSCs in the Treatment of PNS (3-4 Stage of CKD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT04364139 — African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT05931276 — CSP #2026 - Beta Blocker Dialyzability on Cardiovascular Outcomes (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT03361280 — Removal of Beta Blocker Drugs by Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Effects of enhanced versus reduced vasodilating treatment on brachial and central blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial (Journal of hypertension, 2021) Clinical trial publication Effects of additional vasodilatory or nonvasodilatory treatment on renal function, vascular resistance and oxygenation in chronic kidney disease: a randomized clinical trial (Journal of hypertension, 2019) Clinical trial publication Metoprolol Increases Uric Acid and Risk of Gout in African Americans With Chronic Kidney Disease Attributed to Hypertension (American journal of hypertension, 2017) Clinical trial publication Influence of chronic renal failure on stereoselective metoprolol metabolism in hypertensive patients (Journal of clinical pharmacology, 2005) Clinical trial publication Blood pressure control, drug therapy, and kidney disease (Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2005) Randomized controlled trial The relationship between magnitude of proteinuria reduction and risk of end-stage renal disease: results of the African American study of kidney disease and hypertension (Archives of internal medicine, 2005) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITIGLINIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MOEXIPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MOEXIPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NATEGLINIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NICARDIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NICARDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE POLACRILEX Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NIFEDIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NIMODIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NISOLDIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NITROPRUSSIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NORETHINDRONE ACETATE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXTRIPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PENTOXIFYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PERINDOPRIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	5 trials 1 Cochrane 13 Trial pubs 9 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02299310 — Effect of Valsartan vs Perindopril on HOMA-IR Index in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00231803 — The Canadian Prevention of Renal and Cardiovascular Endpoints Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT03502031 — Safety and Efficacy of Two Year of RAAS Alone or in Combination With Spironolactone Therapy (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT07547878 — Rapid and Simultaneous Initiation of Four Guideline-Directed CKD Therapies (RAPID-CKD) (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT01219413 — Influence of Aliskiren on Proteinuria (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non-diabetic chronic kidney disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023) Clinical trial publication Aliskiren attenuates oxidative stress and improves tubular status in non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease-Placebo controlled, randomized, cross-over study (Advances in medical sciences, 2014) Clinical trial publication [Isoprostanes - important marker of the oxidative stress estimation in patients with chronic kidney disease] (Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego, 2013) Clinical trial publication Effect of aliskiren on proteinuria in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease: a double-blind, crossover, randomised, controlled trial (International urology and nephrology, 2012) Clinical trial publication Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (European heart journal, 2010) Clinical trial publication Clinical study of Trilogy Detoxicating Therapy combined with routine Western medicine on patients with chronic renal failure (Chinese journal of integrative medicine, 2008) Randomized controlled trial Lower blood pressure and risk of recurrent stroke in patients with chronic kidney disease: PROGRESS trial (Kidney international, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PERINDOPRIL ARGININE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERINDOPRIL ERBUMINE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERINDOPRILAT Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAVASTATIN SODIUM Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–30 tabs · US $4–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
PREGABALIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
QUINAPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
QUINAPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINAPRILAT Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAMIPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAMIPRILAT Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
REGADENOSON Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
REGADENOSON ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
REPAGLINIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RESCINNAMINE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RITONAVIR Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RIVASTIGMINE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SARALASIN ACETATE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILDENAFIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£8 / 4–8 tabs (generic) · US $5–$15 / 10-30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SPARSENTAN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of sparsentan versus irbesartan in patients with IgA nephropathy (PROTECT): 2-year results from a randomised, active-controlled, phase 3 trial (Lancet (London, England), 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SPIRAPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SPIRAPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULBACTAM Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULOCTIDIL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01239472 — Cytokines Evaluation in Early Calcineurin Inhibitors Withdrawn on Renal Transplant (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00472082 — Early Conversion From Tacrolimus to Efalizumab Maintenance Therapy in Kidney Transplant Recipients (TERMINATED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT02328222 — ESTEROID WITHDRAWAL STUDY, SAFETY AND EFFICACY IN RENAL TRANPLANTATION (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00931255 — Tacrolimus to Sirolimus Conversion for Delayed Graft Function (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT02314403 — Renal Allograft Tolerance Through Mixed Chimerism (Belatacept) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00859131 — Safety and Efficacy Study of Thymoglobulin Versus IL2 Receptor Antagonists (COMPLETED) NA NCT02432833 — Multicentre, Open Label, Randomized, Two-arm, Parallel-group Study to Assess Efficacy and Safety of ENVARSUS® Compared With Tacrolimus Used as Per Current Clinical Practice in the Initial Maintenance Setting in de Novo Kidney Transplant Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05525507 — Delayed Immunological Tolerance in Patients With Well-functioning Pre-existing HLA-matched Kidney Transplants (RECRUITING) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELMISARTAN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 17 Trial pubs 14 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00528385 — Optimalization of Nephroprotection Using Agents Inhibiting Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (COMPLETED) NA NCT03550859 — HMG-CoA Reductase add-on in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients With Proteinuria (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01377285 — Renoprotection by Pentoxifylline and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01541267 — The Effect of Various Types of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Blockade on Proteinuria (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00741585 — Prognostic Value of the Circadian Pattern of Ambulatory Blood Pressure for Multiple Risk Assessment (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01271478 — Use of Telmisartan and Captopril in Inflammation of Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00221845 — Effect of Strict Blood Pressure Control and ACE-Inhibition on Progression of Chronic Renal Failure in Pediatric Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07547878 — Rapid and Simultaneous Initiation of Four Guideline-Directed CKD Therapies (RAPID-CKD) (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Systematic review Management of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and albuminuria in patients with diabetes and CKD: a systematic review for a KDOQI clinical practice guideline (American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2012) Clinical trial publication Pharmacogenomics-Guided Precision Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease with Resistant Hypertension: A Prospective Cohort Study (Kidney & blood pressure research, 2026) Clinical trial publication A Clinical Multicenter Randomized Controlled Study on JianpiQinghua Decoction in Treating Stage 3 Chronic Kidney Disease with A Syndrome Type of Dampness-heat due to Spleen Deficiency (Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan xue bao. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae, 2016) Clinical trial publication Effects of Ramipril and Telmisartan on Plasma Concentrations of Low Molecular Weight and Protein Thiols and Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (Disease markers, 2016) Clinical trial publication Comparison of Efficacy of Long-term Oral Treatment with Telmisartan and Benazepril in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease (Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 2015) Clinical trial publication Angiotensin blockade in late autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (The New England journal of medicine, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TERODILINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
THEOPHYLLINE SODIUM GLYCINATE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLAZAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TOLBUTAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TOLBUTAMIDE SODIUM Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TORSEMIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRANDOLAPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRANDOLAPRILAT Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRETINOIN Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRIAMCINOLONE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALPROIC ACID Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VALSARTAN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 10 Cochrane 10 Meta-analysis 44 Trial pubs 36 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00858299 — The Change of Urinary Angiotensinogen Excretion After Valsartan Treatment in Patients With Persistent Proteinuria (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01617681 — Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Multiple Doses of Valsartan in Children With Hypertension With or Without CKD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02299310 — Effect of Valsartan vs Perindopril on HOMA-IR Index in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01377285 — Renoprotection by Pentoxifylline and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT05271448 — Continuing or Discontinuing ACE/ARBs in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Coronary Angiography (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05279742 — Enhancing the Natriuretic Peptide System in HFpEF (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT04263922 — Huaiqihuang Granule in the Treatment of Primary Glomerulonephritis of Stage CKD3 (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00741585 — Prognostic Value of the Circadian Pattern of Ambulatory Blood Pressure for Multiple Risk Assessment (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review The effectiveness and safety of sacubitril/valsartan in real-world dialysis patients with heart failure reduced ejection fraction (Medicine, 2026) Cochrane review Updates in chronic kidney disease management: A systematic review (Pharmacotherapy, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of sacubitril-valsartan in hypertension patients with end-stage kidney disease on maintenance dialysis: a meta-analysis (Journal of hypertension, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy of Modern Therapies for Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction in Specific Population Subgroups: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (Cardiorenal medicine, 2024) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibition in heart failure patients with end-stage kidney disease on maintenance dialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis (European journal of heart failure, 2025) Meta-analysis Efficacy of ARNIs on hard renal outcomes in heart failure with and without chronic kidney disease: when endpoint definition matters-an updated meta-analysis (ESC heart failure, 2026) Systematic review The role of sacubitril/valsartan in abnormal renal function patients combined with heart failure: a meta-analysis and systematic analysis (Renal failure, 2024) Clinical trial publication On-treatment systolic blood pressure and preserved kidney function in hypertensive patients with proteinuria. The VALUE Trial (Blood pressure, 2025) Clinical trial publication Obesity and Risk of Kidney Outcomes in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Participant-Level Pooled Analysis of 4 Contemporary Trials (JACC. Heart failure, 2025) Clinical trial publication Low Achieved Systolic Blood Pressure Related to Kidney Protection in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic High-Risk Hypertensive Patients (American journal of hypertension, 2025) Clinical trial publication Switching From ARBs to Sacubitril/Valsartan Safely Improves 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Patients With Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease (American journal of hypertension, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effects of valsartan vs amlodipine and achieved lower blood pressure on the incidence of end-stage kidney disease: The VALUE Trial (European journal of internal medicine, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
VERAPAMIL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
VERAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
VIDARABINE Repurposing via ADORA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VORINOSTAT Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TASOSARTAN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

109 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Vitamin D3 Natural product Cochrane review Association of vitamin D receptor TaqI and ApaI genetic polymorphisms w… Cochrane review Effects of intradialytic aerobic exercise on hemodialysis patients: a s… Human Study A vitamin D deficiency at baseline is significantly correlated with poo…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	20	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 31 Trial pubs 17 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01149291 — A Study to Follow-up Patients With End Stage Renal Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis, Receiving Selective Vitamin D Receptor Activator's for Prevention and Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (COMPLETED) NCT02859896 — Safety and Efficacy of Hectorol in Pediatric Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 and 4 With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Not Yet on Dialysis (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT02999204 — Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Arterial and Bone Remodeling in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00677534 — Role of Extrarenal 1-Alpha-Hydroxylase in Patients With End Stage Renal Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT07676526 — Association Between Chronic Kidney Disease Stage and Circulating FGF23 Cleavage Intensity in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT07593352 — Renal Dysfunction in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the General Population (NEPHRO-IBD) (RECRUITING) NCT00889629 — Pilot Study Evaluating Doxercalciferol Replacement Therapy in Kidney Transplant Recipients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04967469 — Comparison of Serum Calcium Level Between Preoperative Vitamin D and Non-vitamin D Regimen of Total Parathyroidectomy in End-stage Renal Failure Patients in Rajavithi Hospital (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Association of vitamin D receptor TaqI and ApaI genetic polymorphisms with nephrolithiasis and end stage renal disease: a meta-analysis (BMC medical genetics, 2019) Cochrane review Effects of intradialytic aerobic exercise on hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of nephrology, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Zinc Natural product Cochrane review Anosmia, dysgeusia and malnutrition in chronic kidney disease: A system… Cochrane review Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease Systematic review Complementary and alternative medicine therapies for uremic pruritus -…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Moderate	20	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 23 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00399256 — Improved Estimation of GFR by Cystatin C in Preventing Contrast Induced Nephropathy by NAC or Zn (TERMINATED) NA NCT01101217 — Effect of Zinc Suplementation on Serum Hemosystein Level in Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT03043144 — Taste And Smell TEsting in End Stage Renal Disease (WITHDRAWN) NCT02126293 — Correction of Zinc Deficiency in Children With Chronic Kidney Disease and Kidney Transplant (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01473914 — Trace Element Replenishment Study in Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02335593 — Efficacy Study of Zinc Supplementation on Anemia, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT06847139 — Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Hyperhomocysteinemia Compared to Folic Acid in CKD Patient on Hemodialysis (RECRUITING) NA NCT07109778 — Copper to Zinc Ratio in End Stage Renal Disease Patients Outcome (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) Published literature Cochrane review Anosmia, dysgeusia and malnutrition in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review (Nefrologia, 2025) Cochrane review Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020) Systematic review Complementary and alternative medicine therapies for uremic pruritus - A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (Complementary therapies in medicine, 2021) Systematic review Trace element status in hemodialysis patients (Seminars in dialysis, 2010) Randomized controlled trial Effects of a low-protein nutritional formula with dietary counseling in older adults with chronic kidney disease stages 3-5: a randomized controlled trial (BMC nephrology, 2023) Randomized controlled trial Comparison of Ferric Sodium EDTA in Combination with Vitamin C, Folic Acid, Copper Gluconate, Zinc Gluconate, and Selenomethionine as Therapeutic Option for Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Improvement in Inflammatory Status (Nutrients, 2022) Randomized controlled trial Pre-dialysis serum creatinine as an independent predictor of responsiveness to zinc supplementation among patients on hemodialysis (Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Comparison of zinc acetate hydrate and polaprezinc for zinc deficiency in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: A single-center, open-label, prospective randomized study (Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Nutritional Status in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Randomized Trial (Nutrients, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin D3 Natural product Cochrane review Association of vitamin D receptor TaqI and ApaI genetic polymorphisms w… Cochrane review Effects of intradialytic aerobic exercise on hemodialysis patients: a s… Human Study A vitamin D deficiency at baseline is significantly correlated with poo…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 31 Trial pubs 17 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01149291 — A Study to Follow-up Patients With End Stage Renal Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis, Receiving Selective Vitamin D Receptor Activator's for Prevention and Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (COMPLETED) NCT02859896 — Safety and Efficacy of Hectorol in Pediatric Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 and 4 With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Not Yet on Dialysis (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT02999204 — Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Arterial and Bone Remodeling in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00677534 — Role of Extrarenal 1-Alpha-Hydroxylase in Patients With End Stage Renal Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT07676526 — Association Between Chronic Kidney Disease Stage and Circulating FGF23 Cleavage Intensity in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT07593352 — Renal Dysfunction in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the General Population (NEPHRO-IBD) (RECRUITING) NCT00889629 — Pilot Study Evaluating Doxercalciferol Replacement Therapy in Kidney Transplant Recipients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04967469 — Comparison of Serum Calcium Level Between Preoperative Vitamin D and Non-vitamin D Regimen of Total Parathyroidectomy in End-stage Renal Failure Patients in Rajavithi Hospital (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Association of vitamin D receptor TaqI and ApaI genetic polymorphisms with nephrolithiasis and end stage renal disease: a meta-analysis (BMC medical genetics, 2019) Cochrane review Effects of intradialytic aerobic exercise on hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of nephrology, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Zinc Natural product Cochrane review Anosmia, dysgeusia and malnutrition in chronic kidney disease: A system… Cochrane review Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease Systematic review Complementary and alternative medicine therapies for uremic pruritus -…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	19	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 23 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00399256 — Improved Estimation of GFR by Cystatin C in Preventing Contrast Induced Nephropathy by NAC or Zn (TERMINATED) NA NCT01101217 — Effect of Zinc Suplementation on Serum Hemosystein Level in Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT03043144 — Taste And Smell TEsting in End Stage Renal Disease (WITHDRAWN) NCT02126293 — Correction of Zinc Deficiency in Children With Chronic Kidney Disease and Kidney Transplant (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01473914 — Trace Element Replenishment Study in Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02335593 — Efficacy Study of Zinc Supplementation on Anemia, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT06847139 — Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Hyperhomocysteinemia Compared to Folic Acid in CKD Patient on Hemodialysis (RECRUITING) NA NCT07109778 — Copper to Zinc Ratio in End Stage Renal Disease Patients Outcome (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) Published literature Cochrane review Anosmia, dysgeusia and malnutrition in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review (Nefrologia, 2025) Cochrane review Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020) Systematic review Complementary and alternative medicine therapies for uremic pruritus - A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (Complementary therapies in medicine, 2021) Systematic review Trace element status in hemodialysis patients (Seminars in dialysis, 2010) Randomized controlled trial Effects of a low-protein nutritional formula with dietary counseling in older adults with chronic kidney disease stages 3-5: a randomized controlled trial (BMC nephrology, 2023) Randomized controlled trial Comparison of Ferric Sodium EDTA in Combination with Vitamin C, Folic Acid, Copper Gluconate, Zinc Gluconate, and Selenomethionine as Therapeutic Option for Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Improvement in Inflammatory Status (Nutrients, 2022) Randomized controlled trial Pre-dialysis serum creatinine as an independent predictor of responsiveness to zinc supplementation among patients on hemodialysis (Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Comparison of zinc acetate hydrate and polaprezinc for zinc deficiency in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: A single-center, open-label, prospective randomized study (Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Nutritional Status in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Randomized Trial (Nutrients, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Resveratrol Natural product Clinical trial publication Effect of Resveratrol on Endothelial Function in Patients with CKD and… Clinical trial publication Can Resveratrol Supplementation Reduce Uremic Toxin Plasma Levels From… Clinical trial publication Recovery Of Bone And Muscle Mass In Patients With Chronic Kidney Diseas…	Food compound	Phase III	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 trials 6 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02433925 — Resveratrol's Effects on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03352895 — The Effects of Resveratrol on the Complications of Patients With Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) NA NCT03597568 — Resveratrol and Vascular Function in CKD (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Effect of Resveratrol on Endothelial Function in Patients with CKD and Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2024) Clinical trial publication Can Resveratrol Supplementation Reduce Uremic Toxin Plasma Levels From the Gut Microbiota in Nondialyzed Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease? (Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation, 2022) Clinical trial publication Recovery Of Bone And Muscle Mass In Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease And Iron Overload On Hemodialysis And Taking Combined Supplementation With Curcumin And Resveratrol (Clinical interventions in aging, 2019) Clinical trial publication Effects of Resveratrol Supplementation in Nrf2 and NF-κB Expressions in Nondialyzed Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Clinical Trial (Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation, 2016) Clinical trial publication Anti-inflammatory effect of white wine in CKD patients and healthy volunteers (Blood purification, 2015) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Cochrane review Renoprotective effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation in patients with… Cochrane review A systematic review for the efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with c… Cochrane review Systematic Review of Nutrition Supplements in Chronic Kidney Diseases:…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	7 trials 5 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 12 Trial pubs 11 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01408680 — CoQ10 Biomarker Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT03579693 — Trial of Nicotinamide Riboside and Co-enzyme Q10 in Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00908297 — Safety and Tolerability of Coenzyme Q10 in Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT07303088 — Effects of L-carnitine and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Oxidative Stress in Tunisian Hemodialysis Patients. (COMPLETED) NA NCT00307996 — The Effect of CoQ10 Administration on Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05422534 — CoQ10 and Exercise for Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Advance Kidney Disease (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT05942027 — Role of Coenzyme Q10 in Chronic Kidney Disease (RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Renoprotective effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation in patients with chronic kidney disease: a protocol for a systematic review (BMJ open, 2024) Cochrane review A systematic review for the efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with chronic kidney disease (International urology and nephrology, 2022) Cochrane review Systematic Review of Nutrition Supplements in Chronic Kidney Diseases: A GRADE Approach (Nutrients, 2021) Cochrane review Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with chronic kidney disease: protocol for a systematic review (BMJ open, 2019) Cochrane review The Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Current pharmaceutical design, 2018) Clinical trial publication Randomized crossover clinical trial of coenzyme Q10 and nicotinamide riboside in chronic kidney disease (JCI insight, 2023) Clinical trial publication Clinical trial of the effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on glycemic control and markers of lipid profiles in diabetic hemodialysis patients (International urology and nephrology, 2018) Clinical trial publication The effect of n-3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 supplementation on neutrophil leukotrienes, mediators of inflammation resolution and myeloperoxidase in chronic kidney disease (Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators, 2018) Clinical trial publication n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Leukocyte Telomere Length in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (Nutrients, 2016) Clinical trial publication Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Exercise Performance and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Hemodialysis Patients: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial (American journal of therapeutics, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Creatine Natural product Meta-analysis Pop-off mechanisms as renoprotective mediators in children with posteri… Meta-analysis Adult Renal Dysfunction and Risk of Dementia or Cognitive Decline: Brai… Meta-analysis The therapeutic effect of plasma exchange on ANCA-associated vasculitis…	Amino acid	Approved	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	4 trials 7 Meta-analysis 22 Trial pubs 11 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06991426 — Effects of CreaSafe® on Kidney, Muscle, and Cardiopulmonary Function in Athletes and COPD Patients (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT07666815 — Intradialytic Exercise Combined With Creatine Monohydrate in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis. (RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT07392710 — Clinical Evaluation of the Nova Max Pro StatSensor Device (COMPLETED) NA NCT04700631 — Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers for Chronic Renal Failure (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Meta-analysis Pop-off mechanisms as renoprotective mediators in children with posterior urethral valves: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of pediatric urology, 2024) Meta-analysis Adult Renal Dysfunction and Risk of Dementia or Cognitive Decline: Brain-Kidney Axis Hypothesis Based on a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease, 2023) Meta-analysis The therapeutic effect of plasma exchange on ANCA-associated vasculitis: A meta-analysis (Clinical nephrology, 2021) Meta-analysis Effects of Probiotic Preparations on Inflammatory Cytokines in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Current pharmaceutical biotechnology, 2021) Meta-analysis A Meta-analysis of the Association of Estimated GFR, Albuminuria, Diabetes Mellitus, and Hypertension With Acute Kidney Injury (American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2015) Systematic review Pharmacological Treatment for Dialysis-Related Muscle Cramps: A Systematic Review (Seminars in dialysis, 2024) Systematic review Cordyceps sinensis (a traditional Chinese medicine) for treating chronic kidney disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014) Clinical trial publication A Pilot, Single-Blinded, Randomized Crossover Trial of Cramp Reduction with Angiotensin II in Maintenance Patients on Hemodialysis (the CRAMP-HD Study) (American journal of nephrology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Association of Finerenone Use With Reduction in Treatment-Emergent Pneumonia and COVID-19 Adverse Events Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: A FIDELITY Pooled Secondary Analysis (JAMA network open, 2022) Clinical trial publication Cardiovascular and Renal Implications of Myocardial Infarction in the ISCHEMIA-CKD Trial (Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions, 2022) Clinical trial publication [Long-term outcomes of intravascular ultrasound-guided drug-eluting stent implantation in patients with chronic kidney disease: ULTIMATE CKD subgroup analysis] (Zhonghua xin xue guan bing za zhi, 2021) Clinical trial publication Chronic kidney disease in propionic acidemia (Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
L-Carnitine Natural product Cochrane review The effects of L-carnitine in children with kidney failure undergoing d… Cochrane review Pharmacological Treatment for Dialysis-Related Muscle Cramps: A Systema… Cochrane review Carnitine supplements for people with chronic kidney disease requiring…	Amino acid	Approved	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 7 Cochrane 5 Meta-analysis 24 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07160452 — Levocarnitine for Reducing ESA Requirements in Hemodialysis Patients With Renal Anemia (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT07249229 — Oral L-carnitine and Inflammatory and Nutritional Biomarkers in Maintenance Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00755456 — Effect of an L-carnitine-containing Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) Solution on Insulin Sensitivity in Patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00851838 — L-Carnitine as an Osmo-metabolic Agent for Peritoneal Dialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT07303088 — Effects of L-carnitine and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Oxidative Stress in Tunisian Hemodialysis Patients. (COMPLETED) NA NCT01566006 — Mycophenolate Mofetil, Carnitine and PDE5 Inhibitor, Three Potential Treatments for Resistant Proteinuria Slowing Diabetic Nephropathy Deterioration (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03994471 — Efficacy and Safety of XyloCore Peritoneal Dialysis Solution. (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT00858182 — Study of Safety and Efficacy on New Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review The effects of L-carnitine in children with kidney failure undergoing dialysis: a systematic review (Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2026) Cochrane review Pharmacological Treatment for Dialysis-Related Muscle Cramps: A Systematic Review (Seminars in dialysis, 2024) Cochrane review Carnitine supplements for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2022) Cochrane review Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on renal anemia in patients on hemodialysis: a meta-analysis (International urology and nephrology, 2021) Cochrane review Pharmacological treatments for fatigue associated with palliative care (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Meta-analysis The Effect of Non-Pharmacological and Pharmacological Interventions on Measures Associated with Sarcopenia in End-Stage Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Nutrients, 2022) Meta-analysis Effect of L-carnitine therapy on patients in maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of nephrology, 2014) Meta-analysis L-Carnitine supplementation for adults with end-stage kidney disease requiring maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2014) Randomized controlled trial Effectiveness of L-Carnitine for the Treatment of Erythropoietin-Resistant Renal Anemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial (Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation, 2026) Randomized controlled trial Kidney function as a key driver of the pharmacokinetic response to high-dose L-carnitine in septic shock (Pharmacotherapy, 2023) Randomized controlled trial Effect of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers and Serum Glucose in Hemodialysis Children: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial (Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation, 2022) Randomized controlled trial Effects of Reducing L-Carnitine Supplementation on Carnitine Kinetics and Cardiac Function in Hemodialysis Patients: A Multicenter, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial (Nutrients, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Resveratrol Natural product Clinical trial publication Effect of Resveratrol on Endothelial Function in Patients with CKD and… Clinical trial publication Can Resveratrol Supplementation Reduce Uremic Toxin Plasma Levels From… Clinical trial publication Recovery Of Bone And Muscle Mass In Patients With Chronic Kidney Diseas…	Food compound	Phase III	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 trials 6 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02433925 — Resveratrol's Effects on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03352895 — The Effects of Resveratrol on the Complications of Patients With Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) NA NCT03597568 — Resveratrol and Vascular Function in CKD (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Effect of Resveratrol on Endothelial Function in Patients with CKD and Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2024) Clinical trial publication Can Resveratrol Supplementation Reduce Uremic Toxin Plasma Levels From the Gut Microbiota in Nondialyzed Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease? (Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation, 2022) Clinical trial publication Recovery Of Bone And Muscle Mass In Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease And Iron Overload On Hemodialysis And Taking Combined Supplementation With Curcumin And Resveratrol (Clinical interventions in aging, 2019) Clinical trial publication Effects of Resveratrol Supplementation in Nrf2 and NF-κB Expressions in Nondialyzed Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Clinical Trial (Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation, 2016) Clinical trial publication Anti-inflammatory effect of white wine in CKD patients and healthy volunteers (Blood purification, 2015) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Cochrane review Renoprotective effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation in patients with… Cochrane review A systematic review for the efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with c… Cochrane review Systematic Review of Nutrition Supplements in Chronic Kidney Diseases:…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	7 trials 5 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 12 Trial pubs 11 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01408680 — CoQ10 Biomarker Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT03579693 — Trial of Nicotinamide Riboside and Co-enzyme Q10 in Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00908297 — Safety and Tolerability of Coenzyme Q10 in Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT07303088 — Effects of L-carnitine and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Oxidative Stress in Tunisian Hemodialysis Patients. (COMPLETED) NA NCT00307996 — The Effect of CoQ10 Administration on Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05422534 — CoQ10 and Exercise for Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Advance Kidney Disease (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT05942027 — Role of Coenzyme Q10 in Chronic Kidney Disease (RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Renoprotective effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation in patients with chronic kidney disease: a protocol for a systematic review (BMJ open, 2024) Cochrane review A systematic review for the efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with chronic kidney disease (International urology and nephrology, 2022) Cochrane review Systematic Review of Nutrition Supplements in Chronic Kidney Diseases: A GRADE Approach (Nutrients, 2021) Cochrane review Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with chronic kidney disease: protocol for a systematic review (BMJ open, 2019) Cochrane review The Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Current pharmaceutical design, 2018) Clinical trial publication Randomized crossover clinical trial of coenzyme Q10 and nicotinamide riboside in chronic kidney disease (JCI insight, 2023) Clinical trial publication Clinical trial of the effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on glycemic control and markers of lipid profiles in diabetic hemodialysis patients (International urology and nephrology, 2018) Clinical trial publication The effect of n-3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 supplementation on neutrophil leukotrienes, mediators of inflammation resolution and myeloperoxidase in chronic kidney disease (Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators, 2018) Clinical trial publication n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Leukocyte Telomere Length in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (Nutrients, 2016) Clinical trial publication Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Exercise Performance and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Hemodialysis Patients: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial (American journal of therapeutics, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Creatine Natural product Meta-analysis Pop-off mechanisms as renoprotective mediators in children with posteri… Meta-analysis Adult Renal Dysfunction and Risk of Dementia or Cognitive Decline: Brai… Meta-analysis The therapeutic effect of plasma exchange on ANCA-associated vasculitis…	Amino acid	Approved	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	4 trials 7 Meta-analysis 22 Trial pubs 11 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06991426 — Effects of CreaSafe® on Kidney, Muscle, and Cardiopulmonary Function in Athletes and COPD Patients (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT07666815 — Intradialytic Exercise Combined With Creatine Monohydrate in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis. (RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT07392710 — Clinical Evaluation of the Nova Max Pro StatSensor Device (COMPLETED) NA NCT04700631 — Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers for Chronic Renal Failure (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Meta-analysis Pop-off mechanisms as renoprotective mediators in children with posterior urethral valves: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of pediatric urology, 2024) Meta-analysis Adult Renal Dysfunction and Risk of Dementia or Cognitive Decline: Brain-Kidney Axis Hypothesis Based on a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease, 2023) Meta-analysis The therapeutic effect of plasma exchange on ANCA-associated vasculitis: A meta-analysis (Clinical nephrology, 2021) Meta-analysis Effects of Probiotic Preparations on Inflammatory Cytokines in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Current pharmaceutical biotechnology, 2021) Meta-analysis A Meta-analysis of the Association of Estimated GFR, Albuminuria, Diabetes Mellitus, and Hypertension With Acute Kidney Injury (American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2015) Systematic review Pharmacological Treatment for Dialysis-Related Muscle Cramps: A Systematic Review (Seminars in dialysis, 2024) Systematic review Cordyceps sinensis (a traditional Chinese medicine) for treating chronic kidney disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014) Clinical trial publication A Pilot, Single-Blinded, Randomized Crossover Trial of Cramp Reduction with Angiotensin II in Maintenance Patients on Hemodialysis (the CRAMP-HD Study) (American journal of nephrology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Association of Finerenone Use With Reduction in Treatment-Emergent Pneumonia and COVID-19 Adverse Events Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: A FIDELITY Pooled Secondary Analysis (JAMA network open, 2022) Clinical trial publication Cardiovascular and Renal Implications of Myocardial Infarction in the ISCHEMIA-CKD Trial (Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions, 2022) Clinical trial publication [Long-term outcomes of intravascular ultrasound-guided drug-eluting stent implantation in patients with chronic kidney disease: ULTIMATE CKD subgroup analysis] (Zhonghua xin xue guan bing za zhi, 2021) Clinical trial publication Chronic kidney disease in propionic acidemia (Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
L-Carnitine Natural product Cochrane review The effects of L-carnitine in children with kidney failure undergoing d… Cochrane review Pharmacological Treatment for Dialysis-Related Muscle Cramps: A Systema… Cochrane review Carnitine supplements for people with chronic kidney disease requiring…	Amino acid	Approved	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 7 Cochrane 5 Meta-analysis 24 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07160452 — Levocarnitine for Reducing ESA Requirements in Hemodialysis Patients With Renal Anemia (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT07249229 — Oral L-carnitine and Inflammatory and Nutritional Biomarkers in Maintenance Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00755456 — Effect of an L-carnitine-containing Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) Solution on Insulin Sensitivity in Patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00851838 — L-Carnitine as an Osmo-metabolic Agent for Peritoneal Dialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT07303088 — Effects of L-carnitine and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Oxidative Stress in Tunisian Hemodialysis Patients. (COMPLETED) NA NCT01566006 — Mycophenolate Mofetil, Carnitine and PDE5 Inhibitor, Three Potential Treatments for Resistant Proteinuria Slowing Diabetic Nephropathy Deterioration (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03994471 — Efficacy and Safety of XyloCore Peritoneal Dialysis Solution. (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT00858182 — Study of Safety and Efficacy on New Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review The effects of L-carnitine in children with kidney failure undergoing dialysis: a systematic review (Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2026) Cochrane review Pharmacological Treatment for Dialysis-Related Muscle Cramps: A Systematic Review (Seminars in dialysis, 2024) Cochrane review Carnitine supplements for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2022) Cochrane review Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on renal anemia in patients on hemodialysis: a meta-analysis (International urology and nephrology, 2021) Cochrane review Pharmacological treatments for fatigue associated with palliative care (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Meta-analysis The Effect of Non-Pharmacological and Pharmacological Interventions on Measures Associated with Sarcopenia in End-Stage Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Nutrients, 2022) Meta-analysis Effect of L-carnitine therapy on patients in maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of nephrology, 2014) Meta-analysis L-Carnitine supplementation for adults with end-stage kidney disease requiring maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2014) Randomized controlled trial Effectiveness of L-Carnitine for the Treatment of Erythropoietin-Resistant Renal Anemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial (Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation, 2026) Randomized controlled trial Kidney function as a key driver of the pharmacokinetic response to high-dose L-carnitine in septic shock (Pharmacotherapy, 2023) Randomized controlled trial Effect of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers and Serum Glucose in Hemodialysis Children: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial (Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation, 2022) Randomized controlled trial Effects of Reducing L-Carnitine Supplementation on Carnitine Kinetics and Cardiac Function in Hemodialysis Patients: A Multicenter, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial (Nutrients, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Probiotics Natural product Cochrane review Impact of Gut Microbiome Modulation on Uremic Toxin Reduction in Chroni… Cochrane review Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney di… Cochrane review Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney di…	Probiotic	Approved	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 14 Cochrane 10 Meta-analysis 13 Trial pubs 11 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01391468 — Beneficial Effect of Probiotics on Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03066921 — Evaluation Of The Efficacy of a Strain-Specific Probiotic Formulation in Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT07296146 — Probiotics Against Erythropoietin Resistance in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT07483697 — Multimodal Intervention for Early Chronic Kidney Disease in Young People: Dysbiosis and Inflammation (CKD) (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT04819217 — Study of Oral Uremic Toxin Absorbent and Probiotics to Retard the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease (RECRUITING) NA NCT04788914 — lncRNAs as a Biomarker to Assess the Therapeutic Impact of Oral Absorbent ± Probiotics in CKD Patients With PAD (RECRUITING) NA NCT06421883 — Study the Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Plasma Level in Hemodialysis Patients (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT06745245 — Effect of Oral Consumption of a Symbiotic Gelatin on the Presence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Quality of Life in People With Chronic Kidney Disease (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA Published literature Cochrane review Impact of Gut Microbiome Modulation on Uremic Toxin Reduction in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (Nutrients, 2025) Cochrane review Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease: Summary of a Cochrane review (Explore (New York, N.Y.), 2024) Cochrane review Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023) Cochrane review Effects of Microbiota-Driven Therapy on Circulating Indoxyl Sulfate and P-Cresyl Sulfate in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2022) Cochrane review The efficacy of probiotic preparations on inflammatory cytokines in patients with chronic kidney disease: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis (Medicine, 2021) Meta-analysis Gut microbiome-targeted therapeutics for chronic kidney disease: comparative efficacy of probiotic and microbial preparations (Inflammopharmacology, 2025) Meta-analysis Protein-bound uremic toxin lowering strategies in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of nephrology, 2021) Meta-analysis Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics for the improvement of metabolic profiles in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 2021) Systematic review Clinical Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Relationships of Pharmacological Strategies for Attenuating p-Cresyl Sulfate in Patients with Kidney Disease (Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2025) Systematic review Gut Microbiome in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 4 and 5: A Systematic Literature Review (International journal of molecular sciences, 2025) Clinical trial publication The Effect of Probiotic Use on Gut Leakage Measured by Zonulin and its Relation to P Cresyl Sulfate and Inflammation in Hemodialysis Patients: A prospective controlled clinical study (La Clinica terapeutica, 2026) Clinical trial publication Probiotic Supplementation in Chronic Kidney Disease: Outcomes on Uremic Toxins, Inflammation, and Vascular Calcification from Experimental and Clinical Models (Toxins, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Resistant Starch Natural product Systematic review Effects of resistant starch supplementation on renal function and infla… Systematic review Effects of Resistant Starch on Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A… Systematic review Systematic review of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (N…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	6 trials 9 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT02179229 — Effect of Pre- and Probiotics on P-cresol Plasma Levels in Patients Bearing a Kidney Allograft (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03356990 — Effects of Resistant Starch Diet on the Gut Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT04961164 — Resistant Starch Prebiotic Effects in Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT02706808 — Resistant Starch Supplementation Effects on the Intestinal Tract Profile and Cardiovascular Markers in Renal Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT03689569 — Effects of Prebiotic Supplementation and Exercise on Inflammatory Markers, Vascular Function and Cognition in CKD (COMPLETED) NA NCT02008331 — Effect of the Synbiotic Probinul-Neutro® on Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Plasma p-Cresol Level in Chronic Renal Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Systematic review Effects of resistant starch supplementation on renal function and inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Renal failure, 2024) Systematic review Effects of Resistant Starch on Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Journal of diabetes research, 2022) Systematic review Systematic review of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) system in human chronic kidney disease: alterations, interventions and relation to morbidity (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2022) Systematic review Benefits of resistant starch type 2 for patients with end-stage renal disease under maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (International journal of medical sciences, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Vitamin C Natural product Human Study Ascorbic acid lowers central blood pressure and asymmetric dimethylargi… Human Study Ascorbic acid might be a promising agent in chronic kidney disease for… Human Study Combined sodium bicarbonate and ascorbic acid could prevent contrast-in…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 25 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01149291 — A Study to Follow-up Patients With End Stage Renal Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis, Receiving Selective Vitamin D Receptor Activator's for Prevention and Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (COMPLETED) NCT05350124 — The Effect of Vitamin C and E Therapy on Restless Leg Syndrome in Patients With End Stage Renal Disease on Haemodialysis (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT07676526 — Association Between Chronic Kidney Disease Stage and Circulating FGF23 Cleavage Intensity in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT02209636 — Phosphate Lowering in CKD Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00889629 — Pilot Study Evaluating Doxercalciferol Replacement Therapy in Kidney Transplant Recipients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07184866 — Vitamin C for Acute Kidney Injury in ACLF With Septic Shock: A Randomized Controlled Trial (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT07076108 — Oral Vitamin C Administration on Erythropoietin Dosing Requirement in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients on Regular Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) NA NCT04955145 — Evaluation of The Effect of Rutin and Vitamin C on the Oxidative Stress in Hemodialysis Patients (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Magnesium Natural product Meta-analysis Risk factors for coronary artery calcification in Chinese patients unde… Meta-analysis Associations between the serum magnesium and all-cause or cardiovascula… Clinical trial publication Short Report: Influence of Dark Chocolate Intake on Magnesium Status in…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 11 Cochrane 10 Meta-analysis 58 Trial pubs 36 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03082625 — Topical Magnesium and Muscle Cramps in Dialysis Patients. (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT07593352 — Renal Dysfunction in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the General Population (NEPHRO-IBD) (RECRUITING) NCT05998863 — EffCaMgCit to Prevent Mineral Metabolism and Renal Complications of Chronic PPI Therapy (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT00844662 — Phase III Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of Fermagate and Sevelamer Hydrochloride (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT01293786 — Serum Magnesium and Vascular Calcification (COMPLETED) NCT07206524 — Effect of Modifying Magnesium Concentration in Citrate-enriched Dialysate on Hemodialysis-associated Thromboinflammation (RECRUITING) NA NCT00358722 — An Evaluation of the Long-term Safety of Magnesium Iron Hydroxycarbonate (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT02977117 — The Effect of Increasing Dialysate Magnesium on Calcification Propensity in Subjects on Haemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Meta-analysis Risk factors for coronary artery calcification in Chinese patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: a meta-analysis (International urology and nephrology, 2025) Meta-analysis Associations between the serum magnesium and all-cause or cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease patients: A meta-analysis (Medicine, 2021) Clinical trial publication Short Report: Influence of Dark Chocolate Intake on Magnesium Status in Hemodialysis Patients (Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation, 2025) Clinical trial publication Bone and vascular effects of magnesium supplements in CKD patients (the MagicalBone Pilot Study) (Nefrologia, 2024) Clinical trial publication Transdermal Magnesium for the Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathy in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Single-Arm, Open-Label Pilot Study (Journal of palliative medicine, 2023) Clinical trial publication The effect of Brazilian Green Propolis extract on inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease on peritoneal dialysis: A randomised double-blind controlled clinical trial (Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2023) Clinical trial publication The Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Vascular Calcification in CKD: A Randomized Clinical Trial (MAGiCAL-CKD) (Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2023) Randomized controlled trial Association of Diet-dependent Systemic Acid Load, Renal Function, and Serum Albumin Concentration (Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation, 2023) Randomized controlled trial Effects of propolis on inflammation markers in patients undergoing hemodialysis: A randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial (Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Human Study Beneficial effects of 6-month supplementation with omega-3 acids on sel… Human Study Effect of Omega-3 supplements on quality of life among children on dial… Human Study Omega-3 fatty acids improve chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 26 Trial pubs 24 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00655525 — Omega-3 Fatty Acid Administration in Dialysis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02581449 — Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Oxidative Stress and Dyslipidemia in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT07127068 — Investigation of the Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Diagnosed With Coronary Artery Disease and Dyslipidemia (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT03982966 — Effect of Omega 3 Fatty Acids on the Vascular Calcification Biomarkers Fetuin A and Osteoprotegerin in Patients With CRF (COMPLETED) NA NCT02014792 — Heart Rate Variability & Fatty Acid Status: Haemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) NCT00259025 — Intravenous n-3 Fatty Acids and Sudden Cardiac Death in Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00257283 — Omacor in Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Patients Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07060040 — The Effects of a Dialysis-Specific Formula Rich in Branched-Chain Amino Acids, Omega-3, and Dietary Fiber on Nutritional Status (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Sodium Bicarbonate Natural product Cochrane review Intraoperative Intravenous Administration in Renal Transplantation: A M… Cochrane review Sodium Bicarbonate Treatment and Clinical Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Di… Cochrane review Effects of correcting metabolic acidosis on muscle mass and functionali…	Food compound	Approved	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 10 Cochrane 9 Meta-analysis 60 Trial pubs 53 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04020757 — H+ Mobilization With Dialysate Bicarbonate Variation (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT04984226 — Sodium Bicarbonate and Mitochondrial Energetics in Persons With CKD (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT02521181 — The BASE Study: Bicarbonate Administration to Stabilize Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00621972 — AV Fistula Salvage in Advanced CKD Using Sodium Bicarbonate Prophylaxis (WITHDRAWN) NCT02476526 — Safety of Low Dose IV Contrast CT Scanning in Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05870007 — Atorvastatin and Alkali Therapy in Patients With Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE2 NCT02915601 — Bicarbonate Administration in CKD (COMPLETED) NA NCT01093131 — Oral Versus Intravenous Hydration to Prevent Contrast Induced Nephropathy (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Intraoperative Intravenous Administration in Renal Transplantation: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992), 2026) Cochrane review Sodium Bicarbonate Treatment and Clinical Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease with Metabolic Acidosis: A Meta-Analysis (Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2024) Cochrane review Effects of correcting metabolic acidosis on muscle mass and functionality in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 2023) Cochrane review Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate on Systolic Blood Pressure in CKD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2023) Cochrane review Interventions To Attenuate Vascular Calcification Progression in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials (Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2022) Meta-analysis Effects of antihypertensives, lipid-modifying drugs, glycaemic control drugs and sodium bicarbonate on the progression of stages 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (BMJ open, 2019) Systematic review Effects of Treatment of Metabolic Acidosis in CKD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2019) Clinical trial publication Patient monitoring in a pragmatic, multicenter trial of incremental hemodialysis: early experience from the TwoPlus randomized controlled trial (BMC nephrology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effects of sodium bicarbonate therapy on cognitive and cerebrovascular function in midlife and older adults with chronic kidney disease: a pilot randomized trial (BMC nephrology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effect of oral sodium bicarbonate supplementation on urine TGF-𝜷 in normal serum bicarbonate CKD, a randomized controlled trial (Scientific reports, 2025) Clinical trial publication Kidney and Cardiovascular Protection Using Dietary Acid Reduction in Primary Hypertension: A Five-Year, Interventional, Randomized, Control Trial (The American journal of medicine, 2024) Clinical trial publication Oral alkalinizing supplementation suppressed intrarenal reactive oxidative stress in mild-stage chronic kidney disease: a randomized cohort study (Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Garlic Natural product Animal Study Allicin showed an antihypertensive, nephroprotective, cardioprotective,…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Calcium Natural product Clinical trial publication Dose response of PTH and FGF23 to paricalcitol in patients with end-sta… Clinical trial publication Pharmacogenomics-Guided Precision Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease wi… Clinical trial publication Effect of the fluid management nursing intervention on improving bioche…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 800 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT03193073 — Anemia Correction and Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Levels in Chronic Kidney Disease , and Renal Transplant Patient (SUSPENDED) NA NCT02672930 — How Much Reliable iv Calcium for the Treatment of Hyperkalemia? (COMPLETED) NCT07676526 — Association Between Chronic Kidney Disease Stage and Circulating FGF23 Cleavage Intensity in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT00324571 — Dialysis Clinical Outcomes Revisited (DCOR) Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02209636 — Phosphate Lowering in CKD Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03451019 — Different Effects of Non-calcium Phosphate Binders on Serum Calcium (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04967469 — Comparison of Serum Calcium Level Between Preoperative Vitamin D and Non-vitamin D Regimen of Total Parathyroidectomy in End-stage Renal Failure Patients in Rajavithi Hospital (COMPLETED) NA NCT01325610 — Vitamin D Effect on Calcium Absorption on Persons on Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Dose response of PTH and FGF23 to paricalcitol in patients with end-stage renal failure on chronic intermittent hemodialysis (Clinical nephrology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Pharmacogenomics-Guided Precision Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease with Resistant Hypertension: A Prospective Cohort Study (Kidney & blood pressure research, 2026) Clinical trial publication Effect of the fluid management nursing intervention on improving biochemical test results and dialysis therapy in chronic kidney disease patients: a randomized controlled trial (Investigacion y educacion en enfermeria, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effect of Bailing capsule complicated with low-calcium peritoneal dialysis solution on residual renal function and microinflammatory status in peritoneal dialysis patients with chronic renal failure (Frontiers in endocrinology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Clinical benefits of icodextrin in peritoneal dialysis: Evidence from a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial (The Journal of international medical research, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Sodium Bicarbonate Natural product Cochrane review Intraoperative Intravenous Administration in Renal Transplantation: A M… Cochrane review Sodium Bicarbonate Treatment and Clinical Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Di… Cochrane review Effects of correcting metabolic acidosis on muscle mass and functionali…	Food compound	Approved	Emerging	9	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 10 Cochrane 9 Meta-analysis 60 Trial pubs 53 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04020757 — H+ Mobilization With Dialysate Bicarbonate Variation (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT04984226 — Sodium Bicarbonate and Mitochondrial Energetics in Persons With CKD (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT02521181 — The BASE Study: Bicarbonate Administration to Stabilize Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00621972 — AV Fistula Salvage in Advanced CKD Using Sodium Bicarbonate Prophylaxis (WITHDRAWN) NCT02476526 — Safety of Low Dose IV Contrast CT Scanning in Chronic Kidney Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05870007 — Atorvastatin and Alkali Therapy in Patients With Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE2 NCT02915601 — Bicarbonate Administration in CKD (COMPLETED) NA NCT01093131 — Oral Versus Intravenous Hydration to Prevent Contrast Induced Nephropathy (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Intraoperative Intravenous Administration in Renal Transplantation: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992), 2026) Cochrane review Sodium Bicarbonate Treatment and Clinical Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease with Metabolic Acidosis: A Meta-Analysis (Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2024) Cochrane review Effects of correcting metabolic acidosis on muscle mass and functionality in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 2023) Cochrane review Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate on Systolic Blood Pressure in CKD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2023) Cochrane review Interventions To Attenuate Vascular Calcification Progression in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials (Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2022) Meta-analysis Effects of antihypertensives, lipid-modifying drugs, glycaemic control drugs and sodium bicarbonate on the progression of stages 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (BMJ open, 2019) Systematic review Effects of Treatment of Metabolic Acidosis in CKD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2019) Clinical trial publication Patient monitoring in a pragmatic, multicenter trial of incremental hemodialysis: early experience from the TwoPlus randomized controlled trial (BMC nephrology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effects of sodium bicarbonate therapy on cognitive and cerebrovascular function in midlife and older adults with chronic kidney disease: a pilot randomized trial (BMC nephrology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effect of oral sodium bicarbonate supplementation on urine TGF-𝜷 in normal serum bicarbonate CKD, a randomized controlled trial (Scientific reports, 2025) Clinical trial publication Kidney and Cardiovascular Protection Using Dietary Acid Reduction in Primary Hypertension: A Five-Year, Interventional, Randomized, Control Trial (The American journal of medicine, 2024) Clinical trial publication Oral alkalinizing supplementation suppressed intrarenal reactive oxidative stress in mild-stage chronic kidney disease: a randomized cohort study (Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Curcumin Natural product Meta Analysis Efficacy and safety of turmeric dietary supplementation on proteinuria… Human Study A pilot study to examine the effects of an anti-inflammatory supplement… Human Study Curcumin and Boswellia serrata are safe and tolerable and helped to imp…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Ginseng Natural product Animal Study Panax notoginseng saponins alleviate damage to the intestinal barrier a…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Lactobacillus Natural product Human Study Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus attenuates uremic toxins in patients with… Animal Study Alleviating chronic kidney disease progression through modulating the c… Animal Study Lactobacillus acidophilus KBL409 protects against kidney injury via imp…	Probiotic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Quercetin Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Ameliorative effect of traditional polyherbal formulation on TNF-α, IL-…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Berberine Natural product Animal Study Berberine ameliorates chronic kidney disease through inhibiting the pro…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Melatonin Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Efficacy of probiotics/synbiotics supplementation in patients with chro… Meta Analysis Efficacy and safety of turmeric dietary supplementation on proteinuria… Human Study Beneficial effects of 6-month supplementation with omega-3 acids on sel…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Boswellia Natural product Human Study A pilot study to examine the effects of an anti-inflammatory supplement… Human Study Curcumin and Boswellia serrata are safe and tolerable and helped to imp…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Niacin Natural product Human Study A vitamin D deficiency at baseline is significantly correlated with poo… Human Study Acute phase proteins and vitamin D seasonal variation in end-stage rena… Human Study Ascorbic acid lowers central blood pressure and asymmetric dimethylargi…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Cordyceps Natural product Animal Study Cordyceps militaris protected against chronic kidney disease progressio…	Mushroom	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Cgs-15943 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nifedipine Natural product Endothelin Receptor Antagonism Improves Lipid Profiles and Lowers PCSK9… Plasma pro-endothelin-1 peptide concentrations rise in chronic kidney d… Combination of angiotensin II receptor antagonist with calcium channel…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nitrendipine Natural product Pharmacogenomics-Guided Precision Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease wi…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Repaglinide Natural product Association of anti-diabetic drugs and covid-19 outcomes in patients wi… A Woman With HNF1A-Associated Monogenic Diabetes Treated Successfully W… Risk factors for hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes admitted to the…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Lisinopril Anhydrous Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Enalaprilat Anhydrous Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Captopril Natural product Interventions for chronic kidney disease in people with sickle cell dis… Effects of high- vs low-dose native vitamin D on albuminuria and the re… Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Antihypertensive Agents for Adult Di…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Enalapril Natural product Efficacy and safety of calcitriol therapy for reduction of proteinuria… Effect of losartan on uric acid metabolism in children with proteinuric… Effects of Sacubitril/Valsartan Across the Spectrum of Renal Impairment…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Quinapril Natural product Safety of Drugs in Breastfeeding Women With CKD In vivo kinetics of indoxyl sulfate in humans and its renal interaction…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Quinaprilat Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Moexipril Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Neca Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Zm-241385 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
8-PHENYL Theophylline Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Eprosartan Natural product Angiotensin receptor blockade and arterial compliance in chronic kidney…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Irbesartan Natural product Pharmacogenomics-Guided Precision Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease wi… Matching-adjusted indirect comparison of kidney function in patients wi… Interventions for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Valsartan Natural product Human Study Hibiscus sabdariffa extract as an adjunct to valsartan in patients with…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Tasosartan Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Losartan Potassium Natural product Human Study Intake of oats may have a beneficial effect on serum albumin and serum…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Verapamil Natural product Simple integer risk score to determine prognosis of patients with hyper…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Diltiazem Natural product Choosing the right calcium channel blocker for patients with hypertensi… Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interaction of Finerenone with Dilt… Tacrolimus and Cyclosporin Pharmacotherapy, Detection Methods, Cytochro…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methylol-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-chromone Natural product Human Study Association of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D with left ventricular hypertroph…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
adipic acid;iron;hydrate Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Flavonoids Natural product Human Study A flavonoid-rich diet is associated with a lower risk of chronic kidney… Animal Study Farrerol ameliorated cisplatin-induced chronic kidney disease. Animal Study Icariin alleviates renal inflammation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis v…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Icariin Natural product Animal Study Icariin alleviates renal inflammation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis v… Animal Study Icariin ameliorated chronic kidney disease. Animal Study Icariin attenuates renal injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Ginsenosides Natural product Human Study Ginsenoside Rb1 treatment was effective in reducing the extent of oxida… Animal Study Ginsenoside protects against AKI via activation of HIF 1α and VEGF A in…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Astragaloside Natural product Animal Study Astragaloside IV attenuates indoxyl sulfate-induced injury of renal tub… Animal Study Astragaloside IV improves renal function and fibrosis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Honokiol Natural product Animal Study Effects of honokiol protects against chronic kidney disease. Animal Study Honokiol attenuates oxidative stress and vascular calcification. Animal Study Lipidomics reveals the potential mechanism of honokiol against adenine-…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Formononetin Natural product Animal Study Formononetin alleviates chronic kidney disease by impeding ferroptosis-… Animal Study, In Vitro Study Formononetin ameliorates muscle atrophy.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Fucoidan Natural product Animal Study Fucoidan improves bioactivity and vasculogenic potential of mesenchymal… Animal Study, In Vitro Study Oligo-fucoidan prevents renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by inhibiting… Animal Study Oligo-fucoidan, fucoxanthin, and L-carnitine have a combined protective…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Bupleurum Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Fiber Natural product Meta Analysis, Review This study summarizes the potential beneficial effects of dietary fiber… Human Study High dietary fiber intake may benefit cognitive function in older patie…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Okra Natural product Human Study A manihot is a promising therapy for patients with primary kidney disea…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Propolis: Brazillian Natural product Human Study Effects of Brazilian green propolis on proteinuria and renal function i… Human Study The effect of Brazilian Green Propolis extract on inflammation in patie… Human Study The effects of propolis on pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance, glycemic co…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Pomegranate Natural product Human Study Pomegranate extract supplementation may reduce BP and increase the anti…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Bee Propolis Natural product Human Study Effects of Brazilian green propolis on proteinuria and renal function i… Human Study The effect of Brazilian Green Propolis extract on inflammation in patie… Human Study The effects of propolis on pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance, glycemic co…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Polyphenols Natural product Human Study Usefulness of extra virgin olive oil minor polar compounds in the manag…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Sesamol Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Sesamol attenuates renal inflammation and arrests reactive-oxygen-speci…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Emodin Natural product Animal Study Emodin improves renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Fisetin Natural product Animal Study Fisetin ameliorates fibrotic kidney disease. Animal Study Fisetin improves hyperuricemia-induced chronic kidney disease.	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Hydrogen Water Natural product Animal Study Effect of water fluoridation on the development of medial vascular calc… Animal Study Hydrogen-rich saline showed a protective effect in the prevention of re…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Paeoniflorin Natural product Animal Study Paeoniflorin inhibits mesangial cell proliferation and inflammatory res… Animal Study Paeoniflorin suppresses kidney inflammation by regulating macrophage po…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Hydrogen: Molecular Natural product Animal Study Hydrogen-rich saline showed a protective effect in the prevention of re… Animal Study Low-molecular-weight polysaccharides of Inonotus obliquus may be advant…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Poria Cocos Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Raspberry Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Tanshinone Iia Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Phycocyanin Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Cranberry Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Salvia Miltiorrhiza Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Efficacy and safety of Salvia miltiorrhiza for treating chronic kidney…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Fruit: All Natural product Human Study A diet rich in vegetables and fruit may reduce the risk for kidney dise…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.