Heart Failure — RepurpOS | OpenSourceMedicine

Disease overview

Alterations

124

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

302

Via biomarker

318

Natural agents

Natural products

112

Merged ranked

616

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, PubMed NP, ClinicalTrials.gov NP · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-05

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Annual mortality ~22% on standard care; only 5-11% of HFrEF patients achieve normalisation of ejection fraction (HFrecEF) with GDMT; HFpEF has no disease-modifying therapy

Best-intervention remission

GDMT (ARNI + beta-blocker + MRA + SGLT2i) reduces CV mortality by 38% and hospitalization by 25% vs historical standard; reverse cardiac remodelling (EF improvement >10%) in 40-50% of HFrEF with full quadruple therapy; cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) improves EF in 70% of LBBB patients

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Large — quadruple GDMT dramatically underused; <25% of eligible HFrEF patients receive all four pillars

Primary barrier

practice/access

Barrier detail: Full quadruple therapy guideline-endorsed since 2021 but implementation is poor; SGLT2i in HF still widely under-prescribed despite Class 1A recommendation; ARNI (sacubitril/valsartan) uptake slow due to cost

Last SoC change: 2021 — ESC/ACC/AHA guidelines added SGLT2i as fourth pillar (EMPEROR-Reduced, DAPA-HF); ARNI as backbone replacing ACE/ARB since 2016 (PARADIGM-HF); beta-blocker/MRA foundation unchanged since 1999-2003

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0005252 · ORPHA: ORPHA:324410

Alterations

124 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
Abnormal jugular vein morphology	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormality of connective tissue	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Ankle swelling	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Chest pain	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Chronic hemolytic anemia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Congestive heart failure	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Dyspnea	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Edema of the dorsum of feet	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Elevated pulmonary artery pressure	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Heart murmur	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hemoptysis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Increased pulmonary vascular resistance	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Palpitations	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pedal edema	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pulmonary arterial hypertension	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Right ventricular hypertrophy	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Syncope	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Tricuspid regurgitation	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
ABO ABO, alpha 1-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and alpha 1-3-galactosyltransferase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	Ensembl Open Targets
ACE angiotensin I converting enzyme	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ACTN2 actinin alpha 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA1A adrenoceptor alpha 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA1B adrenoceptor alpha 1B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA1D adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRB1 adrenoceptor beta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRB2 adrenoceptor beta 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRB3 adrenoceptor beta 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AGTR1 angiotensin II receptor type 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AOPEP aminopeptidase O (putative)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
APOE apolipoprotein E	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP1A1 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP1A2 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP1A3 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP1A4 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP1B1 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP1B2 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP1B3 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AVPR1A arginine vasopressin receptor 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AVPR2 arginine vasopressin receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Adverse events (AE) (Number and type of AE)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
BAG3 BAG cochaperone 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BDNF brain derived neurotrophic factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BMPR2 bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Blood Pressure (mmHg)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
CA1 carbonic anhydrase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CA12 carbonic anhydrase 12	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CA2 carbonic anhydrase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CA4 carbonic anhydrase 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1C calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1D calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1F calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 F	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1S calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 S	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CAND2 cullin associated and neddylation dissociated 2 (putative)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CASZ1 castor zinc finger 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CAV1 caveolin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDKN1A cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CELSR2 cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CETP cholesteryl ester transfer protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CLCNKA chloride voltage-gated channel Ka	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EDNRA endothelin receptor type A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EIF2AK4 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
F11 coagulation factor XI	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
F2 coagulation factor II, thrombin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
F5 coagulation factor V	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FBN2 fibrillin 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FGF5 fibroblast growth factor 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FLNC filamin C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FTO FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FUBP1 far upstream element binding protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FXYD2 FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GUCY1A1 guanylate cyclase 1 soluble subunit alpha 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GUCY1A2 guanylate cyclase 1 soluble subunit alpha 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GUCY1B1 guanylate cyclase 1 soluble subunit beta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HCN4 hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated potassium channel 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HDGFL1 HDGF like 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HMGCR 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HNF1A HNF1 homeobox A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Heart Rate	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
LDLR low density lipoprotein receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LIPA lipase A, lysosomal acid type	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LPA lipoprotein(a)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LPL lipoprotein lipase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MLIP muscular LMNA interacting protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MME membrane metalloendopeptidase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MYH6 myosin heavy chain 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MYH7 myosin heavy chain 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NKX2-5 NK2 homeobox 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NPC1 NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NPR1 natriuretic peptide receptor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR3C2 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE3A phosphodiesterase 3A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE3B phosphodiesterase 3B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE5A phosphodiesterase 5A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PHACTR1 phosphatase and actin regulator 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PITX2 paired like homeodomain 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PLAT plasminogen activator, tissue type	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PRKCA protein kinase C alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PROC protein C, inactivator of coagulation factors Va and VIIIa	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PROS1 protein S	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTGIR prostaglandin I2 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RXFP2 relaxin family peptide receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCNN1A sodium channel epithelial 1 subunit alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCNN1B sodium channel epithelial 1 subunit beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCNN1G sodium channel epithelial 1 subunit gamma	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SH2B3 SH2B adaptor protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC12A1 solute carrier family 12 member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC12A3 solute carrier family 12 member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC5A1 solute carrier family 5 member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC5A2 solute carrier family 5 member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SMAD9 SMAD family member 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SORT1 sortilin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SPATS2L spermatogenesis associated serine rich 2 like	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
STRN striatin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Serious adverse events (SAEs)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
TNNC1 troponin C1, slow skeletal and cardiac type	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNNI3 troponin I3, cardiac type	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNNT2 troponin T2, cardiac type	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TTN titin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Total Number of Hospitalization Days Per Patient (All-cause) During the Total Study Period (24 Weeks)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
ZC3HC1 zinc finger C3HC-type containing 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZEB2 zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZFHX3 zinc finger homeobox 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
left ventricular ejection fraction	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	105	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	8 trials 7 Cochrane 7 Meta-analysis 21 Trial pubs 20 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05986773 — Diuretic Strategies in Acute Heart Failure Patients at High Risk for Diuretic Resistance (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT00746954 — Buspirone as a Potential Treatment for Recurrent Central Apnea (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT06414759 — Efficacy and Safety of Combination Diuretic Therapy in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure and Volume Overload (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT06475105 — Combination Oral Acetazolamide and Intravenous Furosemide on Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Outcomes (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00517426 — Effects of Acetazolamide and CO2 Inhalation on Exercise-induced Periodic Breathing in Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04062760 — Safety and Efficacy of Early, seQUential Oral dIuretic Nephron blockAde In Acute Heart Failure (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT05940220 — Efficacy of Oral Acetazolamide in Decongestion in Patients With Heart Failure (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT07199088 — Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Acetazolamide Versus Metolazone as an Adjunct to Standard Therapy in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (RECRUITING) NA Published literature Cochrane review Combinations of diuretics for acute heart failure: a systematic review with network meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (Heart (British Cardiac Society), 2025) Cochrane review Effectiveness of Acetazolamide in Patients With Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Cureus, 2024) Cochrane review Acetazolamide therapy in patients with acute heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Heart failure reviews, 2024) Cochrane review Acetazolamide as an Adjunctive Diuretic Therapy for Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions, 2024) Cochrane review Effect of Acetazolamide as Add-On Diuretic Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis (Cureus, 2023) Meta-analysis Diuretic strategies in acute heart failure: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy, 2026) Meta-analysis Efficacy and Safety of Different Combinations of Add-on Diuretic Therapy in Acute Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (The American journal of cardiology, 2026) Meta-analysis Use of Acetazolamide in People with Decompensated Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Current cardiology reports, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of ambulatory intravenous diuresis for chronic heart failure patients: Insights from the DEA-HF trial (ESC heart failure, 2025) Clinical trial publication Serum Chloride and the Response to Acetazolamide in Patients With Acute Heart Failure and Volume Overload: A Post Hoc Analysis From the ADVOR Trial (Circulation. Heart failure, 2024) Clinical trial publication Diuresis Efficacy in Ambulatory Congested Heart Failure Patients: Intrapatient Comparison of 3 Diuretic Regimens (DEA-HF) (JACC. Heart failure, 2024) Clinical trial publication [Acetazolamide in acute heart failure] (Revue medicale suisse, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	105	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	8 trials 8 Cochrane 26 Meta-analysis 250 Trial pubs 196 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01970501 — Genetically Targeted Therapy for the Prevention of Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01434134 — Prevention of Cardiac Dysfunction During Adjuvant Breast Cancer Therapy (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT04757584 — Pilot Deprescribing N-of-1 Trials for Beta-blockers in HFpEF (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04962711 — Risk-guided Disease Management Plan to Prevent Heart Failure in Patients Treated With Previous Chemotherapy (REDEEM) (RECRUITING) NA NCT00497003 — Effect of Beta Blocker Treatment on Endothelial Function in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes or Chronic Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00433043 — BOAT: Beta Blocker Uptitration With OptiVol After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT07298993 — Deprescribing Beta-Blockers in Elders With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (DEPRESCRIBE-HFpEF) (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE4 NCT00802230 — Pharmacodynamic Study of Carvedilol Versus Metoprolol in Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Role of cardioprotective agents on chemotherapy-induced heart failure: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Pharmacological research, 2020) Cochrane review Meta-Analysis Comparing Metoprolol and Carvedilol on Mortality Benefits in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction (The American journal of cardiology, 2017) Cochrane review Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society 2014 Consensus Statement: Pharmacotherapies in Cardiac Critical Care Chronic Heart Failure (Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 2016) Cochrane review Beta-adrenergic blockers for perioperative cardiac risk reduction in people undergoing vascular surgery (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Cochrane review Antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Meta-analysis Beta-blocker therapy in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (B-HFpEF): A systematic review and meta-analysis (Current problems in cardiology, 2024) Meta-analysis Beta-Blockers for Primary Prevention of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiac Toxicity: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials (Cardiovascular therapeutics, 2022) Meta-analysis Management of atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response in patients with acute decompensated heart failure: A systematic review (Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2023) Meta-analysis Model-based meta-analysis of changes in circulatory system physiology in patients with chronic heart failure (CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology, 2021) Systematic review Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline (CPIC) for CYP2D6, ADRB1, ADRB2, ADRA2C, GRK4, and GRK5 Genotypes and Beta-Blocker Therapy (Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2024) Systematic review Influence of Weight and Body Size on the Pharmacokinetics of Heart Failure Pharmacotherapy: A Systematic Review (The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2024) Systematic review Extracorporeal treatment for poisoning to beta-adrenergic antagonists: systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup (Critical care (London, England), 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 7 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 103 Trial pubs 83 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01270139 — Plasmonic Nanophotothermal Therapy of Atherosclerosis (COMPLETED) NA NCT02228408 — Safety and Cardiovascular Efficacy of Hydralazine and Isosorbide Dinitrate in Dialysis-Dependent ESRD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03255512 — Vericiguat Drug-drug Interaction Study With Isosorbite Mononitrate in Stable Coronary Artery Disease Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT03514108 — DANHEART (H-HeFT and Met-HeFT) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02305095 — Genomic Response Analysis of Heart Failure Therapy in African Americans (COMPLETED) NCT00047775 — African-American Heart Failure Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02627196 — Baroreflex Activation Therapy for Heart Failure (COMPLETED) NA NCT06400784 — Hypertensive Heart Failure Treatment in SSA (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review How do we define high and low dose intensity of heart failure medications: a scoping review (BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2023) Cochrane review A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Pharmacological Treatment of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction (JACC. Heart failure, 2022) Cochrane review New pharmacological treatments for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF): A Bayesian network meta-analysis (Medicine, 2020) Cochrane review Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2016) Cochrane review Nitrates for acute heart failure syndromes (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013) Systematic review Heart failure (BMJ clinical evidence, 2011) Systematic review Heart failure (BMJ clinical evidence, 2010) Clinical trial publication Combination Hydralazine and Isosorbide Dinitrate in Dialysis-Dependent ESRD (HIDE): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot Trial (Kidney360, 2020) Clinical trial publication Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy by adequate hydration combined with isosorbide dinitrate for patients with renal insufficiency and congestive heart failure (Clinical cardiology, 2019) Clinical trial publication Heart Failure With Recovered Ejection Fraction in African Americans: Results From the African-American Heart Failure Trial (Journal of cardiac failure, 2018) Clinical trial publication Isosorbide Dinitrate, With or Without Hydralazine, Does Not Reduce Wave Reflections, Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, or Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (Journal of the American Heart Association, 2017) Clinical trial publication Bi treatment with hydralazine/nitrates vs. placebo in Africans admitted with acute HEart Failure (BA-HEF) (European journal of heart failure, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACEBUTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACEBUTOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCHOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALBUTEROL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALFUZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN II Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ANGIOTENSIN II ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARBUTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ARFORMOTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ARFORMOTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARGIPRESSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASCORBIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASENAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASPIRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK Very low cost · US Very low cost	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ATORVASTATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM TRIHYDRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AZILSARTAN KAMEDOXOMIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZILSARTAN MEDOXOMIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENAZEPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENAZEPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENAZEPRILAT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETHANIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BISOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BITOLTEROL MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRETYLIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BUMETANIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BUPROPION HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CABERGOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CANDOXATRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAPTOPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	8 trials 16 Cochrane 34 Meta-analysis 349 Trial pubs 247 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00004854 — The Safety and Efficacy of Adjunct Carvedilol in Children With Moderate Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00374465 — Therapy With Verapamil or Carvedilol in Chronic Heart Failure (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00924833 — Effects of Nebivolol Versus Carvedilol on Cardiopulmonary Function at High Altitude in Healthy Subjects. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01723371 — Beta Blockers for Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Children (WITHDRAWN) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00249067 — Retrospective Evaluation of Carvedilol Versus Captopril in CHF Patients (TERMINATED) NCT00402376 — Evaluation of Myocardial Improvement in Patients Supported by Ventricular Assist Device Under Optimal Pharmacological Therapy (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT01178528 — Heart Rate Reduction in Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04757584 — Pilot Deprescribing N-of-1 Trials for Beta-blockers in HFpEF (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Pharmacological and interventional strategies for chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: a systematic review of clinical outcomes (Revista clinica espanola, 2026) Cochrane review Is Carvedilol Effective in Preventing and Modulating Concentric Cardiac Remodelling? A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (Cardiovascular therapeutics, 2025) Cochrane review Minimization or withdrawal of oral pharmacotherapy in chronic heart failure patients with improved myocardial function: A systematic review (European journal of heart failure, 2025) Cochrane review Predictors of cardiac disease in duchenne muscular dystrophy: a systematic review and evidence grading (Orphanet journal of rare diseases, 2024) Cochrane review Comparative Efficacy of Different Drugs for the Treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis (Drugs in R&D, 2023) Meta-analysis Beta-blocker therapy in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (B-HFpEF): A systematic review and meta-analysis (Current problems in cardiology, 2024) Meta-analysis Beta-Blockers for Primary Prevention of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiac Toxicity: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials (Cardiovascular therapeutics, 2022) Meta-analysis Efficacy of medication therapy for patients with chronic kidney disease and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis (International urology and nephrology, 2022) Clinical trial publication Impaired myocardial work in heart failure with improved ejection fraction: A post hoc analysis from the CATHEDRAL-HF trial (International journal of cardiology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Contemporary Oral Medication Use and Frequency in Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy (American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effect of carvedilol versus placebo on cardiac function in anthracycline-exposed survivors of childhood cancer (PREVENT-HF): a randomised, controlled, phase 2b trial (The Lancet. Oncology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Ivabradine could not decrease mitral regurgitation triggered atrial fibrosis and fibrillation compared with carvedilol (ESC heart failure, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	2 trials 2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00123903 — COREG MR Versus TOPROL-XL On Reduction Of Microalbuminuria In Patients With Hypertension And Microalbuminuria (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT00742508 — A Phase I/II Clinical Study of SK&F-105517-D in Japanese Patients With Chronic Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE1 Published literature Clinical trial publication Lisinopril or Coreg CR in reducing cardiotoxicity in women with breast cancer receiving trastuzumab: A rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial (American heart journal, 2017) Clinical trial publication Adherence with once daily versus twice daily carvedilol in patients with heart failure: the Compliance And Quality of Life Study Comparing Once-Daily Controlled-Release Carvedilol CR and Twice-Daily Immediate-Release Carvedilol IR in Patients with Heart Failure (CASPER) Trial (Journal of cardiac failure, 2009) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELIPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CILAZAPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOTRIMAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOSPORINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CYPROHEPTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEBRISOQUIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DESERPIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DESIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEXAMETHASONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIENESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ENALAPRIL MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ENALAPRILAT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENALAPRILAT ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 4 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 64 Trial pubs 44 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07281014 — Unmitigated Aldosterone Signaling During Standard Clinical MRA Dosing (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT05202938 — eMESH Struct. 2022-23 (UNKNOWN) NCT04278404 — Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (POPS) (RECRUITING) NCT02617602 — Goal Directed Hemodynamic Management of Acute Heart Failure After Cardiac Surgery in Children (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT05782075 — Biological Monitoring by a Nurse for Heart Failure Patients. (UNKNOWN) NCT00446017 — The Effects of Adrenaline and Milrinone in Patients With Myocardial Dysfunction After CABG (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04682483 — Cardiogenic Shock Working Group Registry (RECRUITING) NCT02161445 — Systolic Time Intervals in the Diagnosis of Heart Failure in Emergency Departement (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review Back to the flow: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of epinephrine in the treatment of no-reflow (Coronary artery disease, 2026) Cochrane review Vasoplegic syndrome after cardiovascular surgery: A review of pathophysiology and outcome-oriented therapeutic management (Journal of cardiac surgery, 2021) Cochrane review Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020) Cochrane review Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018) Clinical trial publication Pharmacological Heart Failure Therapy in Children: Focus on Inotropic Support (Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 2020) Clinical trial publication Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia on Sleep, Symptoms, Stress, and Autonomic Function Among Patients With Heart Failure (Behavioral sleep medicine, 2020) Clinical trial publication Management of cardiogenic shock in acute decompensated chronic heart failure: The ALTSHOCK phase II clinical trial (American heart journal, 2018) Clinical trial publication B-type natriuretic peptide increases cortisol and catecholamine concentrations in healthy subjects (Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2017) Clinical trial publication Exercise training effects on elderly and middle-age patients with chronic heart failure after acute decompensation: A randomized, controlled trial (International journal of cardiology, 2016) Randomized controlled trial Post hoc analysis of the glutamics-trial: intravenous glutamate infusion and use of inotropic drugs after cabg (BMC anesthesiology, 2016) Randomized controlled trial Correlates of Exercise Self-efficacy in a Randomized Trial of Mind-Body Exercise in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure (Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05202938 — eMESH Struct. 2022-23 (UNKNOWN) NCT02617602 — Goal Directed Hemodynamic Management of Acute Heart Failure After Cardiac Surgery in Children (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT00446017 — The Effects of Adrenaline and Milrinone in Patients With Myocardial Dysfunction After CABG (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04682483 — Cardiogenic Shock Working Group Registry (RECRUITING) NCT04369573 — Study on Early Intra-aortic Balloon Pump Placement in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT01616069 — Assessment of Hemodynamic Response in Cardiopulmonary Bypass Graft After Cardiopulmonary Bypass Using Transesophegeal Echocardiography (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07667829 — Vasopressor Agents in Pulmonary Hypertension Crisis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT02228083 — Dental Anesthesia in Heart Failure Patients (UNKNOWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPROSARTAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPROSARTAN MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES, USP Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ESMOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01440335 — Initial Study of Fenoterol as a Treatment for Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE1 Published literature Clinical trial publication [Bronchodilators] (La semaine des hopitaux : organe fonde par l'Association d'enseignement medical des hopitaux de Paris, 1984) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FLECAINIDE ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FOSINOPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FOSINOPRIL SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOSLEVODOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FUROSEMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GENISTEIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPERIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IMIDAPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
INDACATEROL MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRBESARTAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IRBESARTAN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ISOETHARINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 10 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02524145 — Chronotropic Incompetence in Patients With HFpEF (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review A systematic review on the cardiovascular pharmacology of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Journal of cardiovascular and thoracic research, 2018) Meta-analysis Reciprocal transcriptional regulation of metabolic and signaling pathways correlates with disease severity in heart failure (Circulation. Cardiovascular genetics, 2011) Systematic review A systematic review concerning the relation between the sympathetic nervous system and heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (PloS one, 2015) Clinical trial publication Nitroxyl (HNO): A novel approach for the acute treatment of heart failure (Circulation. Heart failure, 2013) Clinical trial publication Enhanced interleukin-1 activity contributes to exercise intolerance in patients with systolic heart failure (PloS one, 2012) Clinical trial publication Impaired β-adrenergic receptor signalling in post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction (Resuscitation, 2012) Clinical trial publication Role of left ventricular scar and Purkinje-like potentials during mapping and ablation of ventricular fibrillation in dilated cardiomyopathy (Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE, 2009) Clinical trial publication Nitric oxide and cardiac muscarinic control in humans (Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2004) Randomized controlled trial [Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function during therapy with cardiovascularly effective drugs] (Zeitschrift fur Kardiologie, 1976) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02524145 — Chronotropic Incompetence in Patients With HFpEF (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02524145 — Chronotropic Incompetence in Patients With HFpEF (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LABETALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01431326 — Pharmacokinetics of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (COMPLETED) NCT04278404 — Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (POPS) (RECRUITING) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDIOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LANDIOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVALBUTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LEVALBUTEROL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVALBUTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBUNOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LEVOBUNOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVODOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LISDEXAMFETAMINE DIMESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LISINOPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISINOPRIL ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LOSARTAN POTASSIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MALATHION Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPHENTERMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPOLIZUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METAPROTERENOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METAPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METARAMINOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METARAMINOL BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHACHOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHAMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTRIMEPRAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METIPRANOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METIPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDODRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £55–£75 / 100 tabs (2.5-5mg) · US $18 / 90 tabs (2.5mg, Cost Plus)	—	DGIdb	—
MIDODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £55–£75 / 100 tabs (2.5-5mg) · US $18 / 90 tabs (2.5mg, Cost Plus)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRABEGRON Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 trials 2 Meta-analysis 6 Trial pubs 6 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01876433 — Beta 3 Agonist Treatment in Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02775539 — Beta3 Agonist Treatment in Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension Secondary to Heart Failure (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT02599480 — Assessment of Efficacy of Mirabegron, a New beta3-adrenergic Receptor in the Prevention of Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03926754 — Beta 3 Agonist Treatment in Heart Failure-2 (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 Published literature Meta-analysis Efficacy and Safety of the β 3 -Adrenergic Agonist Mirabegron in Patients With Heart Failure: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 2026) Meta-analysis Is Mirabegron-the novel beta 3 agonist-effective in patients with heart failure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety (Irish journal of medical science, 2026) Clinical trial publication Exploring the impact of metabolic comorbidities on epicardial adipose tissue in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (Cardiovascular diabetology, 2025) Clinical trial publication First-In-Man Trial of β3-Adrenoceptor Agonist Treatment in Chronic Heart Failure: Impact on Diastolic Function (Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Repurposing the β3-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Mirabegron in Patients With Structural Cardiac Disease: The Beta3-LVH Phase 2b Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA cardiology, 2023) Clinical trial publication β3 adrenergic agonist treatment in chronic pulmonary hypertension associated with heart failure (SPHERE-HF): a double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial (European journal of heart failure, 2023) Clinical trial publication Hemodynamic Effects of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Dependent Signaling Through β3 Adrenoceptor Stimulation in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure: A Randomized Invasive Clinical Trial (Circulation. Heart failure, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
MODAFINIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MOEXIPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MOEXIPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOXISYLYTE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAFTOPIDIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPHAZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NAPHAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEFAZODONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NICOTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NITROPRUSSIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 6 Cochrane 6 Meta-analysis 324 Trial pubs 227 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03621618 — Clinical Assessment of Arterial Dynamic Elastance in ICU Patients, Dependent on Inotropic or Vasopressor Drugs. (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT00314704 — Dopamine and Norepinephrine in Shock Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02116140 — ASV Effects on Myocardial Energetics and Sympathetic Nerve Function in Heart Failure and Sleep Apnea. (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT05202938 — eMESH Struct. 2022-23 (UNKNOWN) NCT07286643 — Echocardiography-guided Cirrhosis and Liver Failure-Intensive Care Protocol Sepsis (RECRUITING) NA NCT05568160 — Evaluation of the Superiority of VAsopressin Versus NOradrenaline in the Management of Patients at Risk of Kidney Failure Undergoing Cardiac Surgery With Extracorporeal Circulation (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT02617602 — Goal Directed Hemodynamic Management of Acute Heart Failure After Cardiac Surgery in Children (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT04682483 — Cardiogenic Shock Working Group Registry (RECRUITING) Published literature Cochrane review Vasoplegic syndrome after cardiovascular surgery: A review of pathophysiology and outcome-oriented therapeutic management (Journal of cardiac surgery, 2021) Cochrane review Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020) Cochrane review Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018) Cochrane review The Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials (Nutrients, 2016) Cochrane review Antidepressants and cardiovascular adverse events: A narrative review (ARYA atherosclerosis, 2015) Meta-analysis Effects of Renal Denervation on Cardiac Remodeling, Cardiac Function, and Cardiovascular Neurohormones in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction Patients: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review (Cardiorenal medicine, 2025) Meta-analysis Sympathetic neural overdrive in congestive heart failure and its correlates: systematic reviews and meta-analysis (Journal of hypertension, 2019) Clinical trial publication Effects of dapagliflozin on urinary output, fluid balance, and biochemistry in critically ill patients: a post-hoc secondary analysis of the DEFENDER trial (Critical care (London, England), 2025) Clinical trial publication Anaemia predicts iron homoeostasis dysregulation and modulates the response to empagliflozin in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the EMPATROPISM-FE trial (European heart journal, 2025) Clinical trial publication DPP4 (Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4) Inhibition Increases Catecholamines Without Increasing Blood Pressure During Sustained ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) Inhibitor Treatment (Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2022) Clinical trial publication Empagliflozin in Heart Failure: Diuretic and Cardiorenal Effects (Circulation, 2020) Clinical trial publication Pharmacological Heart Failure Therapy in Children: Focus on Inotropic Support (Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORTRIPTYLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OLODATEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OLODATEROL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXPRENOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PAPAVERINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERINDOPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PERINDOPRIL ARGININE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERINDOPRIL ERBUMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERINDOPRILAT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENDIMETRAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENTOLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENTOLAMINE MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE POLISTIREX Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 trials 1 Cochrane 6 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04757584 — Pilot Deprescribing N-of-1 Trials for Beta-blockers in HFpEF (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05585125 — A Preliminary Study for INFORMED (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE4 NCT04767061 — Impact of Beta-blockers on Physical Function in HFpEF (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05019027 — N-of-1 for Beta-Blockers in Cardiac Amyloidosis (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review How do we define high and low dose intensity of heart failure medications: a scoping review (BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2023) Clinical trial publication Cardiovascular drugs in human mechanical nociception: digoxin, amlodipine, propranolol, pindolol and atenolol (Investigacion clinica, 2010) Clinical trial publication Cardiovascular events in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension. A subgroup analysis of treatment strategies in STOP-Hypertension-2 (Blood pressure, 2004) Clinical trial publication Effects of thyroxine on cardiac function and lymphocyte beta-adrenoceptors in patients with chronic congestive heart failure (Chinese medical journal, 2003) Clinical trial publication Adverse reactions to pindolol administration (American heart journal, 1982) Clinical trial publication The influence of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on left ventricular function (British journal of clinical pharmacology, 1982) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PIRBUTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PIRBUTEROL ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRACTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRAVASTATIN SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRILOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRONETALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPAFENONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPIOMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROTOKYLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
QUETIAPINE FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
QUINAPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
QUINAPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINAPRILAT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RACEPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT07281014 — Unmitigated Aldosterone Signaling During Standard Clinical MRA Dosing (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT05202938 — eMESH Struct. 2022-23 (UNKNOWN) NCT04278404 — Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (POPS) (RECRUITING) NCT02617602 — Goal Directed Hemodynamic Management of Acute Heart Failure After Cardiac Surgery in Children (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT05782075 — Biological Monitoring by a Nurse for Heart Failure Patients. (UNKNOWN) NCT00446017 — The Effects of Adrenaline and Milrinone in Patients With Myocardial Dysfunction After CABG (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04682483 — Cardiogenic Shock Working Group Registry (RECRUITING) NCT02161445 — Systolic Time Intervals in the Diagnosis of Heart Failure in Emergency Departement (COMPLETED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RAMIPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAMIPRILAT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RESCINNAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RITODRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RITODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SALMETEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SALMETEROL XINAFOATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SARALASIN ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERTINDOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SILDENAFIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£8 / 4–8 tabs (generic) · US $5–$15 / 10-30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
SILODOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SPARSENTAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SPIRAPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SPIRAPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUFENTANIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELMISARTAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TERAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TERAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERBUTALINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TERBUTALINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRAHYDROZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIORIDAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIOTROPIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TOLAZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TOLAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TORSEMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRANDOLAPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRANDOLAPRILAT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRAZODONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRIFLUOPERAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRIHEXYPHENIDYL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TRIMIPRAMINE MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALSARTAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VIBEGRON Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
VILANTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VILANTEROL TRIFENATATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
VORINOSTAT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALBUMIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALISKIREN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALPROSTADIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMILORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIODARONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATENOLOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEPOTASTINE BESYLATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUCINDOLOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUMETANIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCIFEDIOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANDESARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
COLCHICINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CONIVAPTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSPORINE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARBEPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROSE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DUTOGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENALAPRIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENAVOGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENOXIMONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN BETA	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERTUGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC CARBOXYMALTOSE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FISH OIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FUROSEMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HENAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HUMAN NEUREGULIN-1 RECOMBINANT (177-237)	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDRALAZINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICOSAPENT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOSIMENDAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOSARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM OXIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOLAZONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NESIRITIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITRIC OXIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMECAMTIV MECARBIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYGEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERHEXILINE MALEATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIROXIMONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28–30 tabs · US $4–$8 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RELAXIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROLOFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSUVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERELAXIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£8 / 4–8 tabs (generic) · US $5–$15 / 10-30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM ZIRCONIUM CYCLOSILICATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOMATROPIN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUGAMMADEX	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TADALAFIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEZOSENTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIAMINE MONONITRATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ULARITIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VICADROSTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZILTIVEKIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £5–£12 / 30 tabs or effervescent · US $8–$15 / 30-60 tabs (NAC)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACIPIMOX	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALADORIAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALAGEBRIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALEGLITAZAR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALLOPURINOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30-90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANAKINRA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANTIMONY	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIXABAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £20–£50 / 28-60 tabs · US $30–$70 / 30-60 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARGATROBAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARGININE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AVE8134	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BALCINRENONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BAY1067197	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEMORADAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIVALIRUDIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CENDERITIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CILOSTAZOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIMLANOD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CINACIGUAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CXL-1020	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DABIGATRAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DERENOFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXYCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EDELINONTRINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELAMIPRETIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELAMIPRETIDE HYDROCHLORIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENIBARCIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENOXAPARIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EVOLOCUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENTANYL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERROUS SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FIRIBASTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUBROBENGUANE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUBROBENGUANE F18	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLIMEPIRIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLUTAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK2798745	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEPARIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICATIBANT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICODEXTRIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILEPATRIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRON SUCROSE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE MONONITRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISTAROXIME	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IXMYELOCEL-T	Cell therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENOGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOCARNITINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LICOGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIRAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIXIVAPTAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MACITENTAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAVACAMTEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELATONIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIBENRATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRABEGRON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITIPERSTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIACIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINAMIDE RIBOSIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONABOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OTENZEPAD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYPURINOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PATIROMER	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGFILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERHEXILINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENPROCOUMON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIBOSEROD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIOGLITAZONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRFENIDONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PL-3994	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PONSEGROMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POTASSIUM NITRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRALICIGUAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROBENECID	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £15–£25 / 60 tabs · US $20–$35 / 30–60 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIFAXIMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSIGLITAZONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SER-100	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM LACTATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM NITRITE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TALFIRASTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEPRENONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TESTOSTERONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TONAPOFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOVINONTRINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRV-120027	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UROTENSIN-II	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
URSODIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VEPOLOXAMER	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TASOSARTAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BQ-123	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BULOXIBUTID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPIVACAINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANDOXATRILAT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK Varies (specialist) · US $30–$80 / 30-day (varies by product)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIMAGLERMIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DANICAMTIV	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPANSUTRILE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOTEROL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FULACIMSTAT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GENISTEIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GHRELIN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE 1	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK2849466	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IC14	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIDOCAINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIOTHYRONINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIOTHYRONINE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECASERMIN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPHENIDATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILRINONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK-7145	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MRNA-0184	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEOMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PECAVAPTAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RUBOXISTAURIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SITAGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRASTUZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIMETAZIDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VANCOMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERAPAMIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCHOLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALBUTEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALCOHOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALDOSTERONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALOGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALTEPLASE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APELIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK Very low cost · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAPTOPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOPIDOGREL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CONIVAPTAN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPAGLIFLOZIN PROPANEDIOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEFERIPRONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DELOCAMTEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESLANOSIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIGITOXIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIGOXIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOBUTAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPEXAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENALAPRIL MALEATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPLERENONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETOMOXIR	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EXENATIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EZETIMIBE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC DERISOMALTOSE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC OXYHYDROXIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FINERENONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOSINOPRIL SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLIPIZIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLYBURIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDRALAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK Very low cost OTC/prescription · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN DEGLUDEC	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN DETEMIR	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN GLARGINE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN, ISOPHANE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRBESARTAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRON ISOMALTOSIDE 1000	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVABRADINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £28–£40 / 56 tabs (5mg) · US $28 / 60 tabs (5mg, Cost Plus)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVABRADINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £28–£40 / 56 tabs (5mg) · US $28 / 60 tabs (5mg, Cost Plus)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LINAGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISINOPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LORUNDROSTAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LORUNDROSTAT HYDROBROMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL TARTRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILRINONE LACTATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEPRILYSIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICORANDIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITROGLYCERIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLPRINONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OSELTAMIVIR	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OUABAIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OZONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERINDOPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POTASSIUM CITRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRINOXODAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINAPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAMIPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RETEPLASE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIVAROXABAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £20–£50 / 28 tabs (varies by dose) · US $30–$80 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROXADUSTAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RUGECITIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SACUBITRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAXAGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERTRALINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOTAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SPIRONOLACTONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUBSTANCE P	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELMISARTAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERBUTALINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TICAGRELOR	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLVAPTAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TORSEMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRANDOLAPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALSARTAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERICIGUAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VESNARINONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	8 trials 7 Cochrane 7 Meta-analysis 21 Trial pubs 20 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05986773 — Diuretic Strategies in Acute Heart Failure Patients at High Risk for Diuretic Resistance (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT00746954 — Buspirone as a Potential Treatment for Recurrent Central Apnea (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT06414759 — Efficacy and Safety of Combination Diuretic Therapy in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure and Volume Overload (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT06475105 — Combination Oral Acetazolamide and Intravenous Furosemide on Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Outcomes (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00517426 — Effects of Acetazolamide and CO2 Inhalation on Exercise-induced Periodic Breathing in Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04062760 — Safety and Efficacy of Early, seQUential Oral dIuretic Nephron blockAde In Acute Heart Failure (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT05940220 — Efficacy of Oral Acetazolamide in Decongestion in Patients With Heart Failure (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT07199088 — Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Acetazolamide Versus Metolazone as an Adjunct to Standard Therapy in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (RECRUITING) NA Published literature Cochrane review Combinations of diuretics for acute heart failure: a systematic review with network meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (Heart (British Cardiac Society), 2025) Cochrane review Effectiveness of Acetazolamide in Patients With Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Cureus, 2024) Cochrane review Acetazolamide therapy in patients with acute heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Heart failure reviews, 2024) Cochrane review Acetazolamide as an Adjunctive Diuretic Therapy for Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions, 2024) Cochrane review Effect of Acetazolamide as Add-On Diuretic Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis (Cureus, 2023) Meta-analysis Diuretic strategies in acute heart failure: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy, 2026) Meta-analysis Efficacy and Safety of Different Combinations of Add-on Diuretic Therapy in Acute Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (The American journal of cardiology, 2026) Meta-analysis Use of Acetazolamide in People with Decompensated Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Current cardiology reports, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of ambulatory intravenous diuresis for chronic heart failure patients: Insights from the DEA-HF trial (ESC heart failure, 2025) Clinical trial publication Serum Chloride and the Response to Acetazolamide in Patients With Acute Heart Failure and Volume Overload: A Post Hoc Analysis From the ADVOR Trial (Circulation. Heart failure, 2024) Clinical trial publication Diuresis Efficacy in Ambulatory Congested Heart Failure Patients: Intrapatient Comparison of 3 Diuretic Regimens (DEA-HF) (JACC. Heart failure, 2024) Clinical trial publication [Acetazolamide in acute heart failure] (Revue medicale suisse, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALBUMIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALISKIREN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALPROSTADIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMILORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIODARONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATENOLOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEPOTASTINE BESYLATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUCINDOLOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUMETANIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCIFEDIOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANDESARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
COLCHICINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CONIVAPTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSPORINE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARBEPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROSE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DUTOGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENALAPRIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENAVOGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENOXIMONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN BETA	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERTUGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC CARBOXYMALTOSE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FISH OIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FUROSEMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HENAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HUMAN NEUREGULIN-1 RECOMBINANT (177-237)	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDRALAZINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICOSAPENT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOSIMENDAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOSARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM OXIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOLAZONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	8 trials 8 Cochrane 26 Meta-analysis 250 Trial pubs 196 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01970501 — Genetically Targeted Therapy for the Prevention of Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01434134 — Prevention of Cardiac Dysfunction During Adjuvant Breast Cancer Therapy (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT04757584 — Pilot Deprescribing N-of-1 Trials for Beta-blockers in HFpEF (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04962711 — Risk-guided Disease Management Plan to Prevent Heart Failure in Patients Treated With Previous Chemotherapy (REDEEM) (RECRUITING) NA NCT00497003 — Effect of Beta Blocker Treatment on Endothelial Function in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes or Chronic Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00433043 — BOAT: Beta Blocker Uptitration With OptiVol After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT07298993 — Deprescribing Beta-Blockers in Elders With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (DEPRESCRIBE-HFpEF) (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE4 NCT00802230 — Pharmacodynamic Study of Carvedilol Versus Metoprolol in Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Role of cardioprotective agents on chemotherapy-induced heart failure: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Pharmacological research, 2020) Cochrane review Meta-Analysis Comparing Metoprolol and Carvedilol on Mortality Benefits in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction (The American journal of cardiology, 2017) Cochrane review Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society 2014 Consensus Statement: Pharmacotherapies in Cardiac Critical Care Chronic Heart Failure (Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 2016) Cochrane review Beta-adrenergic blockers for perioperative cardiac risk reduction in people undergoing vascular surgery (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Cochrane review Antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Meta-analysis Beta-blocker therapy in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (B-HFpEF): A systematic review and meta-analysis (Current problems in cardiology, 2024) Meta-analysis Beta-Blockers for Primary Prevention of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiac Toxicity: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials (Cardiovascular therapeutics, 2022) Meta-analysis Management of atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response in patients with acute decompensated heart failure: A systematic review (Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2023) Meta-analysis Model-based meta-analysis of changes in circulatory system physiology in patients with chronic heart failure (CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology, 2021) Systematic review Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline (CPIC) for CYP2D6, ADRB1, ADRB2, ADRA2C, GRK4, and GRK5 Genotypes and Beta-Blocker Therapy (Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2024) Systematic review Influence of Weight and Body Size on the Pharmacokinetics of Heart Failure Pharmacotherapy: A Systematic Review (The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2024) Systematic review Extracorporeal treatment for poisoning to beta-adrenergic antagonists: systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup (Critical care (London, England), 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NESIRITIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITRIC OXIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMECAMTIV MECARBIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYGEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERHEXILINE MALEATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIROXIMONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28–30 tabs · US $4–$8 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RELAXIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROLOFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSUVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERELAXIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£8 / 4–8 tabs (generic) · US $5–$15 / 10-30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM ZIRCONIUM CYCLOSILICATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOMATROPIN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUGAMMADEX	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TADALAFIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEZOSENTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIAMINE MONONITRATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ULARITIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VICADROSTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZILTIVEKIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £5–£12 / 30 tabs or effervescent · US $8–$15 / 30-60 tabs (NAC)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACIPIMOX	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALADORIAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALAGEBRIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALEGLITAZAR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALLOPURINOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30-90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANAKINRA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANTIMONY	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIXABAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £20–£50 / 28-60 tabs · US $30–$70 / 30-60 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARGATROBAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARGININE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AVE8134	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BALCINRENONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BAY1067197	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEMORADAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIVALIRUDIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CENDERITIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CILOSTAZOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIMLANOD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CINACIGUAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CXL-1020	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DABIGATRAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DERENOFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXYCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EDELINONTRINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELAMIPRETIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELAMIPRETIDE HYDROCHLORIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENIBARCIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENOXAPARIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EVOLOCUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENTANYL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERROUS SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FIRIBASTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUBROBENGUANE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUBROBENGUANE F18	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLIMEPIRIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLUTAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK2798745	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEPARIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICATIBANT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICODEXTRIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILEPATRIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRON SUCROSE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE MONONITRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISTAROXIME	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IXMYELOCEL-T	Cell therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENOGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOCARNITINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LICOGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIRAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIXIVAPTAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MACITENTAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAVACAMTEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELATONIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIBENRATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRABEGRON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITIPERSTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIACIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINAMIDE RIBOSIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONABOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OTENZEPAD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYPURINOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PATIROMER	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGFILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERHEXILINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENPROCOUMON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIBOSEROD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIOGLITAZONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRFENIDONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PL-3994	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PONSEGROMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POTASSIUM NITRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRALICIGUAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROBENECID	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £15–£25 / 60 tabs · US $20–$35 / 30–60 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIFAXIMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSIGLITAZONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SER-100	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM LACTATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM NITRITE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TALFIRASTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEPRENONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TESTOSTERONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TONAPOFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOVINONTRINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRV-120027	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UROTENSIN-II	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
URSODIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VEPOLOXAMER	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BQ-123	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BULOXIBUTID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPIVACAINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANDOXATRILAT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK Varies (specialist) · US $30–$80 / 30-day (varies by product)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIMAGLERMIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DANICAMTIV	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPANSUTRILE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOTEROL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FULACIMSTAT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GENISTEIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GHRELIN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE 1	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK2849466	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IC14	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIDOCAINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIOTHYRONINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIOTHYRONINE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECASERMIN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPHENIDATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILRINONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK-7145	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MRNA-0184	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEOMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PECAVAPTAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RUBOXISTAURIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SITAGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRASTUZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIMETAZIDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VANCOMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERAPAMIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCHOLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALBUTEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALCOHOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALDOSTERONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALOGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALTEPLASE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APELIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK Very low cost · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAPTOPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOPIDOGREL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CONIVAPTAN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPAGLIFLOZIN PROPANEDIOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEFERIPRONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DELOCAMTEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESLANOSIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIGITOXIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIGOXIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOBUTAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPEXAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENALAPRIL MALEATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPLERENONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETOMOXIR	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EXENATIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EZETIMIBE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC DERISOMALTOSE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC OXYHYDROXIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FINERENONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOSINOPRIL SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLIPIZIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLYBURIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDRALAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK Very low cost OTC/prescription · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN DEGLUDEC	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN DETEMIR	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN GLARGINE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN, ISOPHANE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRBESARTAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRON ISOMALTOSIDE 1000	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 7 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 103 Trial pubs 83 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01270139 — Plasmonic Nanophotothermal Therapy of Atherosclerosis (COMPLETED) NA NCT02228408 — Safety and Cardiovascular Efficacy of Hydralazine and Isosorbide Dinitrate in Dialysis-Dependent ESRD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03255512 — Vericiguat Drug-drug Interaction Study With Isosorbite Mononitrate in Stable Coronary Artery Disease Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT03514108 — DANHEART (H-HeFT and Met-HeFT) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02305095 — Genomic Response Analysis of Heart Failure Therapy in African Americans (COMPLETED) NCT00047775 — African-American Heart Failure Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02627196 — Baroreflex Activation Therapy for Heart Failure (COMPLETED) NA NCT06400784 — Hypertensive Heart Failure Treatment in SSA (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review How do we define high and low dose intensity of heart failure medications: a scoping review (BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2023) Cochrane review A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Pharmacological Treatment of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction (JACC. Heart failure, 2022) Cochrane review New pharmacological treatments for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF): A Bayesian network meta-analysis (Medicine, 2020) Cochrane review Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2016) Cochrane review Nitrates for acute heart failure syndromes (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013) Systematic review Heart failure (BMJ clinical evidence, 2011) Systematic review Heart failure (BMJ clinical evidence, 2010) Clinical trial publication Combination Hydralazine and Isosorbide Dinitrate in Dialysis-Dependent ESRD (HIDE): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot Trial (Kidney360, 2020) Clinical trial publication Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy by adequate hydration combined with isosorbide dinitrate for patients with renal insufficiency and congestive heart failure (Clinical cardiology, 2019) Clinical trial publication Heart Failure With Recovered Ejection Fraction in African Americans: Results From the African-American Heart Failure Trial (Journal of cardiac failure, 2018) Clinical trial publication Isosorbide Dinitrate, With or Without Hydralazine, Does Not Reduce Wave Reflections, Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, or Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (Journal of the American Heart Association, 2017) Clinical trial publication Bi treatment with hydralazine/nitrates vs. placebo in Africans admitted with acute HEart Failure (BA-HEF) (European journal of heart failure, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVABRADINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £28–£40 / 56 tabs (5mg) · US $28 / 60 tabs (5mg, Cost Plus)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVABRADINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £28–£40 / 56 tabs (5mg) · US $28 / 60 tabs (5mg, Cost Plus)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LINAGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISINOPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LORUNDROSTAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LORUNDROSTAT HYDROBROMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL TARTRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILRINONE LACTATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEPRILYSIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICORANDIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITROGLYCERIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLPRINONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OSELTAMIVIR	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OUABAIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OZONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERINDOPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POTASSIUM CITRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRINOXODAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINAPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAMIPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RETEPLASE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIVAROXABAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £20–£50 / 28 tabs (varies by dose) · US $30–$80 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROXADUSTAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RUGECITIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SACUBITRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAXAGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERTRALINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOTAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SPIRONOLACTONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUBSTANCE P	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELMISARTAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERBUTALINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TICAGRELOR	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLVAPTAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TORSEMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRANDOLAPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALSARTAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERICIGUAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VESNARINONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACEBUTOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACEBUTOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	8 trials 7 Cochrane 7 Meta-analysis 21 Trial pubs 20 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05986773 — Diuretic Strategies in Acute Heart Failure Patients at High Risk for Diuretic Resistance (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT00746954 — Buspirone as a Potential Treatment for Recurrent Central Apnea (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT06414759 — Efficacy and Safety of Combination Diuretic Therapy in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure and Volume Overload (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT06475105 — Combination Oral Acetazolamide and Intravenous Furosemide on Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Outcomes (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00517426 — Effects of Acetazolamide and CO2 Inhalation on Exercise-induced Periodic Breathing in Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04062760 — Safety and Efficacy of Early, seQUential Oral dIuretic Nephron blockAde In Acute Heart Failure (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT05940220 — Efficacy of Oral Acetazolamide in Decongestion in Patients With Heart Failure (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT07199088 — Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Acetazolamide Versus Metolazone as an Adjunct to Standard Therapy in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (RECRUITING) NA Published literature Cochrane review Combinations of diuretics for acute heart failure: a systematic review with network meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (Heart (British Cardiac Society), 2025) Cochrane review Effectiveness of Acetazolamide in Patients With Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Cureus, 2024) Cochrane review Acetazolamide therapy in patients with acute heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Heart failure reviews, 2024) Cochrane review Acetazolamide as an Adjunctive Diuretic Therapy for Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions, 2024) Cochrane review Effect of Acetazolamide as Add-On Diuretic Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis (Cureus, 2023) Meta-analysis Diuretic strategies in acute heart failure: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy, 2026) Meta-analysis Efficacy and Safety of Different Combinations of Add-on Diuretic Therapy in Acute Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (The American journal of cardiology, 2026) Meta-analysis Use of Acetazolamide in People with Decompensated Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Current cardiology reports, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of ambulatory intravenous diuresis for chronic heart failure patients: Insights from the DEA-HF trial (ESC heart failure, 2025) Clinical trial publication Serum Chloride and the Response to Acetazolamide in Patients With Acute Heart Failure and Volume Overload: A Post Hoc Analysis From the ADVOR Trial (Circulation. Heart failure, 2024) Clinical trial publication Diuresis Efficacy in Ambulatory Congested Heart Failure Patients: Intrapatient Comparison of 3 Diuretic Regimens (DEA-HF) (JACC. Heart failure, 2024) Clinical trial publication [Acetazolamide in acute heart failure] (Revue medicale suisse, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCHOLINE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALBUTEROL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALFUZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN II Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ANGIOTENSIN II ACETATE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARBUTAMINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ARFORMOTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ARFORMOTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARGIPRESSIN Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASCORBIC ACID Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASENAPINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASPIRIN Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK Very low cost · US Very low cost	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ATORVASTATIN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM TRIHYDRATE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AZILSARTAN KAMEDOXOMIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZILSARTAN MEDOXOMIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENAZEPRIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENAZEPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENAZEPRILAT Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETHANIDINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BISOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BITOLTEROL MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRETYLIUM Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BUMETANIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BUPROPION HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CABERGOLINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CANDOXATRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAPTOPRIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	8 trials 16 Cochrane 34 Meta-analysis 349 Trial pubs 247 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00004854 — The Safety and Efficacy of Adjunct Carvedilol in Children With Moderate Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00374465 — Therapy With Verapamil or Carvedilol in Chronic Heart Failure (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00924833 — Effects of Nebivolol Versus Carvedilol on Cardiopulmonary Function at High Altitude in Healthy Subjects. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01723371 — Beta Blockers for Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Children (WITHDRAWN) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00249067 — Retrospective Evaluation of Carvedilol Versus Captopril in CHF Patients (TERMINATED) NCT00402376 — Evaluation of Myocardial Improvement in Patients Supported by Ventricular Assist Device Under Optimal Pharmacological Therapy (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT01178528 — Heart Rate Reduction in Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04757584 — Pilot Deprescribing N-of-1 Trials for Beta-blockers in HFpEF (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Pharmacological and interventional strategies for chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: a systematic review of clinical outcomes (Revista clinica espanola, 2026) Cochrane review Is Carvedilol Effective in Preventing and Modulating Concentric Cardiac Remodelling? A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (Cardiovascular therapeutics, 2025) Cochrane review Minimization or withdrawal of oral pharmacotherapy in chronic heart failure patients with improved myocardial function: A systematic review (European journal of heart failure, 2025) Cochrane review Predictors of cardiac disease in duchenne muscular dystrophy: a systematic review and evidence grading (Orphanet journal of rare diseases, 2024) Cochrane review Comparative Efficacy of Different Drugs for the Treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis (Drugs in R&D, 2023) Meta-analysis Beta-blocker therapy in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (B-HFpEF): A systematic review and meta-analysis (Current problems in cardiology, 2024) Meta-analysis Beta-Blockers for Primary Prevention of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiac Toxicity: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials (Cardiovascular therapeutics, 2022) Meta-analysis Efficacy of medication therapy for patients with chronic kidney disease and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis (International urology and nephrology, 2022) Clinical trial publication Impaired myocardial work in heart failure with improved ejection fraction: A post hoc analysis from the CATHEDRAL-HF trial (International journal of cardiology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Contemporary Oral Medication Use and Frequency in Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy (American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effect of carvedilol versus placebo on cardiac function in anthracycline-exposed survivors of childhood cancer (PREVENT-HF): a randomised, controlled, phase 2b trial (The Lancet. Oncology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Ivabradine could not decrease mitral regurgitation triggered atrial fibrosis and fibrillation compared with carvedilol (ESC heart failure, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	2 trials 2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00123903 — COREG MR Versus TOPROL-XL On Reduction Of Microalbuminuria In Patients With Hypertension And Microalbuminuria (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT00742508 — A Phase I/II Clinical Study of SK&F-105517-D in Japanese Patients With Chronic Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE1 Published literature Clinical trial publication Lisinopril or Coreg CR in reducing cardiotoxicity in women with breast cancer receiving trastuzumab: A rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial (American heart journal, 2017) Clinical trial publication Adherence with once daily versus twice daily carvedilol in patients with heart failure: the Compliance And Quality of Life Study Comparing Once-Daily Controlled-Release Carvedilol CR and Twice-Daily Immediate-Release Carvedilol IR in Patients with Heart Failure (CASPER) Trial (Journal of cardiac failure, 2009) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELIPROLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CILAZAPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOTRIMAZOLE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOZAPINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOSPORINE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CYPROHEPTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEBRISOQUIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DESERPIDINE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DESIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEXAMETHASONE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIENESTROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ENALAPRIL MALEATE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ENALAPRILAT Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENALAPRILAT ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 4 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 64 Trial pubs 44 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07281014 — Unmitigated Aldosterone Signaling During Standard Clinical MRA Dosing (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT05202938 — eMESH Struct. 2022-23 (UNKNOWN) NCT04278404 — Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (POPS) (RECRUITING) NCT02617602 — Goal Directed Hemodynamic Management of Acute Heart Failure After Cardiac Surgery in Children (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT05782075 — Biological Monitoring by a Nurse for Heart Failure Patients. (UNKNOWN) NCT00446017 — The Effects of Adrenaline and Milrinone in Patients With Myocardial Dysfunction After CABG (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04682483 — Cardiogenic Shock Working Group Registry (RECRUITING) NCT02161445 — Systolic Time Intervals in the Diagnosis of Heart Failure in Emergency Departement (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review Back to the flow: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of epinephrine in the treatment of no-reflow (Coronary artery disease, 2026) Cochrane review Vasoplegic syndrome after cardiovascular surgery: A review of pathophysiology and outcome-oriented therapeutic management (Journal of cardiac surgery, 2021) Cochrane review Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020) Cochrane review Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018) Clinical trial publication Pharmacological Heart Failure Therapy in Children: Focus on Inotropic Support (Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 2020) Clinical trial publication Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia on Sleep, Symptoms, Stress, and Autonomic Function Among Patients With Heart Failure (Behavioral sleep medicine, 2020) Clinical trial publication Management of cardiogenic shock in acute decompensated chronic heart failure: The ALTSHOCK phase II clinical trial (American heart journal, 2018) Clinical trial publication B-type natriuretic peptide increases cortisol and catecholamine concentrations in healthy subjects (Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2017) Clinical trial publication Exercise training effects on elderly and middle-age patients with chronic heart failure after acute decompensation: A randomized, controlled trial (International journal of cardiology, 2016) Randomized controlled trial Post hoc analysis of the glutamics-trial: intravenous glutamate infusion and use of inotropic drugs after cabg (BMC anesthesiology, 2016) Randomized controlled trial Correlates of Exercise Self-efficacy in a Randomized Trial of Mind-Body Exercise in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure (Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05202938 — eMESH Struct. 2022-23 (UNKNOWN) NCT02617602 — Goal Directed Hemodynamic Management of Acute Heart Failure After Cardiac Surgery in Children (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT00446017 — The Effects of Adrenaline and Milrinone in Patients With Myocardial Dysfunction After CABG (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04682483 — Cardiogenic Shock Working Group Registry (RECRUITING) NCT04369573 — Study on Early Intra-aortic Balloon Pump Placement in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT01616069 — Assessment of Hemodynamic Response in Cardiopulmonary Bypass Graft After Cardiopulmonary Bypass Using Transesophegeal Echocardiography (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07667829 — Vasopressor Agents in Pulmonary Hypertension Crisis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT02228083 — Dental Anesthesia in Heart Failure Patients (UNKNOWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPROSARTAN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPROSARTAN MESYLATE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES, USP Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ESMOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOTEROL Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01440335 — Initial Study of Fenoterol as a Treatment for Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE1 Published literature Clinical trial publication [Bronchodilators] (La semaine des hopitaux : organe fonde par l'Association d'enseignement medical des hopitaux de Paris, 1984) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FLECAINIDE ACETATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FOSINOPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FOSINOPRIL SODIUM Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOSLEVODOPA Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FUROSEMIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GENISTEIN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPERIDONE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IMIDAPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
INDACATEROL MALEATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRBESARTAN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IRBESARTAN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ISOETHARINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 10 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02524145 — Chronotropic Incompetence in Patients With HFpEF (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review A systematic review on the cardiovascular pharmacology of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Journal of cardiovascular and thoracic research, 2018) Meta-analysis Reciprocal transcriptional regulation of metabolic and signaling pathways correlates with disease severity in heart failure (Circulation. Cardiovascular genetics, 2011) Systematic review A systematic review concerning the relation between the sympathetic nervous system and heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (PloS one, 2015) Clinical trial publication Nitroxyl (HNO): A novel approach for the acute treatment of heart failure (Circulation. Heart failure, 2013) Clinical trial publication Enhanced interleukin-1 activity contributes to exercise intolerance in patients with systolic heart failure (PloS one, 2012) Clinical trial publication Impaired β-adrenergic receptor signalling in post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction (Resuscitation, 2012) Clinical trial publication Role of left ventricular scar and Purkinje-like potentials during mapping and ablation of ventricular fibrillation in dilated cardiomyopathy (Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE, 2009) Clinical trial publication Nitric oxide and cardiac muscarinic control in humans (Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2004) Randomized controlled trial [Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function during therapy with cardiovascularly effective drugs] (Zeitschrift fur Kardiologie, 1976) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02524145 — Chronotropic Incompetence in Patients With HFpEF (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02524145 — Chronotropic Incompetence in Patients With HFpEF (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 7 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 103 Trial pubs 83 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01270139 — Plasmonic Nanophotothermal Therapy of Atherosclerosis (COMPLETED) NA NCT02228408 — Safety and Cardiovascular Efficacy of Hydralazine and Isosorbide Dinitrate in Dialysis-Dependent ESRD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03255512 — Vericiguat Drug-drug Interaction Study With Isosorbite Mononitrate in Stable Coronary Artery Disease Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT03514108 — DANHEART (H-HeFT and Met-HeFT) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02305095 — Genomic Response Analysis of Heart Failure Therapy in African Americans (COMPLETED) NCT00047775 — African-American Heart Failure Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02627196 — Baroreflex Activation Therapy for Heart Failure (COMPLETED) NA NCT06400784 — Hypertensive Heart Failure Treatment in SSA (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review How do we define high and low dose intensity of heart failure medications: a scoping review (BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2023) Cochrane review A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Pharmacological Treatment of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction (JACC. Heart failure, 2022) Cochrane review New pharmacological treatments for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF): A Bayesian network meta-analysis (Medicine, 2020) Cochrane review Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2016) Cochrane review Nitrates for acute heart failure syndromes (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013) Systematic review Heart failure (BMJ clinical evidence, 2011) Systematic review Heart failure (BMJ clinical evidence, 2010) Clinical trial publication Combination Hydralazine and Isosorbide Dinitrate in Dialysis-Dependent ESRD (HIDE): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot Trial (Kidney360, 2020) Clinical trial publication Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy by adequate hydration combined with isosorbide dinitrate for patients with renal insufficiency and congestive heart failure (Clinical cardiology, 2019) Clinical trial publication Heart Failure With Recovered Ejection Fraction in African Americans: Results From the African-American Heart Failure Trial (Journal of cardiac failure, 2018) Clinical trial publication Isosorbide Dinitrate, With or Without Hydralazine, Does Not Reduce Wave Reflections, Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, or Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (Journal of the American Heart Association, 2017) Clinical trial publication Bi treatment with hydralazine/nitrates vs. placebo in Africans admitted with acute HEart Failure (BA-HEF) (European journal of heart failure, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LABETALOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01431326 — Pharmacokinetics of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (COMPLETED) NCT04278404 — Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (POPS) (RECRUITING) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDIOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LANDIOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVALBUTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LEVALBUTEROL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVALBUTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBUNOLOL Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LEVOBUNOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVODOPA Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LISDEXAMFETAMINE DIMESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LISINOPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISINOPRIL ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LOSARTAN POTASSIUM Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MALATHION Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPHENTERMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPOLIZUMAB Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METAPROTERENOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METAPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METARAMINOL Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METARAMINOL BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHACHOLINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHAMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTRIMEPRAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METIPRANOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METIPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	8 trials 8 Cochrane 26 Meta-analysis 250 Trial pubs 196 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01970501 — Genetically Targeted Therapy for the Prevention of Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01434134 — Prevention of Cardiac Dysfunction During Adjuvant Breast Cancer Therapy (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT04757584 — Pilot Deprescribing N-of-1 Trials for Beta-blockers in HFpEF (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04962711 — Risk-guided Disease Management Plan to Prevent Heart Failure in Patients Treated With Previous Chemotherapy (REDEEM) (RECRUITING) NA NCT00497003 — Effect of Beta Blocker Treatment on Endothelial Function in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes or Chronic Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00433043 — BOAT: Beta Blocker Uptitration With OptiVol After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT07298993 — Deprescribing Beta-Blockers in Elders With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (DEPRESCRIBE-HFpEF) (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE4 NCT00802230 — Pharmacodynamic Study of Carvedilol Versus Metoprolol in Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Role of cardioprotective agents on chemotherapy-induced heart failure: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Pharmacological research, 2020) Cochrane review Meta-Analysis Comparing Metoprolol and Carvedilol on Mortality Benefits in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction (The American journal of cardiology, 2017) Cochrane review Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society 2014 Consensus Statement: Pharmacotherapies in Cardiac Critical Care Chronic Heart Failure (Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 2016) Cochrane review Beta-adrenergic blockers for perioperative cardiac risk reduction in people undergoing vascular surgery (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Cochrane review Antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Meta-analysis Beta-blocker therapy in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (B-HFpEF): A systematic review and meta-analysis (Current problems in cardiology, 2024) Meta-analysis Beta-Blockers for Primary Prevention of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiac Toxicity: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials (Cardiovascular therapeutics, 2022) Meta-analysis Management of atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response in patients with acute decompensated heart failure: A systematic review (Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2023) Meta-analysis Model-based meta-analysis of changes in circulatory system physiology in patients with chronic heart failure (CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology, 2021) Systematic review Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline (CPIC) for CYP2D6, ADRB1, ADRB2, ADRA2C, GRK4, and GRK5 Genotypes and Beta-Blocker Therapy (Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2024) Systematic review Influence of Weight and Body Size on the Pharmacokinetics of Heart Failure Pharmacotherapy: A Systematic Review (The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2024) Systematic review Extracorporeal treatment for poisoning to beta-adrenergic antagonists: systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup (Critical care (London, England), 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDODRINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £55–£75 / 100 tabs (2.5-5mg) · US $18 / 90 tabs (2.5mg, Cost Plus)	—	DGIdb	—
MIDODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £55–£75 / 100 tabs (2.5-5mg) · US $18 / 90 tabs (2.5mg, Cost Plus)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRABEGRON Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 trials 2 Meta-analysis 6 Trial pubs 6 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01876433 — Beta 3 Agonist Treatment in Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02775539 — Beta3 Agonist Treatment in Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension Secondary to Heart Failure (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT02599480 — Assessment of Efficacy of Mirabegron, a New beta3-adrenergic Receptor in the Prevention of Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03926754 — Beta 3 Agonist Treatment in Heart Failure-2 (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 Published literature Meta-analysis Efficacy and Safety of the β 3 -Adrenergic Agonist Mirabegron in Patients With Heart Failure: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 2026) Meta-analysis Is Mirabegron-the novel beta 3 agonist-effective in patients with heart failure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety (Irish journal of medical science, 2026) Clinical trial publication Exploring the impact of metabolic comorbidities on epicardial adipose tissue in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (Cardiovascular diabetology, 2025) Clinical trial publication First-In-Man Trial of β3-Adrenoceptor Agonist Treatment in Chronic Heart Failure: Impact on Diastolic Function (Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Repurposing the β3-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Mirabegron in Patients With Structural Cardiac Disease: The Beta3-LVH Phase 2b Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA cardiology, 2023) Clinical trial publication β3 adrenergic agonist treatment in chronic pulmonary hypertension associated with heart failure (SPHERE-HF): a double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial (European journal of heart failure, 2023) Clinical trial publication Hemodynamic Effects of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Dependent Signaling Through β3 Adrenoceptor Stimulation in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure: A Randomized Invasive Clinical Trial (Circulation. Heart failure, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
MODAFINIL Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MOEXIPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MOEXIPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOXISYLYTE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAFTOPIDIL Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPHAZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NAPHAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEFAZODONE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NICOTINE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEDIPINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NITROPRUSSIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 6 Cochrane 6 Meta-analysis 324 Trial pubs 227 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03621618 — Clinical Assessment of Arterial Dynamic Elastance in ICU Patients, Dependent on Inotropic or Vasopressor Drugs. (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT00314704 — Dopamine and Norepinephrine in Shock Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02116140 — ASV Effects on Myocardial Energetics and Sympathetic Nerve Function in Heart Failure and Sleep Apnea. (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT05202938 — eMESH Struct. 2022-23 (UNKNOWN) NCT07286643 — Echocardiography-guided Cirrhosis and Liver Failure-Intensive Care Protocol Sepsis (RECRUITING) NA NCT05568160 — Evaluation of the Superiority of VAsopressin Versus NOradrenaline in the Management of Patients at Risk of Kidney Failure Undergoing Cardiac Surgery With Extracorporeal Circulation (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT02617602 — Goal Directed Hemodynamic Management of Acute Heart Failure After Cardiac Surgery in Children (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT04682483 — Cardiogenic Shock Working Group Registry (RECRUITING) Published literature Cochrane review Vasoplegic syndrome after cardiovascular surgery: A review of pathophysiology and outcome-oriented therapeutic management (Journal of cardiac surgery, 2021) Cochrane review Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020) Cochrane review Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018) Cochrane review The Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials (Nutrients, 2016) Cochrane review Antidepressants and cardiovascular adverse events: A narrative review (ARYA atherosclerosis, 2015) Meta-analysis Effects of Renal Denervation on Cardiac Remodeling, Cardiac Function, and Cardiovascular Neurohormones in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction Patients: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review (Cardiorenal medicine, 2025) Meta-analysis Sympathetic neural overdrive in congestive heart failure and its correlates: systematic reviews and meta-analysis (Journal of hypertension, 2019) Clinical trial publication Effects of dapagliflozin on urinary output, fluid balance, and biochemistry in critically ill patients: a post-hoc secondary analysis of the DEFENDER trial (Critical care (London, England), 2025) Clinical trial publication Anaemia predicts iron homoeostasis dysregulation and modulates the response to empagliflozin in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the EMPATROPISM-FE trial (European heart journal, 2025) Clinical trial publication DPP4 (Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4) Inhibition Increases Catecholamines Without Increasing Blood Pressure During Sustained ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) Inhibitor Treatment (Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2022) Clinical trial publication Empagliflozin in Heart Failure: Diuretic and Cardiorenal Effects (Circulation, 2020) Clinical trial publication Pharmacological Heart Failure Therapy in Children: Focus on Inotropic Support (Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORTRIPTYLINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OLODATEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OLODATEROL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXPRENOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXPRENOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PAPAVERINE Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERINDOPRIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PERINDOPRIL ARGININE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERINDOPRIL ERBUMINE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERINDOPRILAT Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENDIMETRAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENTOLAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENTOLAMINE MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE POLISTIREX Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 trials 1 Cochrane 6 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04757584 — Pilot Deprescribing N-of-1 Trials for Beta-blockers in HFpEF (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05585125 — A Preliminary Study for INFORMED (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE4 NCT04767061 — Impact of Beta-blockers on Physical Function in HFpEF (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05019027 — N-of-1 for Beta-Blockers in Cardiac Amyloidosis (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review How do we define high and low dose intensity of heart failure medications: a scoping review (BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2023) Clinical trial publication Cardiovascular drugs in human mechanical nociception: digoxin, amlodipine, propranolol, pindolol and atenolol (Investigacion clinica, 2010) Clinical trial publication Cardiovascular events in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension. A subgroup analysis of treatment strategies in STOP-Hypertension-2 (Blood pressure, 2004) Clinical trial publication Effects of thyroxine on cardiac function and lymphocyte beta-adrenoceptors in patients with chronic congestive heart failure (Chinese medical journal, 2003) Clinical trial publication Adverse reactions to pindolol administration (American heart journal, 1982) Clinical trial publication The influence of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on left ventricular function (British journal of clinical pharmacology, 1982) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PIRBUTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PIRBUTEROL ACETATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRACTOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRAVASTATIN SODIUM Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRILOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROMAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRONETALOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPAFENONE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPIOMAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROTOKYLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
QUETIAPINE FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
QUINAPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
QUINAPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINAPRILAT Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RACEPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT07281014 — Unmitigated Aldosterone Signaling During Standard Clinical MRA Dosing (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT05202938 — eMESH Struct. 2022-23 (UNKNOWN) NCT04278404 — Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (POPS) (RECRUITING) NCT02617602 — Goal Directed Hemodynamic Management of Acute Heart Failure After Cardiac Surgery in Children (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT05782075 — Biological Monitoring by a Nurse for Heart Failure Patients. (UNKNOWN) NCT00446017 — The Effects of Adrenaline and Milrinone in Patients With Myocardial Dysfunction After CABG (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04682483 — Cardiogenic Shock Working Group Registry (RECRUITING) NCT02161445 — Systolic Time Intervals in the Diagnosis of Heart Failure in Emergency Departement (COMPLETED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RAMIPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAMIPRILAT Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RESCINNAMINE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RITODRINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RITODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SALMETEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SALMETEROL XINAFOATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SARALASIN ACETATE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERTINDOLE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SILDENAFIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£8 / 4–8 tabs (generic) · US $5–$15 / 10-30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
SILODOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SPARSENTAN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SPIRAPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SPIRAPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUFENTANIL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELMISARTAN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TERAZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TERAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERBUTALINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TERBUTALINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRAHYDROZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIORIDAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL MALEATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIOTROPIUM Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TOLAZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TOLAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TORSEMIDE Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRANDOLAPRIL Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRANDOLAPRILAT Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRAZODONE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRIFLUOPERAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRIHEXYPHENIDYL Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TRIMIPRAMINE MALEATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALSARTAN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VIBEGRON Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
VILANTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VILANTEROL TRIFENATATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
VORINOSTAT Repurposing via ACE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TASOSARTAN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ABO	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

112 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Vitamin D3 Natural product Systematic review Comparative Efficacy of Nutraceuticals on Endothelial Function: A Syste… Randomized controlled trial Effect of vitamin D on endothelial and ventricular function in chronic… Randomized controlled trial Daily Supplementation with 4000 IU Vitamin D3 for Three Years Does Not…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 10 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02996721 — A Trial Evaluating Vitamin D Normalization on Major Adverse Cardiovascular-Related Events Among Myocardial Infarction Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01092130 — Study to Investigate the Effects of Vitamin D Administration on Plasma Renin Activity in Patients With Stable Chronic Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01326650 — Vitamin D and Mortality in Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01005303 — Micronutrient Supplementation in Patients With Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT02271230 — Intervention With Vitamin D and Omega-3 Supplements and Incident Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00379899 — ADVANCE: Study to Evaluate Cinacalcet Plus Low Dose Vitamin D on Vascular Calcification in Subjects With Chronic Kidney Disease Receiving Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02365155 — Training Intervention in Heart Failure and Frail Elderly Population (UNKNOWN) NA NCT00501553 — Vitamin D in Patients With Heart Failure (COMPLETED) Published literature Systematic review Comparative Efficacy of Nutraceuticals on Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (Current atherosclerosis reports, 2026) Randomized controlled trial Effect of vitamin D on endothelial and ventricular function in chronic heart failure patients: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (Medicine, 2022) Randomized controlled trial Daily Supplementation with 4000 IU Vitamin D3 for Three Years Does Not Modify Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure: The Effect of Vitamin D on Mortality in Heart Failure Trial (Annals of nutrition & metabolism, 2019) Randomized controlled trial Vitamin D(3) repletion versus placebo as adjunctive treatment of heart failure patient quality of life and hormonal indices: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2017) Randomized controlled trial Effect of Monthly High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Cardiovascular Disease in the Vitamin D Assessment Study : A Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA cardiology, 2017) Randomized controlled trial Effects of Vitamin D on Cardiac Function in Patients With Chronic HF: The VINDICATE Study (Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Meta Analysis, Review The decrease in the risk cardiovascular mortality associated with the Q… Meta Analysis CoQ(10) may improve the ejection fraction in patients with congestive h… Meta Analysis Patients with heart failure who used coenzyme Q10 had lower mortality a…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 23 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02779634 — Ubiquinol Treatment in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT06694727 — A Danish Pragmatic Randomized Trial of Nutritional Supplements in Heart Failure (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT03133793 — CoQ10 and D-ribose in Patients With Diastolic Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT07234422 — The SELEQT-HF (SELEnium and CoQ10 NuTrition for Heart Failure) Study Will Evaluate the Effect of Adding Selenium/and coQ10 on Top of Standard HF Therapy in Patients With HF and Will do so Using a Pragmatic, Registry Based Randomized Controlled Trial in the Netherlands. (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT01925937 — Atorvastatin/CoenzymeQ10 in Congestive Heart Failure (UNKNOWN) NA NCT04445779 — Q10 Preloading Before Cardiac Surgery for Kidney Failure Reduction (UNKNOWN) NA NCT07076329 — Microbiota-Inflammation-Brain Axis in Heart Failure: New Functional Food for the Prevention of undeRnutrition in Older (RECRUITING) NA NCT06620523 — Prevent Cardiac Surgery Associated AKI Trial (RECRUITING) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
L-Citrulline Natural product Human Study Administration of L-arginine and citrulline to patients improve the con… Human Study Improvement of ventricular function in systolic heart failure patients… Human Study The administration of L-arginine and citrulline has a beneficial effect…	Amino acid	Phase I	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	5 trials 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02065141 — Method To Measure Protein Digestion & Absorption (COMPLETED) NA NCT04432194 — Effect of Nutritional Supplementation and Pulmonary Rehabilitation on the Clinical Status of HF and COPD (UNKNOWN) NA NCT06312748 — Novel Approaches for Improving Vascular Function in Veterans With HFpEF (RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT03289481 — Treatment of HFpEF With Nitrate Supplement (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT02770092 — CHF COPD Sip Feed Anabolic Response (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Melatonin Natural product Meta Analysis Supplementation of fish oil may reduce the circulating levels of TNF-α,… Meta Analysis Vitamin D supplementation may decrease serum levels of parathyroid horm… Meta Analysis Vitamin D supplementation might protect against cardiac failure in olde…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 2 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 8 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00869869 — Melatonin Supplementation to Improve Sleep in Patients With Heart Failure (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT03894683 — Effect of Melatonin on Cardiovascular and Muscle Mass and Function in Patients With Heart Failure (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Iron Natural product Meta-analysis Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and ir… Meta-analysis Ferric Carboxymaltose Among Patients with Heart Failure and Iron Defici… Meta-analysis Intravenous Iron in Heart Failure Patients With Iron Deficiency: A Meta…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 37 Cochrane 52 Meta-analysis 141 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT07643818 — Intravenous Iron to Improve Symptoms, Quality of Life and Exercise Capacity in HFpEF With Iron Deficiency (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE2 NCT05697211 — ORal IrON Supplementation with Ferric Maltol in Treating Iron Deficiency and Anaemia in Patients with Heart Failure (ORION-HF) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05750940 — Oxidative Skeletal Muscle Metabolism in Chronic Heart Failure Patients With and Without Iron Deficiency (UNKNOWN) NCT06929806 — Multi-center Trial of Ferric Derisomaltose Versus no Intravenous Iron in Iron-deficient Subjects With Symptomatic Chronic Heart Failure (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT02392910 — Hospitalization & Mortality in Patients With Iron Deficiency CKD and HF Treated With i.v. Iron. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03079518 — Intravenous Iron in paTients With Heart failURe and Reduced Ejection fracTion (HFREF) pLus Iron dEficiency (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03774615 — ORal IrON Supplementation With Ferric Maltol in Patients With Heart Failure Carrying Left Ventricular Assist Devices (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT02767024 — Intravenous Vasodilator vs. Inotropic Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 Published literature Meta-analysis Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis (ESC heart failure, 2026) Meta-analysis Ferric Carboxymaltose Among Patients with Heart Failure and Iron Deficiency: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Cardiovascular toxicology, 2026) Meta-analysis Intravenous Iron in Heart Failure Patients With Iron Deficiency: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Journal of evidence-based medicine, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Iron Natural product Meta-analysis Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and ir… Meta-analysis Ferric Carboxymaltose Among Patients with Heart Failure and Iron Defici… Meta-analysis Intravenous Iron in Heart Failure Patients With Iron Deficiency: A Meta…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 37 Cochrane 52 Meta-analysis 141 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT07643818 — Intravenous Iron to Improve Symptoms, Quality of Life and Exercise Capacity in HFpEF With Iron Deficiency (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE2 NCT05697211 — ORal IrON Supplementation with Ferric Maltol in Treating Iron Deficiency and Anaemia in Patients with Heart Failure (ORION-HF) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05750940 — Oxidative Skeletal Muscle Metabolism in Chronic Heart Failure Patients With and Without Iron Deficiency (UNKNOWN) NCT06929806 — Multi-center Trial of Ferric Derisomaltose Versus no Intravenous Iron in Iron-deficient Subjects With Symptomatic Chronic Heart Failure (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT02392910 — Hospitalization & Mortality in Patients With Iron Deficiency CKD and HF Treated With i.v. Iron. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03079518 — Intravenous Iron in paTients With Heart failURe and Reduced Ejection fracTion (HFREF) pLus Iron dEficiency (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03774615 — ORal IrON Supplementation With Ferric Maltol in Patients With Heart Failure Carrying Left Ventricular Assist Devices (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT02767024 — Intravenous Vasodilator vs. Inotropic Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 Published literature Meta-analysis Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis (ESC heart failure, 2026) Meta-analysis Ferric Carboxymaltose Among Patients with Heart Failure and Iron Deficiency: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Cardiovascular toxicology, 2026) Meta-analysis Intravenous Iron in Heart Failure Patients With Iron Deficiency: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Journal of evidence-based medicine, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
L-Citrulline Natural product Human Study Administration of L-arginine and citrulline to patients improve the con… Human Study Improvement of ventricular function in systolic heart failure patients… Human Study The administration of L-arginine and citrulline has a beneficial effect…	Amino acid	Phase I	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	5 trials 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02065141 — Method To Measure Protein Digestion & Absorption (COMPLETED) NA NCT04432194 — Effect of Nutritional Supplementation and Pulmonary Rehabilitation on the Clinical Status of HF and COPD (UNKNOWN) NA NCT06312748 — Novel Approaches for Improving Vascular Function in Veterans With HFpEF (RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT03289481 — Treatment of HFpEF With Nitrate Supplement (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT02770092 — CHF COPD Sip Feed Anabolic Response (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Meta Analysis Patients with heart failure who used coenzyme Q10 had lower mortality a… Human Study Atorvastatin worsens left ventricular diastolic function, which is impr… Human Study Coenzyme q10 appears to prevent tachycardia in heart failure patients	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 23 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02779634 — Ubiquinol Treatment in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT06694727 — A Danish Pragmatic Randomized Trial of Nutritional Supplements in Heart Failure (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT03133793 — CoQ10 and D-ribose in Patients With Diastolic Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT07234422 — The SELEQT-HF (SELEnium and CoQ10 NuTrition for Heart Failure) Study Will Evaluate the Effect of Adding Selenium/and coQ10 on Top of Standard HF Therapy in Patients With HF and Will do so Using a Pragmatic, Registry Based Randomized Controlled Trial in the Netherlands. (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT01925937 — Atorvastatin/CoenzymeQ10 in Congestive Heart Failure (UNKNOWN) NA NCT04445779 — Q10 Preloading Before Cardiac Surgery for Kidney Failure Reduction (UNKNOWN) NA NCT07076329 — Microbiota-Inflammation-Brain Axis in Heart Failure: New Functional Food for the Prevention of undeRnutrition in Older (RECRUITING) NA NCT06620523 — Prevent Cardiac Surgery Associated AKI Trial (RECRUITING) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Probiotics Natural product Systematic review Effects of probiotics on heart failure: a systematic review and meta-an… Systematic review Clinical Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Relationships of Pharmacologic… Systematic review Impact of probiotics and polyphenols on adults with heart failure: a sy…	Probiotic	Phase II	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	7 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05571865 — Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT05752760 — Pilot Study Lp299v Supplementation in Chronic Heart Failure (COMPLETED) NA NCT06573892 — The Gut Microbiome in Chronic Heart Failure (RECRUITING) NA NCT06872320 — The Influence of Probiotics on Metabolome and Heart Rate Variability in Heart Failure of Structure Heart Disease (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT07076329 — Microbiota-Inflammation-Brain Axis in Heart Failure: New Functional Food for the Prevention of undeRnutrition in Older (RECRUITING) NA NCT01500343 — A Pilot Study of Probiotic Saccharomyces Boulardii Use in Chronic Heart Failure Patients. Estudo PROICA (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03968549 — Probiotics and Inflammatory Status in Patients With Heart Failure (UNKNOWN) NA Published literature Systematic review Effects of probiotics on heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Frontiers in nutrition, 2025) Systematic review Clinical Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Relationships of Pharmacological Strategies for Attenuating p-Cresyl Sulfate in Patients with Kidney Disease (Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2025) Systematic review Impact of probiotics and polyphenols on adults with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis (European journal of medical research, 2025) Systematic review The gut microbiota and its role in the development of cardiovascular disease (Expert review of cardiovascular therapy, 2025) Systematic review Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Metabolic and Gut Microbiota Modulation Activities of Probiotic in Cardiac Remodeling Condition: Evidence from Systematic Study and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Melatonin Natural product Meta Analysis Supplementation of fish oil may reduce the circulating levels of TNF-α,… Meta Analysis Vitamin D supplementation may decrease serum levels of parathyroid horm… Meta Analysis Vitamin D supplementation might protect against cardiac failure in olde…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	13	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 2 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 8 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00869869 — Melatonin Supplementation to Improve Sleep in Patients With Heart Failure (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT03894683 — Effect of Melatonin on Cardiovascular and Muscle Mass and Function in Patients With Heart Failure (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Natural product Meta Analysis The results showed that high dose vitamin D treatment could potentially… Meta Analysis Vitamin D supplementation may decrease serum levels of parathyroid horm… Meta Analysis Vitamin D supplementation might protect against cardiac failure in olde…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01524315 — Preoperative Parenteral Thiamine Supplementation in Patients Undergoing Heart Surgery (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01474486 — Feasibility and Effectiveness of Micronutrients as Palliative Care Therapy in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure (COMPLETED) NA NCT00953823 — The Prevalence of Thiamin Deficiency in Ambulatory Patients With Heart Failure (COMPLETED) NCT01115504 — Thiamine Supplementation in Heart Failure Patients Receiving Full Medical Therapy (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03306732 — Thiamine Supplementation in High Risk Cardiac Surgery Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03228030 — Thiamine Supplementation in Heart Failure: a Pilot Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00770107 — Thiamine Supplementation to Improve Cardiac Function in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure (COMPLETED) NA NCT02767245 — Thiamine Supplement in Patients With Severe Hyperthyroidism (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Nitrate Natural product Meta-analysis Systematic review and meta-analysis of nitrates/nitrites in patients wi… Meta-analysis The association between cardiovascular drugs and depression/anxiety in… Meta-analysis Clinical assessment of endothelial function in heart failure with prese…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 8 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT02980068 — A Study of Oral Nitrate in Adults With Pulmonary Hypertension With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00848562 — Nicorandil Study to Reduce Cardiac Death After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) in Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT04317339 — The Efficacy and Safety of Zhigancao Tang Granule for HFpEF of Qi-Yin Dificiency (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT01919177 — Effect of Inorganic Nitrates (Beetroot Juice) on Arterial Hemodynamics and Exercise Capacity (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05633758 — Metolazone As Early Add On Therapy For Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT02401126 — Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Cardiorespiratory Control in Chronic Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02620384 — Metolazone As Early Add On Therapy For Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (MELT-HF)--A Single Center Pilot Study. (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT01682356 — Dietary Nitrate for Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Meta-analysis Systematic review and meta-analysis of nitrates/nitrites in patients with heart failure or pulmonary hypertension (European journal of medical research, 2025) Meta-analysis The association between cardiovascular drugs and depression/anxiety in patients with cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis (Pharmacological research, 2022) Meta-analysis Clinical assessment of endothelial function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A meta-analysis with meta-regressions (European journal of clinical investigation, 2021) Meta-analysis Pharmacotherapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis (European journal of heart failure, 2021) Meta-analysis Effect of nitrate treatment on functional capacity and exercise time in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis (The Journal of international medical research, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Terminalia Arjuna Natural product Cochrane review Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential and Safety of Terminalia arjuna… Cochrane review Efficacy of plant extracts in heart failure patients: a systematic revi… Cochrane review Effects of plant extracts on patients with heart failure: a network met…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	4 Cochrane 2 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential and Safety of Terminalia arjuna in Heart Failure Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Annals of African medicine, 2026) Cochrane review Efficacy of plant extracts in heart failure patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2026) Cochrane review Effects of plant extracts on patients with heart failure: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Frontiers in pharmacology, 2025) Cochrane review Revisiting Terminalia arjuna - An Ancient Cardiovascular Drug (Journal of traditional and complementary medicine, 2014) Clinical trial publication Clinical efficacy of water extract of stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. in patients of chronic heart failure: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial (Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2016) Clinical trial publication Salutary effect of Terminalia Arjuna in patients with severe refractory heart failure (International journal of cardiology, 1995) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Vitamin D3 Natural product Systematic review Comparative Efficacy of Nutraceuticals on Endothelial Function: A Syste… Randomized controlled trial Effect of vitamin D on endothelial and ventricular function in chronic… Randomized controlled trial Daily Supplementation with 4000 IU Vitamin D3 for Three Years Does Not…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 10 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02996721 — A Trial Evaluating Vitamin D Normalization on Major Adverse Cardiovascular-Related Events Among Myocardial Infarction Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01092130 — Study to Investigate the Effects of Vitamin D Administration on Plasma Renin Activity in Patients With Stable Chronic Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01326650 — Vitamin D and Mortality in Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01005303 — Micronutrient Supplementation in Patients With Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT02271230 — Intervention With Vitamin D and Omega-3 Supplements and Incident Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00379899 — ADVANCE: Study to Evaluate Cinacalcet Plus Low Dose Vitamin D on Vascular Calcification in Subjects With Chronic Kidney Disease Receiving Hemodialysis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02365155 — Training Intervention in Heart Failure and Frail Elderly Population (UNKNOWN) NA NCT00501553 — Vitamin D in Patients With Heart Failure (COMPLETED) Published literature Systematic review Comparative Efficacy of Nutraceuticals on Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (Current atherosclerosis reports, 2026) Randomized controlled trial Effect of vitamin D on endothelial and ventricular function in chronic heart failure patients: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (Medicine, 2022) Randomized controlled trial Daily Supplementation with 4000 IU Vitamin D3 for Three Years Does Not Modify Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure: The Effect of Vitamin D on Mortality in Heart Failure Trial (Annals of nutrition & metabolism, 2019) Randomized controlled trial Vitamin D(3) repletion versus placebo as adjunctive treatment of heart failure patient quality of life and hormonal indices: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2017) Randomized controlled trial Effect of Monthly High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Cardiovascular Disease in the Vitamin D Assessment Study : A Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA cardiology, 2017) Randomized controlled trial Effects of Vitamin D on Cardiac Function in Patients With Chronic HF: The VINDICATE Study (Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Magnesium Natural product Meta-analysis Comparative Efficacy of Nutraceuticals on Endothelial Function: A Syste… Meta-analysis The association of serum magnesium and mortality outcomes in heart fail… Human Study Long-term nonprescription magnesium supplement use was associated with…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 5 Cochrane 7 Meta-analysis 47 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02966912 — Magnesium Supplementation for Primary Prevention of Heart Failure in Obesity (COMPLETED) NA NCT02356393 — Serum Magnesium Levels in Desalination Tap Water and Outcomes in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients (COMPLETED) NCT06353750 — Intracellular Magnesium and Heart Failure (UNKNOWN) NCT03980574 — Dietary Supplementation in Heart Failure (COMPLETED) NA NCT05904808 — The Heart Failure Diuresis Efficacy Comparison (DEA-HF) Study (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03840226 — The Impact of Magnesium on Exercise Tolerance, Quality of Life and Clinical Outcomes in Chronic Heart Failure Patients (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT02832960 — The TRUST Trial - CardioVascular Imaging ECHO (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07543562 — Selenium Intervention Registry Randomized Trial in Heart Failure (RECRUITING) PHASE3 Published literature Meta-analysis Comparative Efficacy of Nutraceuticals on Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (Current atherosclerosis reports, 2026) Meta-analysis The association of serum magnesium and mortality outcomes in heart failure patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Medicine, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Human Study A high dihomo-gamma-linoleic acid/arachidonic acid ratio and high DGLA…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 8 Cochrane 22 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03448185 — Improving Metabolic Health in Patients With Diastolic Dysfunction (COMPLETED) NA NCT01227837 — Effect of omega3 on Congestive Heart Failure (COMPLETED) NA NCT02271230 — Intervention With Vitamin D and Omega-3 Supplements and Incident Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00259025 — Intravenous n-3 Fatty Acids and Sudden Cardiac Death in Hemodialysis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02150798 — The Effects of a High Fat and Low Carbohydrate Diet on Clinical Status in Patients With Heart Failure (COMPLETED) NA NCT00336336 — GISSI-HF- Effects of n-3 PUFA and Rosuvastatin on Mortality-Morbidity of Patients With Symptomatic CHF (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02008110 — Carbohydrate Antigen 125-guided Therapy in Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01733017 — Nutrition Intervention to Decrease Symptoms in Patients With Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Vitamin C Natural product Meta Analysis The results showed that high dose vitamin D treatment could potentially… Meta Analysis Vitamin D supplementation may decrease serum levels of parathyroid horm… Meta Analysis Vitamin D supplementation might protect against cardiac failure in olde…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 11 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04036110 — Vitamin C Supplementation Intervention (COMPLETED) NA NCT01636570 — Vitamin D3 Supplementation for Heart Failure Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02791906 — Targeting Central Pulsatile Hemodynamics in Chronic Kidney Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT03136029 — Exercise and NO in HFrEF (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT00550121 — Does Ascorbic Acid Reduce Sympathoexcitation in CHF? (COMPLETED) NA NCT06270498 — Effect of Oral sucRosomIal Iron on exerciSE Capacity and Quality of Life in Patients With Heart Failure (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT02966665 — : Vascular Function in Health and Disease (RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT03289481 — Treatment of HFpEF With Nitrate Supplement (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
D-Ribose Natural product Human Study D-ribose aids congestive heart failure patients. Human: Case Report D-ribose has been reported to achieve significant functional improvemen…	Food compound	Preclinical	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Lycopene Natural product Meta-analysis Lycopene and tomato and risk of cardiovascular diseases: A systematic r… Clinical trial publication Lycopene dietary intervention: a pilot study in patients with heart fai… Clinical trial publication Nutrition intervention to decrease symptoms in patients with advanced h…	Food compound	Phase II	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 1 Meta-analysis 2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01733017 — Nutrition Intervention to Decrease Symptoms in Patients With Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Meta-analysis Lycopene and tomato and risk of cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence (Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 2019) Clinical trial publication Lycopene dietary intervention: a pilot study in patients with heart failure (The Journal of cardiovascular nursing, 2015) Clinical trial publication Nutrition intervention to decrease symptoms in patients with advanced heart failure (Research in nursing & health, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Berberine Natural product Efficacy of plant extracts in heart failure patients: a systematic revi… Efficacy and safety of berberine for congestive heart failure secondary…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Cochrane 1 RCT View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Astragalus Natural product Human Study Astragalus has a significant effect on improving heart function in pati… Human Study Astragalus improves cardiac function in aged patients with Chronic Hear… Human Study Chan-Chuang qigong improves exercise capacity, depression, and quality…	TCM herb	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Curcumin Natural product Clinical Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Relationships of Pharmacologic… Newly Developed Highly Bioavailable Curcumin Formulation, curcuRouge(TM…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
L-Arginine Natural product Human Study Administration of L-arginine and citrulline to patients improve the con… Human Study Chronic L-arginine supplementation enhances endurance exercise toleranc… Human Study The administration of L-arginine and citrulline has a beneficial effect…	Amino acid	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Resveratrol Natural product Human Study Cardiac complications are common after liver transplantation. Human Study The administration of CoQ10 to heart transplant candidates led to a sig… Human Study These findings indicate that resveratrol can significantly reduce red b…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Ginseng Natural product Human Study Ginseng improves the condition of patients with congestive heart failur… Human Study Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in US adults (especially Afric… Human Study Yiqi Huoxue formula attenuates pressure overload-induced chronic heart…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
L-Carnitine Natural product Human Study L-carnitine is a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of congesti… Human Study Ubiquinol + L-carnitine can cause a significant reduction in the pro-in…	Amino acid	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Alpha-Lipoic Acid Natural product Molecular mechanisms of iron metabolism and ferroptosis in cardiovascul… Pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy and emerging therapeutic strate… Efficacy of Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Patients With Ischemic Heart Failure:…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Niacin Natural product Meta Analysis The results showed that high dose vitamin D treatment could potentially… Meta Analysis Vitamin D supplementation may decrease serum levels of parathyroid horm… Meta Analysis Vitamin D supplementation might protect against cardiac failure in olde…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Ashwagandha Natural product Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Terminalia arjuna (Arju…	Ayurvedic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Bacopa Natural product	Ayurvedic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Egcg Natural product Epigallocatechin Gallate as a Molecular Therapeutic in Heart Failure an… Phytoconstituents-mediated Targeting of Ferroptosis for the Treatment o… The effect of long-term administration of green tea catechins on aging-…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Silymarin Natural product	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Hawthorn Natural product Human Study Hawthorn (Crataegus) reduces the incidence of sudden cardiac death in p… Human Study Hawthorn berry extract is safe and effective in improving exercise tole… Human Study Hawthorn provides benefits as an adjunctive treatment for chronic heart…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	2	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Cannabidiol Natural product Impact of cannabidiol on myocardial recovery in patients with acute myo…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	2	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Licorice Natural product	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	2	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Tamsulosin Natural product Tamsulosin Attenuates Cardiac Hypertrophy via Integrin-Linked Kinase: P… The Use of Drugs that Should be Avoided or Used with Caution in Patient… Identification of a Novel Subtype-Selective α(1B)-Adrenoceptor Antagoni…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Terazosin Natural product Circadian chronotherapies of coronary heart disease and its biological… Research on the Damage of Adrenal Pheochromocytoma to Patients' Cardiov… Beneficial Extracardiac Effects of Cardiovascular Medications	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Digoxin Natural product Human Study Digoxin use was independently associated with significantly higher risk…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Lisinopril Anhydrous Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Enalaprilat Anhydrous Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Captopril Natural product Comparison of the effect of Sacubitril/Valsartan with Losartan and Capt… Acute effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition versus angiot… Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Initiation and Dose Uptitration…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Enalapril Natural product Repair of Ventricular Septal Defect in Children with TAB2 Gene Anomalie… Comparative effects of sacubitril/valsartan versus enalapril on QRS dur… Sacubitril/Valsartan Versus Enalapril in Chagas Cardiomyopathy With Hea…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Quinapril Natural product β-blocker Therapy is Not Associated with Reductions in Angina or Cardio… [EVALUATION OF THE REGULATORY-ADAPTIVE STATUS FOR PROGNOSTICATION IN SY… [Advantages of quinapril therapy in patients with arterial hypertension…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Quinaprilat Natural product Haemodynamic effects of intravenous quinaprilat in comparison to sodium… [Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment of heart failure due… Differential effects of quinaprilat and enalaprilat on endothelial func…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Moexipril Natural product Fosinopril Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and pulmonary hypertension	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Alprenolol Natural product The β-Blocker Carvedilol and Related Aryloxypropanolamines Promote ERK1… A Review on Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions of Ad… Flow Cytometric Quantification of Peripheral Blood Cell β-Adrenergic Re…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Betaxolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Carteolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Propranolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Eprosartan Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Irbesartan Natural product Human Study A large randomized trial following 4100+ men and women with heart failu…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Valsartan Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Tasosartan Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Losartan Potassium Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Cassaine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Digitoxigenin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Digitoxin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
D-Ribose Natural product Human Study D-ribose aids congestive heart failure patients. Human: Case Report D-ribose has been reported to achieve significant functional improvemen…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
(3R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid [(3R)-3-hydroxybutyl] ester Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-methylol-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]pyridin-1-ium-3-carboxamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Butane-1,3-Diol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
(7-chloro-4-hydroxy-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ylidene)-methyl-amine Natural product Human Study A causual relationship between dextroamphetamine use and cardiomyopathy… Human Study Music therapy decreased congestive heart failure in elderly patients by… Human Study Patients with cogestive heart failure have high rates of thiamine defic…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Ginsenosides Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Ginsenoside Rb1 promotes the activation of PPARα pathway via inhibiting…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Astragaloside Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Effect of Astragaloside IV on improving cardiac function in rats with h…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Flavonoids Natural product Human Study Moderate consumption of chocolate might be associated with a lower risk…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Tanshinone Iia Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Chocolate Natural product Meta Analysis Chocolate consumption in moderation may be associated with a decreased… Meta Analysis The pooled results showed a 19% relative risk reduction of heart failur… Human Study Chocolate consumption was associated with lower cardiac mortality in a…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Sophora Flavescens Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Puerarin Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Beet Natural product Human Study Dietary nitrate supplementation opposes the elevated diaphragm blood fl… Human Study One week of daily beetroot juice significantly improves submaximal aero… Human Study The effect of dietary inorganic nitrate supplementation on cardiac func…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Astaxanthin Natural product Human Study Following 3-month astaxanthin supplementation, suppressed oxidative str… Human Study Impact of astaxanthin on oxidative markers, uric acid, and clinical sym… Human Study This randomized clinical trial contributes to the expanding body of res…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Thiamine (B-1) Natural product Human Study Heart failure patients have high rates of B-vitamin deficiency. Human Study Patients with cogestive heart failure have high rates of thiamine defic… Human Study Thiamine supplement is associated with a decreased risk of in-hospital…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Testosterone Natural product Human Study Low free testosterone is associated with heart failure mortality in old…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Hydrogen: Molecular Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Asiatic Acid Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Paeoniflorin Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Fruit: All Natural product Human Study Adherence to the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet is associ… Human Study Plasma vitamin C, a biomarker reflecting fruit and vegetable intake, wa…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Vegetables: All Natural product Human Study Adherence to the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet is associ… Human Study Plasma vitamin C, a biomarker reflecting fruit and vegetable intake, wa…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Isoflavones Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Calycosin attenuates mitochondrial damage and pyroptosis in heart failu…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Ketone Bodies Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.