Bipolar Disorder

Disease overview

Alterations

105

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Trial outcome measures (T)

Direct drugs

171

Via biomarker

218

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

389

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, PubMed NP, ClinicalTrials.gov NP · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-10-15

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Natural episodic pattern: untreated, median episode length 3-6 months; recurrence in 90% within 5 years; functional impairment between episodes in 30-60%; suicide risk 20-30x general population

Best-intervention remission

Lithium reduces recurrence risk by 30-40% and suicide risk by 60-70% (unique anti-suicidal effect not shared by other mood stabilisers); combination pharmacotherapy + structured psychotherapy (IPSRT, CBT): 60-70% euthymia maintenance at 2 years in first-episode BD

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Moderate — lithium underuse is a genuine gap; psychotherapy chronically under-integrated with pharmacotherapy

Primary barrier

practice/framing

Barrier detail: Lithium is the most evidence-based mood stabiliser with the only demonstrated anti-suicidal effect but is declining in use relative to newer anticonvulsants and antipsychotics partly due to monitoring requirements; many clinicians avoid lithium due to perceived complexity despite its superior evidence base

Last SoC change: 2023 — NICE/APA guidelines reaffirm lithium as first-line for BD prevention; 2019 cariprazine and lumateperone approved; atypical antipsychotics (quetiapine, olanzapine, aripiprazole) as mood stabilisers since 2000s; lithium first used 1949

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0004985

Alterations

105 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional). Molecular rows are Open Targets gene–disease associations (evidence column = OT association score), not measured levels; phenotypes are HPO terms annotated directly to this disease (Monarch); type T rows are outcome measures used in completed ClinicalTrials.gov studies, not alterations of the disease.

Hide alterations without a value (no direction or frequency)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
DRD2 dopamine receptor D2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.73	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN2A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.72	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR1A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.62	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GSK3B glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR2A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR2C 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DRD4 dopamine receptor D4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DRD3 dopamine receptor D3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN8A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ALDH5A1 aldehyde dehydrogenase 5 family member A1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN9A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN11A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IMPA1 inositol monophosphatase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN1A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN5A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN10A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.60	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN3A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.60	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN4A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.60	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN7A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.60	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GSK3A glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.60	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1C calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.60	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC6A4 solute carrier family 6 member 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2A glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.58	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ANK3 ankyrin 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.54	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC6A2 solute carrier family 6 member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.52	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
THSD7A thrombospondin type 1 domain containing 7A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.50	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OPRM1 opioid receptor mu 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.50	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OPRK1 opioid receptor kappa 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.50	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FES FES proto-oncogene, tyrosine kinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.49	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OPRD1 opioid receptor delta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.49	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NEGR1 neuronal growth regulator 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.49	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LMAN2L lectin, mannose binding 2 like	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.48	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NMUR2 neuromedin U receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.47	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BCL11B BCL11 transcription factor B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.47	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADCY2 adenylate cyclase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.47	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD40 CD40 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.47	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GSDME gasdermin E	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.47	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MAD1L1 mitotic arrest deficient 1 like 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.45	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TCF4 transcription factor 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.45	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MSRA methionine sulfoxide reductase A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.45	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRM3 glutamate metabotropic receptor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.44	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRA1 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.44	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RGS6 regulator of G protein signaling 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.44	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM4 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.43	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TENM4 teneurin transmembrane protein 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.42	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CNNM4 cyclin and CBS domain divalent metal cation transport mediator 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.42	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GCKR glucokinase regulator	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.42	Open Targets	Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2B glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRB1 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit beta1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC6A3 solute carrier family 6 member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TSNARE1 t-SNARE domain containing 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ITIH3 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNB1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC39A8 solute carrier family 39 member 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIK3 glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN1 glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN3A glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 3A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRG2 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit gamma2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OLFM4 olfactomedin 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RBFOX1 RNA binding fox-1 homolog 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2C glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2D glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN3B glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 3B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FUBP1 far upstream element binding protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
STARD9 StAR related lipid transfer domain containing 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRA6 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRA2 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRG3 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit gamma3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRB2 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit beta2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SORCS3 sortilin related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRG1 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit gamma1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRA3 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRQ gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit theta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRA5 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRE gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit epsilon	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRB3 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit beta3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRA4 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRD gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit delta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRP gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit pi	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ALOX5AP arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase activating protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CNR1 cannabinoid receptor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIK2 glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM2 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM1 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PAX5 paired box 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIA3 glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIK4 glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIA1 glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIA4 glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.38	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIA2 glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.38	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIK1 glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.38	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIK5 glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.38	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CA2 carbonic anhydrase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.38	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CA4 carbonic anhydrase 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.38	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CTSF cathepsin F	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.38	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SYNE1 spectrin repeat containing nuclear envelope protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.37	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SPATS2L spermatogenesis associated serine rich 2 like	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.37	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SNAP91 synaptosome associated protein 91	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.34	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MRPS33 mitochondrial ribosomal protein S33	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.34	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
VRK2 VRK serine/threonine kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.34	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GAF (Global assessment of functioning)	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Quality of Life	Trial outcome measure	Clinical scale	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Self-reported mental health	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Self-reported physical well being	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Young Mania Rating Scale	Trial outcome measure	Clinical scale	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACECLIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	6 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCHOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACLIDINIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALDESLEUKIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Low-dose interleukin 2 antidepressant potentiation in unipolar and bipolar depression: Safety, efficacy, and immunological biomarkers (Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE BENZOATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ATROPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ATROPINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZQUINAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENZTHIAZIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENZTROPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENZTROPINE MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEPRIDIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETHANECHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIPERIDEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BIPERIDEN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIPERIDEN LACTATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRINZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BUCLIZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAPECITABINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBAMOYLCHOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBINOXAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CELECOXIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CEVIMELINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CEVIMELINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHLORMERODRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLOROTHIAZIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLORTHALIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CINNARIZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLEVIDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLIDINIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLIDINIUM BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CURCUMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOPENTOLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOTHIAZIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CYCRIMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CYCRIMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARIFENACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DESIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICYCLOMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM MALATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPHEMANIL METHYLSULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIPHENIDOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIPHENIDOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIVALPROEX SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Cochrane 36 Trial pubs 18 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00451542 — Divalproex vs. Lamotrigine for Bipolar Disorder (TERMINATED) NCT00667745 — Effectiveness of Lithium Plus Optimized Medication in Treating People With Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00332098 — Effectiveness of Family-Focused Treatment Plus Pharmacotherapy for Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00204503 — Open-Label Depakote ER in Patients With Bipolar I or II Depression and Alcohol Abuse or Dependence (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT00240110 — Valproate Efficacy in Cocaine-Bipolar Comorbidity (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00139074 — Seroquel in Acute Mania: Study to Investigate if Valproate Add-On Therapy is Superior to Quetiapine Monotherapy in Acutely Manic Patients (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT00203528 — Divalproex ER vs. Risperidone for Bipolar Disorder With Comorbid Substance Use Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01588457 — Sequential Multiple Assignment Treatment for Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Treatments for late-life bipolar disorder (The American journal of geriatric pharmacotherapy, 2006) Clinical trial publication Fixed Dose Combination Tablets of Aripiprazole and Divalproex Sodium: a Pilot Pharmacokinetic Study in Human Volunteers (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2022) Clinical trial publication Depression and Suicidality Outcomes in the Treatment of Early Age Mania Study (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2015) Clinical trial publication Risperidone and divalproex differentially engage the fronto-striato-temporal circuitry in pediatric mania: a pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging study (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2012) Clinical trial publication A pilot pharmacotherapy trial for depressed youths at high genetic risk for bipolarity (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2008) Clinical trial publication Open-label steady-state pharmacokinetic drug interaction study on co-administered quetiapine fumarate and divalproex sodium in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder (Human psychopharmacology, 2007) Randomized controlled trial Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex monotherapy in the treatment of symptomatic youth at high risk for developing bipolar disorder (The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2007) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DORZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DORZOLAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOXEPIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DRONEDARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROXIDOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN ALFA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ETHINAMATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ETHOPROPAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FELODIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FERULIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FESOTERODINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLAVOXATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLUDARABINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GABAPENTIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–100 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–100 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
GEMCITABINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GLYCOPYRRONIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLYCOPYRRONIUM TOSYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUAIACOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HEXOCYCLIUM METHYLSULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROQUINONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IBUTILIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IPRATROPIUM CATION Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ISOPROPAMIDE IODIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISRADIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LEVAMLODIPINE MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVETIRACETAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 trials 2 Cochrane 5 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00015769 — Pilot Study of Levetiracetam (Keppra® (Registered Trademark)) for Bipolar Illness (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00566150 — Levetiracetam in the Management of Bipolar Depression (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Randomised controlled trials of mood stabilisers for people with autism spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis (BJPsych open, 2022) Cochrane review [Anticonvulsants in the treatment of alcoholism] (Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, 2009) Systematic review Levetiracetam for bipolar disorder: Consideration from a systematic review (Bipolar disorders, 2022) Clinical trial publication Investigating the efficacy of levetiracetam as an adjunct to olanzapine for acute manic episodes of bipolar disorder: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial (Journal of affective disorders, 2025) Clinical trial publication Levetiracetam as an Adjunctive Treatment for Mania: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial (Neuropsychobiology, 2022) Clinical trial publication Levetiracetam adjunct to quetiapine for the acute manic phase of bipolar disorder: a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial of efficacy, safety and tolerability (International clinical psychopharmacology, 2022) Clinical trial publication Levetiracetam in the management of bipolar depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2011) Clinical trial publication Preliminary observations on the effectiveness of levetiracetam in the open adjunctive treatment of refractory bipolar disorder (The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2005) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LITHIUM CATION Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPENZOLATE BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHADONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
METHANTHELINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHIXENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHIXENE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTRIMEPRAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXSALEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHSCOPOLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHSCOPOLAMINE BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLHOMATROPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METOCLOPRAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINAPRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MINAPRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICARDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NICARDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NIMODIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NISOLDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OCTOTROPINE METHYLBROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXYBUTYNIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXYPHENCYCLIMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXYPHENCYCLIMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYPHENONIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXYPHENONIUM BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PILOCARPINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PIRENZEPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01431326 — Pharmacokinetics of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (COMPLETED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PREGABALIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROCYCLIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROCYCLIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROFENAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROMETHAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROPANTHELINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROPANTHELINE BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROPIOMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
REVEFENACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SCOPOLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM OXYBATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02342366 — Characterization of the Prosocial and Prosexual Effects of GHB (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SOFPIRONIUM BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLIFENACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
STREPTOZOCIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SUCCINIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02893371 — Longitudinal Comparative Effectiveness of Bipolar Disorder Therapies (TERMINATED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SUCCINYLCHOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULOCTIDIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULTHIAME Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERODILINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIETHYLPERAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIOTROPIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TOLTERODINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TOPIRAMATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 13 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 20 Trial pubs 7 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00035802 — A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Effectiveness of Topiramate Compared to Placebo in the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar I Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00035230 — A Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Topiramate in the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar I Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00037674 — A Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Topiramate in the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar I Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00572117 — Adjunctive Topiramate for Treatment of Alcohol Dependence in Patients With Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00240721 — A Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Topiramate in the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01000402 — Juvenile Bipolar Disorder Outpatient Program (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00986336 — A Pharmacokinetic Study of Risperidone and Topiramate Administered Alone and in Combination in Patients With Bipolar Disorder or Schizoaffective Disorders (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT07213466 — Individualized Pharmacological Approach to Obesity in Patients With Bipolar Disorder (RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Therapeutic Overlap Between Bipolar Disorder and Migraine: A Systematic Review of Pharmacological Trials (Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2026) Cochrane review Randomised controlled trials of mood stabilisers for people with autism spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis (BJPsych open, 2022) Cochrane review Pharmacological Treatment for Comorbid Bipolar Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Adults (Journal of psychiatric practice, 2020) Cochrane review Influence of the use of atypical antipsychotics in metabolic syndrome (Revista espanola de sanidad penitenciaria, 2020) Cochrane review Lithium for acute mania (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019) Meta-analysis Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis: Efficacy and Safety of Antipsychotics vs Antiepileptics or Lithium for Acute Mania in Children and Adolescents (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2025) Meta-analysis [The use of anticonvulsants and the levels of folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine] (Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie, 2018) Meta-analysis Pharmacologic and behavioral interventions to improve cardiovascular risk factors in adults with serious mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis (The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2014) Systematic review What not to use in bipolar disorders: A systematic review of non-recommended treatments in clinical practice guidelines (Journal of affective disorders, 2022) Systematic review Adverse outcomes during pregnancy and major congenital malformations in infants of patients with bipolar and schizoaffective disorders treated with antiepileptic drugs: A systematic review (Psychiatria polska, 2019) Clinical trial publication A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Topiramate in Manic Adolescents Treated with Olanzapine (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2023) Clinical trial publication A randomized, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial of adjunctive topiramate for alcohol use disorders in bipolar disorder (The American journal on addictions, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TRICHLORMETHIAZIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TRIDIHEXETHYL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRIDIHEXETHYL CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIFLUPROMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRIHEXYPHENIDYL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRIHEXYPHENIDYL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROSPIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
UMECLIDINIUM BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VALPROATE SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 2 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00332098 — Effectiveness of Family-Focused Treatment Plus Pharmacotherapy for Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00204503 — Open-Label Depakote ER in Patients With Bipolar I or II Depression and Alcohol Abuse or Dependence (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT00562861 — Treatment for Bipolar Depression: Acute & Prophylactic Efficacy With Citalopram (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01064297 — Lamotrigine Pregnancy Registry (LAM05) (COMPLETED) NCT00240110 — Valproate Efficacy in Cocaine-Bipolar Comorbidity (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00139074 — Seroquel in Acute Mania: Study to Investigate if Valproate Add-On Therapy is Superior to Quetiapine Monotherapy in Acutely Manic Patients (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT00203528 — Divalproex ER vs. Risperidone for Bipolar Disorder With Comorbid Substance Use Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00477373 — Gulf Evaluation of VAlproate (Depakine Chrono) in maNia Study (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Systematic review Pharmacotherapies for co-occurring substance use and bipolar disorders: A systematic review (Bipolar disorders, 2019) Systematic review Risks of neurobehavioral teratogenicity associated with prenatal exposure to valproate monotherapy: a systematic review with regulatory repercussions (CNS spectrums, 2014) Clinical trial publication [Open randomized comparative twelve-week study of lithium and valproate in manic episode] (Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2009) Clinical trial publication Valproate, bipolar disorder and polycystic ovarian syndrome (Bipolar disorders, 2003) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALPROIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 11 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 38 Trial pubs 19 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00177567 — Treatment of Geriatric Bipolar Mood Disorders: A Pilot Study (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00451542 — Divalproex vs. Lamotrigine for Bipolar Disorder (TERMINATED) NCT00667745 — Effectiveness of Lithium Plus Optimized Medication in Treating People With Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00332098 — Effectiveness of Family-Focused Treatment Plus Pharmacotherapy for Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00204503 — Open-Label Depakote ER in Patients With Bipolar I or II Depression and Alcohol Abuse or Dependence (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT00562861 — Treatment for Bipolar Depression: Acute & Prophylactic Efficacy With Citalopram (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01064297 — Lamotrigine Pregnancy Registry (LAM05) (COMPLETED) NCT00240110 — Valproate Efficacy in Cocaine-Bipolar Comorbidity (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Therapeutic Overlap Between Bipolar Disorder and Migraine: A Systematic Review of Pharmacological Trials (Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2026) Cochrane review Mechanisms of weight gain associated with valproic acid: a scoping review (European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 2026) Cochrane review [Lamotrigine in bipolar disorder: preventing depression to treat the disease] (Rivista di psichiatria, 2021) Cochrane review A Review of the Pharmacological and Clinical Profile of Newer Atypical Antipsychotics as Treatments for Bipolar Disorder: Considerations for Use in Older Patients (Drugs & aging, 2018) Cochrane review [The effects of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment of comorbid anxiety disorders in patients with bipolar disorder] (Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie, 2018) Meta-analysis [The use of anticonvulsants and the levels of folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine] (Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie, 2018) Meta-analysis Maintenance therapy with second generation antipsychotics for bipolar disorder - A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of affective disorders, 2017) Meta-analysis Valproic acid, valproate and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013) Systematic review Lamotrigine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a systematic review of case reports and case series (Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2026) Systematic review Clozapine-induced cardiac toxicity and successful rechallenge in children and adolescents: a systematic review and new case report (Psychiatry research, 2025) Systematic review Evaluating the efficacy of valproic acid in alcohol use disorder: a systematic analysis of clinical trials from ClinicalTrials.gov (Frontiers in pharmacology, 2025) Systematic review Exploring accelerated aging as a target of bipolar disorder treatment: A systematic review (Journal of psychiatric research, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
VERAPAMIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
VERAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
VINCAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
XANOMELINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
XANOMELINE TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALLOPURINOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30-90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK Very low cost · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZETUKALNER	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIFEPRUNOX	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BREXPIPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPROPION	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK Varies (specialist) · US $30–$80 / 30-day (varies by product)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITICOLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOZAPINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSERINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROMETHORPHAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENDOXIFEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESCITALOPRAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESKETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HALOPERIDOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICARIIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LACOSAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LICARBAZEPINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIOTHYRONINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISDEXAMFETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LITHIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LORAZEPAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUMATEPERONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LURASIDONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEMANTINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLENE BLUE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPHENIDATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
N-DESETHYLOXYBUTYNIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PALIPERIDONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAROXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERTRALINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAMOXIFEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIANEPTINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOPIRAMATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TREHALOSE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VENLAFAXINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERAPAMIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZALEPLON	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZOLPIDEM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABX-002	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCARNITINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £5–£12 / 30 tabs or effervescent · US $8–$15 / 30-60 tabs (NAC)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALDESLEUKIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMISULPRIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATICAPRANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEZAFIBRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTRIAXONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CREATINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYTIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIGOXIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EBSELEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN BETA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHINYL ESTRADIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FELBAMATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GABAPENTIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£5 / 28–100 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICALCAPRANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICOSAPENT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLIXIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISRADIPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
JNJ-18038683	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
JNJ-39393406	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVAMFETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVONORGESTREL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOTHYROXINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£4 / 28–30 tabs · US $5–$15 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIPOIC ACID, ALPHA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELATONIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MESMULOGENE ANCOVACIVEC	Gene therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDAZOLAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIFEPRISTONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRICORILANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITROUS OXIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PALMIDROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTAZOCINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-00217830	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAMIPEXOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAMIPEXOLE DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROGESTERONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSILOCYBIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRIDOXINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RILUZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SCOPOLAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAURINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UBIDECARENONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
URIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALACYCLOVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALPROATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VENLAFAXINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VIXOTRIGINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VORTIOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZANVIPIXANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZONISAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZURANOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLESELUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL401844 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FD1 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	—	DGIdb	—
FIBOFLAPON Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FIBOFLAPON SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISCALIMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY SGN-14 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SKF-83566 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VELIFLAPON Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRILAROXAZINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANDESARTAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONABINOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELPETRIGINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK Very low cost OTC/prescription · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INOSITOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LY2979165	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK £15–£30 / 28–50 tabs (low-dose) · US $20–$40 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OCRELIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYTOCIN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERAMPANEL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHYTIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
XENON	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
(+)-TRANYLCYPROMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETOPHENAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMITRIPTYLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARIPIPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASENAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASENAPINE MALEATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBAMAZEPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARIPRAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARIPRAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESVENLAFAXINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIVALPROEX SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXEPIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXEPIN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULOXETINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESCITALOPRAM OXALATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUVOXAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GALANTAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPERIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAMOTRIGINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVETIRACETAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOMEPROMAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LITHIUM CARBONATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LITHIUM CITRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOXAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LURASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRTAZAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORTRIPTYLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLSALAZINE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXCARBAZEPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERPHENAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE FUMARATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RISPERIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEROTONIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRANYLCYPROMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALPROIC ACID	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VARENICLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILAZODONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Sources	Links
ALLOPURINOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30-90 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK Very low cost · US Very low cost	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZETUKALNER	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIFEPRUNOX	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BREXPIPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPROPION	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK Varies (specialist) · US $30–$80 / 30-day (varies by product)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITICOLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOZAPINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSERINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROMETHORPHAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENDOXIFEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESCITALOPRAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESKETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HALOPERIDOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICARIIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LACOSAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LICARBAZEPINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIOTHYRONINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISDEXAMFETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LITHIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LORAZEPAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUMATEPERONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LURASIDONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEMANTINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLENE BLUE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPHENIDATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
N-DESETHYLOXYBUTYNIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PALIPERIDONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAROXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERTRALINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAMOXIFEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIANEPTINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOPIRAMATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TREHALOSE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VENLAFAXINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERAPAMIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZALEPLON	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZOLPIDEM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABX-002	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCARNITINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £5–£12 / 30 tabs or effervescent · US $8–$15 / 30-60 tabs (NAC)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALDESLEUKIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMISULPRIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATICAPRANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEZAFIBRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTRIAXONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CREATINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYTIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIGOXIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EBSELEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN BETA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHINYL ESTRADIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FELBAMATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GABAPENTIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£5 / 28–100 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICALCAPRANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICOSAPENT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLIXIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISRADIPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
JNJ-18038683	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
JNJ-39393406	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVAMFETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVONORGESTREL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOTHYROXINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£4 / 28–30 tabs · US $5–$15 / 30–90 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIPOIC ACID, ALPHA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELATONIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MESMULOGENE ANCOVACIVEC	Gene therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDAZOLAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIFEPRISTONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRICORILANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITROUS OXIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PALMIDROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTAZOCINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-00217830	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAMIPEXOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAMIPEXOLE DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROGESTERONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSILOCYBIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRIDOXINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RILUZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SCOPOLAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAURINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UBIDECARENONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
URIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALACYCLOVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALPROATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VENLAFAXINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VIXOTRIGINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VORTIOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZANVIPIXANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZONISAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZURANOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRILAROXAZINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANDESARTAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONABINOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELPETRIGINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK Very low cost OTC/prescription · US Very low cost	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INOSITOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LY2979165	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK £15–£30 / 28–50 tabs (low-dose) · US $20–$40 / 30 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OCRELIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYTOCIN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERAMPANEL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHYTIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
XENON	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
(+)-TRANYLCYPROMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETOPHENAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMITRIPTYLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARIPIPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASENAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASENAPINE MALEATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBAMAZEPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARIPRAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARIPRAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESVENLAFAXINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIVALPROEX SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXEPIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXEPIN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULOXETINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESCITALOPRAM OXALATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUVOXAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GALANTAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPERIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAMOTRIGINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVETIRACETAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOMEPROMAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LITHIUM CARBONATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LITHIUM CITRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOXAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LURASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRTAZAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORTRIPTYLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLSALAZINE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXCARBAZEPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERPHENAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE FUMARATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RISPERIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEROTONIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRANYLCYPROMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALPROIC ACID	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VARENICLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILAZODONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACECLIDINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via CA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	6 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE SODIUM Repurposing via CA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCHOLINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACLIDINIUM Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALDESLEUKIN Repurposing via CD40	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Low-dose interleukin 2 antidepressant potentiation in unipolar and bipolar depression: Safety, efficacy, and immunological biomarkers (Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE BENZOATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE MALEATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATENOLOL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ATROPINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ATROPINE SULFATE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZQUINAMIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENZTHIAZIDE Repurposing via CA2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENZTROPINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENZTROPINE MESYLATE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEPRIDIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETHANECHOL Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIPERIDEN Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BIPERIDEN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIPERIDEN LACTATE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRINZOLAMIDE Repurposing via CA2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BUCLIZINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAPECITABINE Repurposing via ANK3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBAMOYLCHOLINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBINOXAMINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CELECOXIB Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CEVIMELINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CEVIMELINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHLORMERODRIN Repurposing via ALDH5A1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLOROTHIAZIDE Repurposing via CA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLORTHALIDONE Repurposing via CA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CINNARIZINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLEVIDIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLIDINIUM Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLIDINIUM BROMIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOZAPINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CURCUMIN Repurposing via CA2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOPENTOLATE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOTHIAZIDE Repurposing via CA2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CYCRIMINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CYCRIMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARIFENACIN Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DESIPRAMINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via CA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICYCLOMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM MALATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPHEMANIL METHYLSULFATE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIPHENIDOL Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIPHENIDOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIVALPROEX SODIUM Repurposing via ALDH5A1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Cochrane 36 Trial pubs 18 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00451542 — Divalproex vs. Lamotrigine for Bipolar Disorder (TERMINATED) NCT00667745 — Effectiveness of Lithium Plus Optimized Medication in Treating People With Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00332098 — Effectiveness of Family-Focused Treatment Plus Pharmacotherapy for Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00204503 — Open-Label Depakote ER in Patients With Bipolar I or II Depression and Alcohol Abuse or Dependence (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT00240110 — Valproate Efficacy in Cocaine-Bipolar Comorbidity (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00139074 — Seroquel in Acute Mania: Study to Investigate if Valproate Add-On Therapy is Superior to Quetiapine Monotherapy in Acutely Manic Patients (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT00203528 — Divalproex ER vs. Risperidone for Bipolar Disorder With Comorbid Substance Use Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01588457 — Sequential Multiple Assignment Treatment for Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Treatments for late-life bipolar disorder (The American journal of geriatric pharmacotherapy, 2006) Clinical trial publication Fixed Dose Combination Tablets of Aripiprazole and Divalproex Sodium: a Pilot Pharmacokinetic Study in Human Volunteers (AAPS PharmSciTech, 2022) Clinical trial publication Depression and Suicidality Outcomes in the Treatment of Early Age Mania Study (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2015) Clinical trial publication Risperidone and divalproex differentially engage the fronto-striato-temporal circuitry in pediatric mania: a pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging study (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2012) Clinical trial publication A pilot pharmacotherapy trial for depressed youths at high genetic risk for bipolarity (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2008) Clinical trial publication Open-label steady-state pharmacokinetic drug interaction study on co-administered quetiapine fumarate and divalproex sodium in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder (Human psychopharmacology, 2007) Randomized controlled trial Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex monotherapy in the treatment of symptomatic youth at high risk for developing bipolar disorder (The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2007) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DORZOLAMIDE Repurposing via CA2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DORZOLAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CA2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOXEPIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DRONEDARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROXIDOPA Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN ALFA Repurposing via CA2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ETHINAMATE Repurposing via CA2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ETHOPROPAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via CA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FELODIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FERULIC ACID Repurposing via CA2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FESOTERODINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLAVOXATE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLUDARABINE Repurposing via CD40	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GABAPENTIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–100 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–100 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
GEMCITABINE Repurposing via ALOX5AP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GLYCOPYRRONIUM Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLYCOPYRRONIUM TOSYLATE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUAIACOL Repurposing via CA2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HEXOCYCLIUM METHYLSULFATE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROQUINONE Repurposing via CD40	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IBUTILIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IPRATROPIUM CATION Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ISOPROPAMIDE IODIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISRADIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LEVAMLODIPINE MALEATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVETIRACETAM Repurposing via ALDH5A1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 trials 2 Cochrane 5 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00015769 — Pilot Study of Levetiracetam (Keppra® (Registered Trademark)) for Bipolar Illness (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00566150 — Levetiracetam in the Management of Bipolar Depression (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Randomised controlled trials of mood stabilisers for people with autism spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis (BJPsych open, 2022) Cochrane review [Anticonvulsants in the treatment of alcoholism] (Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, 2009) Systematic review Levetiracetam for bipolar disorder: Consideration from a systematic review (Bipolar disorders, 2022) Clinical trial publication Investigating the efficacy of levetiracetam as an adjunct to olanzapine for acute manic episodes of bipolar disorder: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial (Journal of affective disorders, 2025) Clinical trial publication Levetiracetam as an Adjunctive Treatment for Mania: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial (Neuropsychobiology, 2022) Clinical trial publication Levetiracetam adjunct to quetiapine for the acute manic phase of bipolar disorder: a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial of efficacy, safety and tolerability (International clinical psychopharmacology, 2022) Clinical trial publication Levetiracetam in the management of bipolar depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2011) Clinical trial publication Preliminary observations on the effectiveness of levetiracetam in the open adjunctive treatment of refractory bipolar disorder (The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2005) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LITHIUM CATION Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing via CA2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPENZOLATE BROMIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHADONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ALDH5A1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
METHANTHELINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via CA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via CA2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHIXENE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHIXENE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTRIMEPRAZINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHSCOPOLAMINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHSCOPOLAMINE BROMIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLHOMATROPINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METOCLOPRAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINAPRINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MINAPRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICARDIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NICARDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEDIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NIMODIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NISOLDIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OCTOTROPINE METHYLBROMIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXYBUTYNIN Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXYPHENCYCLIMINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXYPHENCYCLIMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYPHENONIUM Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXYPHENONIUM BROMIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENOL Repurposing via CA2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN SODIUM Repurposing via ALDH5A1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PILOCARPINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PIRENZEPINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE Repurposing via CD40	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01431326 — Pharmacokinetics of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (COMPLETED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PREGABALIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROCYCLIDINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROCYCLIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROFENAMINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROMAZINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROMETHAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROPANTHELINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROPANTHELINE BROMIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROPIOMAZINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
REVEFENACIN Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SCOPOLAMINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM OXYBATE Repurposing via ALDH5A1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02342366 — Characterization of the Prosocial and Prosexual Effects of GHB (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SOFPIRONIUM BROMIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLIFENACIN Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
STREPTOZOCIN Repurposing via CD40	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SUCCINIC ACID Repurposing via ALDH5A1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02893371 — Longitudinal Comparative Effectiveness of Bipolar Disorder Therapies (TERMINATED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SUCCINYLCHOLINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULOCTIDIL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULTHIAME Repurposing via CA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERODILINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIETHYLPERAZINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIOTROPIUM Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TOLTERODINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TOPIRAMATE Repurposing via CA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 13 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 20 Trial pubs 7 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00035802 — A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Effectiveness of Topiramate Compared to Placebo in the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar I Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00035230 — A Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Topiramate in the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar I Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00037674 — A Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Topiramate in the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar I Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00572117 — Adjunctive Topiramate for Treatment of Alcohol Dependence in Patients With Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00240721 — A Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Topiramate in the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01000402 — Juvenile Bipolar Disorder Outpatient Program (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00986336 — A Pharmacokinetic Study of Risperidone and Topiramate Administered Alone and in Combination in Patients With Bipolar Disorder or Schizoaffective Disorders (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT07213466 — Individualized Pharmacological Approach to Obesity in Patients With Bipolar Disorder (RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Therapeutic Overlap Between Bipolar Disorder and Migraine: A Systematic Review of Pharmacological Trials (Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2026) Cochrane review Randomised controlled trials of mood stabilisers for people with autism spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis (BJPsych open, 2022) Cochrane review Pharmacological Treatment for Comorbid Bipolar Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Adults (Journal of psychiatric practice, 2020) Cochrane review Influence of the use of atypical antipsychotics in metabolic syndrome (Revista espanola de sanidad penitenciaria, 2020) Cochrane review Lithium for acute mania (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019) Meta-analysis Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis: Efficacy and Safety of Antipsychotics vs Antiepileptics or Lithium for Acute Mania in Children and Adolescents (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2025) Meta-analysis [The use of anticonvulsants and the levels of folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine] (Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie, 2018) Meta-analysis Pharmacologic and behavioral interventions to improve cardiovascular risk factors in adults with serious mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis (The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2014) Systematic review What not to use in bipolar disorders: A systematic review of non-recommended treatments in clinical practice guidelines (Journal of affective disorders, 2022) Systematic review Adverse outcomes during pregnancy and major congenital malformations in infants of patients with bipolar and schizoaffective disorders treated with antiepileptic drugs: A systematic review (Psychiatria polska, 2019) Clinical trial publication A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Topiramate in Manic Adolescents Treated with Olanzapine (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2023) Clinical trial publication A randomized, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial of adjunctive topiramate for alcohol use disorders in bipolar disorder (The American journal on addictions, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TRICHLORMETHIAZIDE Repurposing via CA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TRIDIHEXETHYL Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRIDIHEXETHYL CHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIFLUPROMAZINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRIHEXYPHENIDYL Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRIHEXYPHENIDYL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROSPIUM Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
UMECLIDINIUM BROMIDE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VALPROATE SODIUM Repurposing via ALDH5A1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 2 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00332098 — Effectiveness of Family-Focused Treatment Plus Pharmacotherapy for Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00204503 — Open-Label Depakote ER in Patients With Bipolar I or II Depression and Alcohol Abuse or Dependence (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT00562861 — Treatment for Bipolar Depression: Acute & Prophylactic Efficacy With Citalopram (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01064297 — Lamotrigine Pregnancy Registry (LAM05) (COMPLETED) NCT00240110 — Valproate Efficacy in Cocaine-Bipolar Comorbidity (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00139074 — Seroquel in Acute Mania: Study to Investigate if Valproate Add-On Therapy is Superior to Quetiapine Monotherapy in Acutely Manic Patients (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT00203528 — Divalproex ER vs. Risperidone for Bipolar Disorder With Comorbid Substance Use Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00477373 — Gulf Evaluation of VAlproate (Depakine Chrono) in maNia Study (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Systematic review Pharmacotherapies for co-occurring substance use and bipolar disorders: A systematic review (Bipolar disorders, 2019) Systematic review Risks of neurobehavioral teratogenicity associated with prenatal exposure to valproate monotherapy: a systematic review with regulatory repercussions (CNS spectrums, 2014) Clinical trial publication [Open randomized comparative twelve-week study of lithium and valproate in manic episode] (Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2009) Clinical trial publication Valproate, bipolar disorder and polycystic ovarian syndrome (Bipolar disorders, 2003) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALPROIC ACID Repurposing via ALDH5A1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 11 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 38 Trial pubs 19 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00177567 — Treatment of Geriatric Bipolar Mood Disorders: A Pilot Study (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00451542 — Divalproex vs. Lamotrigine for Bipolar Disorder (TERMINATED) NCT00667745 — Effectiveness of Lithium Plus Optimized Medication in Treating People With Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00332098 — Effectiveness of Family-Focused Treatment Plus Pharmacotherapy for Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00204503 — Open-Label Depakote ER in Patients With Bipolar I or II Depression and Alcohol Abuse or Dependence (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT00562861 — Treatment for Bipolar Depression: Acute & Prophylactic Efficacy With Citalopram (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01064297 — Lamotrigine Pregnancy Registry (LAM05) (COMPLETED) NCT00240110 — Valproate Efficacy in Cocaine-Bipolar Comorbidity (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Therapeutic Overlap Between Bipolar Disorder and Migraine: A Systematic Review of Pharmacological Trials (Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2026) Cochrane review Mechanisms of weight gain associated with valproic acid: a scoping review (European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 2026) Cochrane review [Lamotrigine in bipolar disorder: preventing depression to treat the disease] (Rivista di psichiatria, 2021) Cochrane review A Review of the Pharmacological and Clinical Profile of Newer Atypical Antipsychotics as Treatments for Bipolar Disorder: Considerations for Use in Older Patients (Drugs & aging, 2018) Cochrane review [The effects of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment of comorbid anxiety disorders in patients with bipolar disorder] (Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie, 2018) Meta-analysis [The use of anticonvulsants and the levels of folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine] (Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie, 2018) Meta-analysis Maintenance therapy with second generation antipsychotics for bipolar disorder - A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of affective disorders, 2017) Meta-analysis Valproic acid, valproate and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013) Systematic review Lamotrigine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a systematic review of case reports and case series (Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2026) Systematic review Clozapine-induced cardiac toxicity and successful rechallenge in children and adolescents: a systematic review and new case report (Psychiatry research, 2025) Systematic review Evaluating the efficacy of valproic acid in alcohol use disorder: a systematic analysis of clinical trials from ClinicalTrials.gov (Frontiers in pharmacology, 2025) Systematic review Exploring accelerated aging as a target of bipolar disorder treatment: A systematic review (Journal of psychiatric research, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
VERAPAMIL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
VERAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
VINCAMINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
XANOMELINE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
XANOMELINE TARTRATE Repurposing via CHRM1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLESELUMAB Repurposing via CD40	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL401844 Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FD1 Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	—	DGIdb	—
FIBOFLAPON Repurposing via ALOX5AP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FIBOFLAPON SODIUM Repurposing via ALOX5AP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISCALIMAB Repurposing via CD40	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY SGN-14 Repurposing via CD40	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SKF-83566 Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VELIFLAPON Repurposing via ALOX5AP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

56 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Cochrane review Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder Symptoms: A N… Cochrane review A Systematic Review of Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Bipolar Diso… Cochrane review Role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of depressive disorders: a…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	20	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 5 Cochrane 9 Meta-analysis 11 Trial pubs 10 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02272010 — Dietary Intervention for Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) NA NCT01858948 — SGA-induced Metabolic Syndrome in Bipolar Youth (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00001146 — Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00854737 — Cytidine and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00252486 — Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Children and Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) NA NCT04811404 — A PET Study With [11C]PBR-28 and an Experimental Medication, Ethyl Eicosapentaenoic Acid (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 NCT00586222 — Omega 3 Fatty Acid Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT07085923 — Norwegian Mental Illness Heart Health Study (RECRUITING) NA Published literature Cochrane review Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder Symptoms: A Narrative Review of the Current Clinical Evidence (Marine drugs, 2025) Cochrane review A Systematic Review of Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder (Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 2021) Cochrane review Role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of depressive disorders: a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (PloS one, 2014) Cochrane review Dietary supplements for preventing postnatal depression (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013) Cochrane review Omega-3 fatty acids for bipolar disorder (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2008) Meta-analysis Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals: The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Taskforce (The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry, 2022) Meta-analysis Omega-3 fatty acids for treating residual depressive symptoms in adult patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled trials (Bipolar disorders, 2021) Meta-analysis The Psychoneuroimmunological Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder (Advances in mind-body medicine, 2017) Meta-analysis Meta-analysis of erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acid biostatus in bipolar disorder (Bipolar disorders, 2016) Clinical trial publication Supplementation of Omega-3 Increases Serum Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Decreases Depression Status in Patients With Bipolar Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial (Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association, 2025) Clinical trial publication A 52-week prophylactic randomised control trial of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in bipolar disorder (Bipolar disorders, 2021) Clinical trial publication Moody kids years later: Long-term outcomes of youth from the Omega-3 and therapy (OATS) studies (Journal of affective disorders, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
N-Acetylcysteine Natural product Cochrane review Pharmacotherapies for cannabis use disorder Cochrane review Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine for patients with depression: An updated s… Cochrane review Comparative efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of adjunctive ant…	Amino acid	Approved	Moderate	20	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 12 Cochrane 9 Meta-analysis 14 Trial pubs 13 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02719392 — A Pilot Study Investigating the Efficacy of Minocycline and N-Acetyl Cysteine for Bipolar Depression (SUSPENDED) PHASE4 NCT02357290 — Open-Label Study of N-Acetylcysteine in Children and Adolescents 5-17 With Bipolar Spectrum Disorders (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02294591 — NACOS - The Effect of N-acetylcystein for Depressive Symptoms in Patients Suffering From Bipolar Depression (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02865629 — N-acetylcysteine in the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms in Bipolar Offspring (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03220776 — Imaging GABAergic/Glutamatergic Drugs in Bipolar Alcoholics Alcoholics (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02252341 — Efficacy of N-Acetyl-Cysteine in Bipolar Disorder and Tobacco Use Disorder (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01797575 — N-Acetyl Cysteine and Aspirin as an Adjunctive Treatment for Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05340504 — Evaluating the Hypothesized Mechanism of Action of N-acetylcysteine for Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Pharmacotherapies for cannabis use disorder (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine for patients with depression: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis (General hospital psychiatry, 2024) Cochrane review Comparative efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of adjunctive anti-inflammatory agents on bipolar disorder: A systemic review and network meta-analysis (Asian journal of psychiatry, 2023) Cochrane review Nutrition and bipolar disorder: a systematic review (Nutritional neuroscience, 2023) Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of mitochondrial agents for bipolar disorder during depressive episodes: a network meta-analysis using frequentist and Bayesian approaches (Psychopharmacology, 2021) Meta-analysis The effect of N-acetylcysteine on bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Psychopharmacology, 2021) Clinical trial publication Findings from a pilot open-label trial of N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of pediatric mania and hypomania (BMC psychiatry, 2022) Clinical trial publication Baseline serum amino acid levels predict treatment response to augmentation with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in a bipolar disorder randomised trial (Journal of psychiatric research, 2021) Clinical trial publication N-acetylcysteine for depression and glutamate changes in the left prefrontal cortex in adolescents and young adults at risk for bipolar disorder: A pilot study (Early intervention in psychiatry, 2022) Clinical trial publication Interleukin-6 and total antioxidant capacity levels following N-acetylcysteine and a combination nutraceutical intervention in a randomised controlled trial for bipolar disorder (Acta neuropsychiatrica, 2020) Clinical trial publication Physical Activity as a Predictor of Clinical Trial Outcomes in Bipolar Depression: A Subanalysis of a Mitochondrial-Enhancing Nutraceutical Randomized Controlled Trial (Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Diet quality, dietary inflammatory index and body mass index as predictors of response to adjunctive N-acetylcysteine and mitochondrial agents in adults with bipolar disorder: A sub-study of a randomised placebo-controlled trial (The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Cochrane review Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder Symptoms: A N… Cochrane review A Systematic Review of Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Bipolar Diso… Cochrane review Role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of depressive disorders: a…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 5 Cochrane 9 Meta-analysis 11 Trial pubs 10 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02272010 — Dietary Intervention for Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) NA NCT01858948 — SGA-induced Metabolic Syndrome in Bipolar Youth (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00001146 — Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00854737 — Cytidine and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00252486 — Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Children and Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) NA NCT04811404 — A PET Study With [11C]PBR-28 and an Experimental Medication, Ethyl Eicosapentaenoic Acid (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 NCT00586222 — Omega 3 Fatty Acid Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT07085923 — Norwegian Mental Illness Heart Health Study (RECRUITING) NA Published literature Cochrane review Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder Symptoms: A Narrative Review of the Current Clinical Evidence (Marine drugs, 2025) Cochrane review A Systematic Review of Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder (Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 2021) Cochrane review Role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of depressive disorders: a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (PloS one, 2014) Cochrane review Dietary supplements for preventing postnatal depression (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013) Cochrane review Omega-3 fatty acids for bipolar disorder (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2008) Meta-analysis Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals: The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Taskforce (The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry, 2022) Meta-analysis Omega-3 fatty acids for treating residual depressive symptoms in adult patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled trials (Bipolar disorders, 2021) Meta-analysis The Psychoneuroimmunological Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder (Advances in mind-body medicine, 2017) Meta-analysis Meta-analysis of erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acid biostatus in bipolar disorder (Bipolar disorders, 2016) Clinical trial publication Supplementation of Omega-3 Increases Serum Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Decreases Depression Status in Patients With Bipolar Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial (Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association, 2025) Clinical trial publication A 52-week prophylactic randomised control trial of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in bipolar disorder (Bipolar disorders, 2021) Clinical trial publication Moody kids years later: Long-term outcomes of youth from the Omega-3 and therapy (OATS) studies (Journal of affective disorders, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
N-Acetylcysteine Natural product Cochrane review Pharmacotherapies for cannabis use disorder Cochrane review Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine for patients with depression: An updated s… Cochrane review Comparative efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of adjunctive ant…	Amino acid	Approved	Emerging	19	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 12 Cochrane 9 Meta-analysis 14 Trial pubs 13 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02719392 — A Pilot Study Investigating the Efficacy of Minocycline and N-Acetyl Cysteine for Bipolar Depression (SUSPENDED) PHASE4 NCT02357290 — Open-Label Study of N-Acetylcysteine in Children and Adolescents 5-17 With Bipolar Spectrum Disorders (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02294591 — NACOS - The Effect of N-acetylcystein for Depressive Symptoms in Patients Suffering From Bipolar Depression (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02865629 — N-acetylcysteine in the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms in Bipolar Offspring (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03220776 — Imaging GABAergic/Glutamatergic Drugs in Bipolar Alcoholics Alcoholics (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02252341 — Efficacy of N-Acetyl-Cysteine in Bipolar Disorder and Tobacco Use Disorder (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01797575 — N-Acetyl Cysteine and Aspirin as an Adjunctive Treatment for Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05340504 — Evaluating the Hypothesized Mechanism of Action of N-acetylcysteine for Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Pharmacotherapies for cannabis use disorder (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine for patients with depression: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis (General hospital psychiatry, 2024) Cochrane review Comparative efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of adjunctive anti-inflammatory agents on bipolar disorder: A systemic review and network meta-analysis (Asian journal of psychiatry, 2023) Cochrane review Nutrition and bipolar disorder: a systematic review (Nutritional neuroscience, 2023) Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of mitochondrial agents for bipolar disorder during depressive episodes: a network meta-analysis using frequentist and Bayesian approaches (Psychopharmacology, 2021) Meta-analysis The effect of N-acetylcysteine on bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Psychopharmacology, 2021) Clinical trial publication Findings from a pilot open-label trial of N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of pediatric mania and hypomania (BMC psychiatry, 2022) Clinical trial publication Baseline serum amino acid levels predict treatment response to augmentation with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in a bipolar disorder randomised trial (Journal of psychiatric research, 2021) Clinical trial publication N-acetylcysteine for depression and glutamate changes in the left prefrontal cortex in adolescents and young adults at risk for bipolar disorder: A pilot study (Early intervention in psychiatry, 2022) Clinical trial publication Interleukin-6 and total antioxidant capacity levels following N-acetylcysteine and a combination nutraceutical intervention in a randomised controlled trial for bipolar disorder (Acta neuropsychiatrica, 2020) Clinical trial publication Physical Activity as a Predictor of Clinical Trial Outcomes in Bipolar Depression: A Subanalysis of a Mitochondrial-Enhancing Nutraceutical Randomized Controlled Trial (Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Diet quality, dietary inflammatory index and body mass index as predictors of response to adjunctive N-acetylcysteine and mitochondrial agents in adults with bipolar disorder: A sub-study of a randomised placebo-controlled trial (The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Clinical trial publication Evaluating the Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Augmentation on Treatment of Bipo… Clinical trial publication Coenzyme Q10 effects on creatine kinase activity and mood in geriatric…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 trials 6 Cochrane 5 Meta-analysis 2 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00720369 — CoQ10 in Geriatric Bipolar Depression (COMPLETED) NA NCT00327756 — Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT01390389 — Exploring the Effects of Coenzyme Q10 on Bioenergetics Metabolism in Geriatric Bipolar Depression (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Evaluating the Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Augmentation on Treatment of Bipolar Depression: A Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2018) Clinical trial publication Coenzyme Q10 effects on creatine kinase activity and mood in geriatric bipolar depression (Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology, 2012) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Ashwagandha Natural product Meta-analysis Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nu… Systematic review Improving Cognition in Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review of Current… Systematic review A systematic review of the clinical use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagan…	Ayurvedic	Phase III	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 1 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT06235177 — Psychoneuromentalism Disorder: A Medical Condition That Affects People With Psychological Impairments From Health Issues (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT00761761 — Sensoril(Ashwaganhda)for Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Meta-analysis Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals: The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Taskforce (The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry, 2022) Systematic review Improving Cognition in Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review of Current Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Approaches (Neuropsychobiology, 2026) Systematic review A systematic review of the clinical use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) to ameliorate cognitive dysfunction (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Chromium Natural product Clinical trial publication A 2-year, open-label pilot study of adjunctive chromium in patients wit…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication A 2-year, open-label pilot study of adjunctive chromium in patients with treatment-resistant rapid-cycling bipolar disorder (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2007) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Clinical trial publication Evaluating the Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Augmentation on Treatment of Bipo… Clinical trial publication Coenzyme Q10 effects on creatine kinase activity and mood in geriatric…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 trials 6 Cochrane 5 Meta-analysis 2 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00720369 — CoQ10 in Geriatric Bipolar Depression (COMPLETED) NA NCT00327756 — Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT01390389 — Exploring the Effects of Coenzyme Q10 on Bioenergetics Metabolism in Geriatric Bipolar Depression (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Evaluating the Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Augmentation on Treatment of Bipolar Depression: A Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2018) Clinical trial publication Coenzyme Q10 effects on creatine kinase activity and mood in geriatric bipolar depression (Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology, 2012) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Ashwagandha Natural product Meta-analysis Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nu… Systematic review Improving Cognition in Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review of Current… Systematic review A systematic review of the clinical use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagan…	Ayurvedic	Phase III	Emerging	13	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 1 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT06235177 — Psychoneuromentalism Disorder: A Medical Condition That Affects People With Psychological Impairments From Health Issues (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT00761761 — Sensoril(Ashwaganhda)for Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Meta-analysis Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals: The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Taskforce (The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry, 2022) Systematic review Improving Cognition in Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review of Current Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Approaches (Neuropsychobiology, 2026) Systematic review A systematic review of the clinical use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) to ameliorate cognitive dysfunction (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Olive Oil Natural product Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of flax oil in pediatric bipolar d… Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, pl…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00252486 — Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Children and Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) NA NCT06188754 — Healthy Lifestyles for Bipolar Disorder (RECRUITING) NA NCT03541031 — Micronutrients as Adjunctive Treatment for Bipolar Disorder (UNKNOWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Uridine Natural product Flunitrazepam increases the risk of lamotrigine-induced cutaneous adver… The effects of antiepileptic inducers in neuropsychopharmacology, a neg… UGT1A4*3 encodes significantly increased glucuronidation of olanzapine…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	4 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00812058 — A Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of RG2417 in Bipolar I Depression (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00841269 — Oral Uridine for Treatment of Bipolar Depression in Adolescents (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01805440 — Uridine Adolescent Bipolar Depression Randomized Controlled Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT00322764 — Phase II Study to Assess RG2417 in the Treatment of Bipolar I Depression (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Cdp-Choline Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Chromium Natural product Clinical trial publication A 2-year, open-label pilot study of adjunctive chromium in patients wit…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication A 2-year, open-label pilot study of adjunctive chromium in patients with treatment-resistant rapid-cycling bipolar disorder (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2007) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Creatine Natural product Clinical trial publication Effects of Fish Oil Monotherapy on Depression and Prefrontal Neurochemi… Clinical trial publication A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial… Clinical trial publication Cognitive effects of creatine monohydrate adjunctive therapy in patient…	Amino acid	Phase II	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	5 trials 2 Cochrane 18 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT06558201 — Open Label Extension Study of NCT06221852 (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) NA NCT06221852 — Ketogenic and Nutritional Interventions for First Episode Bipolar Disorder (RECRUITING) NA NCT02625779 — Combined Cytidine and Creatine-containing Drug in the Treatment of the Bipolar Depression (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT01543139 — Cytidine- and Creatine-Containing Drug in Treating Bipolar Depression (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT01655030 — Creatine Monohydrate as Adjuvant Therapy for Bipolar Depression (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Effects of Fish Oil Monotherapy on Depression and Prefrontal Neurochemistry in Adolescents at High Risk for Bipolar I Disorder: A 12-Week Placebo-Controlled Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Trial (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2020) Clinical trial publication A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial of creatine monohydrate as adjunctive treatment for bipolar depression (Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996), 2018) Clinical trial publication Cognitive effects of creatine monohydrate adjunctive therapy in patients with bipolar depression: Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Journal of affective disorders, 2017) Clinical trial publication A Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study of Lovastatin for Treating Bipolar Mood Disorder: A 4-Week Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo- Controlled Clinical Trial (Recent patents on inflammation & allergy drug discovery, 2017) Clinical trial publication 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of glutamate-related abnormality in bipolar disorder (Journal of affective disorders, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Egcg Natural product Effect of epigallocatechin gallate supplementation in schizophrenia and…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Probiotics Natural product Meta-analysis Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nu… Systematic review Nutraceuticals in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review Systematic review Probiotic, prebiotic, synbiotic and fermented food supplementation in p…	Probiotic	Phase III	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	7 trials 1 Meta-analysis 2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05954598 — Effect of Probiotic vs Placebo on Cognition Outcomes in Patients With Bipolar Disorder (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03349528 — Probiotics to Prevent Relapse After Hospitalization for Bipolar Depression (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT03379597 — A 12-weeks Study to Evaluate the Dietary Fiber and Probiotics Treatment in Prevention and Intervention of Weight-gain and Cognitive Impairment of Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) NA NCT01731171 — Probiotics to Prevent Relapse After Hospitalization for Mania (COMPLETED) NA NCT05762887 — Clinical Evaluation of the Antidepressant Effect of the Use of Probiotics in Bipolar Disorder (COMPLETED) NA NCT02155972 — The Safety and Effectiveness of Probiotic Supplementation on Bipolar Depression (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT03383874 — A Probiotic Intervention to Prevent Relapse Following Hospitalization for Mania (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Meta-analysis Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals: The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Taskforce (The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry, 2022) Systematic review Nutraceuticals in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review (International journal of molecular sciences, 2024) Systematic review Probiotic, prebiotic, synbiotic and fermented food supplementation in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of clinical trials (Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2024) Systematic review Nutrition and bipolar disorder: a systematic review (Nutritional neuroscience, 2023) Systematic review The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Development and Progression of Major Depressive and Bipolar Disorder (Nutrients, 2021) Systematic review Gut microbiome in serious mental illnesses: A systematic review and critical evaluation (Schizophrenia research, 2021) Clinical trial publication Probiotic Formulation for Patients With Bipolar or Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder: A Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial (Schizophrenia bulletin, 2025) Clinical trial publication The Effect of Adjunctive Probiotics on Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Bipolar Disorder: A Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial (Journal of psychiatric practice, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Methscopolamine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Himbacine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Carbachol Natural product Functional coupling of M(1) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor to Gα(q/1… Overexpression of diacylglycerol kinase η enhances Gαq-coupled G protei… Modulation of carbachol-stimulated AP-1 DNA binding activity by therape…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Arecoline Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Oxotremorine Natural product Changes in Muscarinic M2 Receptor Levels in the Cortex of Subjects with…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Dorzolamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Methazolamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Acetazolamide Natural product Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Following Nitrous Oxide Abuse: A Clini… Acetazolamide for Bipolar Disorders: A Scoping Review Use of acetazolamide in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus:…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Atropine Natural product Aripiprazole and Unexpected Salivation: A Case of Drug-Induced Sialorrh… Sublingual Atropine Administration for Clozapine-Induced Sialorrhea in… Lithium-Induced Bradycardia and Cardiomyopathy in a Patient With Bipola…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Muscarine Natural product Current Evidence for the Role of Rapid-Acting Antidepressants in Bipola… [Olanzapine]	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Cdp-Choline Natural product Citicoline in addictive disorders: a review of the literature Short-term administration of uridine increases brain membrane phospholi…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Valdecoxib Natural product The use of a gene expression signature and connectivity map to repurpos…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
4,5-dichlorobenzene-1,3-disulfonamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
4-(aminomethyl)benzenesulfonamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Brinzolamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Aminocarbonyl Dihydrogen Phosphate Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Pala Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Trisodium;citrate Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Sulfamate Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Ethoxzolamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Topiramate Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nifedipine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nitrendipine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Verapamil Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Zotepine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
dimethyl-[2-[3-[(1S)-1-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]-1H-inden-2-yl]ethyl]amine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Rac-Ibipinabant Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Ibipinabant Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Rimonabant Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Win-552122 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Anandamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nabilone Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
N-Propylpalmitamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
N-Methylpalmitamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
N-Isopropylpalmitamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Boceprevir Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
4-amino-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-methylol-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]pyrimidin-2-one Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
(3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-methyloltetrahydropyran-2,3,4,5-tetrol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.

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