Atrial Fibrillation — RepurpOS

Disease overview

Alterations

140

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

139

Via biomarker

195

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

332

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, PubMed NP, ClinicalTrials.gov NP · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-05

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Spontaneous reversion to sinus rhythm occurs in ~50% of paroxysmal AF within 24-48 hours; persistent AF almost never self-terminates; rate-control (the dominant strategy) by definition keeps the patient in AF

Best-intervention remission

Catheter ablation achieves freedom from AF in ~70-80% at 1 year (paroxysmal), 50-60% (persistent); ablation superior to antiarrhythmic drugs (52% vs 71% AF recurrence, CABANA trial); EAST-AFNET 4 showed early rhythm control reduced major adverse CV events vs rate control

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Large — rate control vs rhythm control debate has shifted but practice hasn't caught up

Primary barrier

practice

Barrier detail: Guidelines now support earlier rhythm control and ablation, but rate control with lifelong anticoagulation remains the dominant practice pattern; AF management is described as 'moving ahead of established guidelines' per ESC 2023

Last SoC change: 2023 — ESC guidelines restructured with new AF management acronym (AF-CARE); recommendation for early rhythm control strengthened (EAST-AFNET 4 data); 2014 ACC/AHA rate-vs-rhythm neutral stance increasingly outdated; first-line rate control drugs (beta-blockers, digoxin) unchanged since 1990s

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0004981 · ORPHA: ORPHA:334

Right to Try Relevance

Eligibility: This disease meets the federal and state right-to-try legal standard (21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-0a and Montana SB 535): it lacks disease-modifying therapy with indication-specific FDA approval. Patients with Atrial Fibrillation may be eligible to access investigational therapies outside of clinical trials under right-to-try frameworks.

Investigational Agents

Phase 3: 46, Phase 2: 47, Phase 1: 4

Most Advanced Phase

Phase 3

Highest dev. stage

Gene Targets

140

Actionable

Pipeline Compounds (Top 6)

Darapladib, Fenretinide, Acenocoumarol, Adenosine, Alcohol, Amiodarone

Legal Standard: Right-to-try requires the disease lacks "adequate approved therapy for that specific disease" (not symptom-management drugs). This distinction means a disease with antidepressants available still qualifies if no FDA approval exists for THAT disease indication.

View Right-to-Try Compendium

Alterations

140 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
Aortic valve stenosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Atrial fibrillation	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Atrial flutter	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Bradycardia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Chest pain	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Dyspnea	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Elevated left ventricular end-diastolic diameter	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Exercise intolerance	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Fatigue	Functional	Functional test	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
First degree atrioventricular block	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hypertension	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Left atrial enlargement	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Left ventricular hypertrophy	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Myocardial infarction	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Palpitations	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Permanent atrial fibrillation	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Premature atrial contractions	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Prolonged P wave	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Prolonged PR interval	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Prolonged QRS complex	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Prolonged QTc interval	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Reduced left ventricular ejection fraction	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Right ventricular dilatation	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
ST segment elevation	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Sinus bradycardia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Stroke	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Sudden cardiac death	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Supraventricular tachycardia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Syncope	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Third degree atrioventricular block	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Thromboembolic stroke	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Thromboembolism	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Tricuspid regurgitation	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Vertigo	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
- quality of life	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
ABCC9 ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRB1 adrenoceptor beta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRB2 adrenoceptor beta 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AKAP6 A-kinase anchoring protein 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AOPEP aminopeptidase O (putative)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
APOH apolipoprotein H	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ARNT2 aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ASAH1 N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP1A1 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP1A2 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP1A3 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP1A4 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP1B1 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP1B2 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP1B3 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1C calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1D calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1F calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 F	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1S calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 S	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CAND2 cullin associated and neddylation dissociated 2 (putative)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CASQ2 calsequestrin 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CASZ1 castor zinc finger 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CAV1 caveolin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDKN1A cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CEP85L centrosomal protein 85L	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CFL2 cofilin 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CTNNA3 catenin alpha 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DSG2 desmoglein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ERBB4 erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Estimate of the accuracy of algorithm based PPG irregular rhythm detection in a study population with a history of paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation (AF)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
F10 coagulation factor X	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
F2 coagulation factor II, thrombin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FBXO32 F-box protein 32	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FGF5 fibroblast growth factor 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FGFR2 fibroblast growth factor receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FTO FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FXYD2 FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GJA5 gap junction protein alpha 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HAND2 heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HCN4 hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated potassium channel 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HDGFL1 HDGF like 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HSPG2 heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNA5 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCND3 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNE2 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E regulatory subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNH2 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNJ2 potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNJ3 potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNJ5 potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNN2 potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily N member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNQ1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KLF12 KLF transcription factor 12	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LPA lipoprotein(a)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LRIG1 leucine rich repeats and immunoglobulin like domains 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MYL4 myosin light chain 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MYO18B myosin XVIIIB	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MYZAP myocardial zonula adherens protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Markers of Inflammation	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
NEBL nebulette	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NFATC1 nuclear factor of activated T cells 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NKX2-5 NK2 homeobox 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NPPA natriuretic peptide A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR3C2 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NTMT2 N-terminal Xaa-Pro-Lys N-methyltransferase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NUP155 nucleoporin 155	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Number of Participants With Software's Ability to Produce a Clinically Equivalent Waveform in Agreement to a Gold Standard Lead 1 Reference	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
P2RY12 purinergic receptor P2Y12	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PFKFB2 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PITX2 paired like homeodomain 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
POPDC1 popeye domain cAMP effector 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PRRX1 paired related homeobox 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
REEP3 receptor accessory protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
REST RE1 silencing transcription factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RNF207 ring finger protein 207	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN10A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN11A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN1A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN1B sodium voltage-gated channel beta subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN2A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN2B sodium voltage-gated channel beta subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN3A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN3B sodium voltage-gated channel beta subunit 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN4A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN4B sodium voltage-gated channel beta subunit 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN5A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN7A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN8A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN9A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SEMA3C semaphorin 3C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SERPINC1 serpin family C member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SMAD7 SMAD family member 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SPATS2L spermatogenesis associated serine rich 2 like	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SPON1 spondin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SSPN sarcospan	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TBX5 T-box transcription factor 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TTN titin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Total Number of Hospitalization Days Per Patient (All-cause) During the Total Study Period (24 Weeks)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
VKORC1 vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
WDR1 WD repeat domain 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
XXYLT1 xyloside xylosyltransferase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
YWHAE tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein epsilon	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZFHX3 zinc finger homeobox 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZFPM2 zinc finger protein, FOG family member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets

FDA-Approved Therapies

Phase 4 agents with regulatory approval for this indication

Drug Name	Mechanism	Type
ACEBUTOLOL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
ACEBUTOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
ACETAZOLAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
ACETYLDIGITOXIN	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
ALBUTEROL SULFATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
ALMITRINE		Gene-targeted
ALUMINUM		Gene-targeted
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE		Gene-targeted
AMPHETAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
ARBUTAMINE		Gene-targeted
ARFORMOTEROL		Gene-targeted
ARFORMOTEROL TARTRATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
ARTEMETHER		Gene-targeted
ATENOLOL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
BEPRIDIL		Gene-targeted
BETAXOLOL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
BETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
BETHANIDINE		Gene-targeted
BICALUTAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
BISOPROLOL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
BISOPROLOL FUMARATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
BITOLTEROL MESYLATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
BRETYLIUM		Gene-targeted
CARBACHOL	None	Gene-targeted
CARTEOLOL		Gene-targeted
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CARVEDILOL	inhibitor; inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CELIPROLOL	agonist	Gene-targeted
CHLOROPROCAINE		Gene-targeted
CIPROFLOXACIN	None	Gene-targeted
CLOMIPRAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
CLOTRIMAZOLE		Gene-targeted
DAUNORUBICIN LIPOSOMAL		Gene-targeted
DESIPRAMINE		Gene-targeted
DESLANOSIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE		Gene-targeted
DIAZEPAM	None	Gene-targeted
DICHLORPHENAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
DIENESTROL		Gene-targeted
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL	None	Gene-targeted
DIGITOXIN	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DIGOXIN	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor; agonist	Gene-targeted
DIPIVEFRIN		Gene-targeted
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
DISULFIRAM		Gene-targeted
DOBUTAMINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE		Gene-targeted
DRONEDARONE		Gene-targeted
DROXIDOPA	agonist	Gene-targeted
ENALAPRIL MALEATE		Gene-targeted
EPHEDRINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
EPHEDRINE SULFATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
EPINEPHRINE	agonist; agonist	Gene-targeted
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
EPIRUBICIN	None	Gene-targeted
EPLERENONE		Gene-targeted
ESMOLOL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
ESMOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
ETHOXZOLAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
FENOTEROL	agonist; agonist	Gene-targeted
FLECAINIDE ACETATE		Gene-targeted
FLUMAZENIL	None	Gene-targeted
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
FOSLEVODOPA	agonist	Gene-targeted
GLIMEPIRIDE		Gene-targeted
GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE		Gene-targeted
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
IMIPRAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
INDACATEROL	agonist	Gene-targeted
INDACATEROL MALEATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
INDAPAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
INDOMETHACIN	None	Gene-targeted
ISOETHARINE		Gene-targeted
ISOETHARINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
ISOETHARINE MESYLATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
ISOPROTERENOL	agonist	Gene-targeted
ISOPROTERENOL HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
ISOPROTERENOL SULFATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE	None	Gene-targeted
LABETALOL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
LANDIOLOL	inhibitor; inhibitor	Gene-targeted
LANDIOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
LEVALBUTEROL		Gene-targeted
LEVALBUTEROL HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
LEVALBUTEROL TARTRATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
LEVOBETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
LEVOBUNOLOL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
LEVOBUNOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
LUMEFANTRINE		Gene-targeted
MAFENIDE	None	Gene-targeted
MECAMYLAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
MEPOLIZUMAB		Gene-targeted
METAPROTERENOL	agonist	Gene-targeted
METAPROTERENOL SULFATE		Gene-targeted
METHACHOLINE		Gene-targeted
METHAZOLAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
METHOXSALEN	None	Gene-targeted
METIPRANOLOL		Gene-targeted
METIPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
METOPROLOL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
METOPROLOL	None	Gene-targeted
METOPROLOL FUMARATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
METOPROLOL TARTRATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
MIANSERIN	None	Gene-targeted
MINOXIDIL	potentiator	Gene-targeted
MIRABEGRON	agonist	Gene-targeted
MONTELUKAST SODIUM		Gene-targeted
NADOLOL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
NADOLOL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
NALIDIXIC ACID	None	Gene-targeted
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
NICOTINE	None	Gene-targeted
NIRAPARIB		Gene-targeted
NOREPINEPHRINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
NORFLOXACIN	None	Gene-targeted
OFLOXACIN	None	Gene-targeted
OLANZAPINE		Gene-targeted
OLAPARIB		Gene-targeted
OLODATEROL	agonist	Gene-targeted
OLODATEROL HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
OXPRENOLOL		Gene-targeted
OXPRENOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PENBUTOLOL		Gene-targeted
PENBUTOLOL SULFATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE		Gene-targeted
PHENYTOIN	None	Gene-targeted
PINACIDIL	potentiator	Gene-targeted
PINDOLOL	agonist; inhibitor; agonist	Gene-targeted
PIRBUTEROL		Gene-targeted
PIRBUTEROL ACETATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
PRACTOLOL	inhibitor; inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PRAZOSIN	None	Gene-targeted
PRILOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE		Gene-targeted
PRONETALOL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PROPAFENONE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PROTOKYLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX		Gene-targeted
RACEPINEPHRINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
RAMIPRIL		Gene-targeted
REPAGLINIDE		Gene-targeted
RISPERIDONE		Gene-targeted
RITODRINE		Gene-targeted
RITODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
RUCAPARIB		Gene-targeted
SALMETEROL	agonist	Gene-targeted
SALMETEROL XINAFOATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
SIROLIMUS	None	Gene-targeted
SODIUM CHLORIDE		Gene-targeted
SOTALOL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
SOTALOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
SUFENTANIL		Gene-targeted
SULBACTAM	None	Gene-targeted
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS	None	Gene-targeted
TALAZOPARIB		Gene-targeted
TAZOBACTAM	None	Gene-targeted
TERBUTALINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
TERBUTALINE SULFATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
TIMOLOL	inhibitor; inhibitor	Gene-targeted
TIMOLOL MALEATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
TIOTROPIUM		Gene-targeted
TOLBUTAMIDE		Gene-targeted
TROGLITAZONE	None	Gene-targeted
VILANTEROL	agonist	Gene-targeted
VILANTEROL TRIFENATATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
ZIPRASIDONE		Gene-targeted

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
METOPROLOL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	105	8 trials 15 Cochrane 14 Meta-analysis 77 Trial pubs 64 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01970501 — Genetically Targeted Therapy for the Prevention of Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02391337 — Rate Control Therapy Evaluation in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation (RATE-AF) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07632157 — MAGNEsium With meToprolol for Rate Control In Atrial Fibrillation (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT01914926 — Comparison of Diltiazem and Metoprolol in the Management of Acute Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00911508 — Catheter Ablation vs Anti-arrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT02251509 — Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT02025465 — Randomized Trial Comparing Diltiazem and Metoprolol For Atrial Fibrillation Rate Control (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00313157 — RATe Control in Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Metoprolol vs diltiazem for atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate: Systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse events (The American journal of emergency medicine, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Diltiazem Versus Metoprolol in the Management of Atrial Fibrillation with Rapid Ventricular Response in the Emergency Department: A Comprehensive Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (The Journal of innovations in cardiac rhythm management, 2024) Cochrane review Comparison of the Effectiveness and Safety of Metoprolol and Diltiazem in Atrial Fibrillation With Rapid Ventricular Rate Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Cureus, 2024) Cochrane review Which should you choose for post operative atrial fibrillation, carvedilol or metoprolol? A systemic review and meta-analysis (Current problems in cardiology, 2024) Cochrane review Comparison of diltiazem and metoprolol for atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate: Systematic review and meta-analysis (Indian heart journal, 2022) Meta-analysis Intravenous Diltiazem Versus Metoprolol in Acute Rate Control of Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter and Rapid Ventricular Response: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized and Observational Studies (American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions, 2024) Meta-analysis Management of atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response in patients with acute decompensated heart failure: A systematic review (Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2023) Clinical trial publication Predictive factors and pharmacological preventive interventions for atrial fibrillation after aortic valve replacement (Journal of cardiothoracic surgery, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effects of diltiazem and metoprolol on levels of high-sensitivity troponin I in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial (BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2025) Clinical trial publication Diltiazem reduces levels of NT-proBNP and improves symptoms compared with metoprolol in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy, 2024) Clinical trial publication Beta-Blockers after Myocardial Infarction and Preserved Ejection Fraction (The New England journal of medicine, 2024) Clinical trial publication Effects of Metoprolol Succinate Combined with Entresto on Cardiac Function Indexes and Coagulation Function in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure (Computational and mathematical methods in medicine, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUMAZENIL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	2 trials 2 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06953752 — Effects of Music During Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Under Conscious Sedation (RECRUITING) NA NCT05397886 — Comparison of Remimazolam With Flumazenil vs. Propofol During RFCA for Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Remimazolam-flumazenil provides fast recovery from general anesthesia compared to propofol during radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (Scientific reports, 2024) Clinical trial publication Defibrillation efficacy and pain perception of two biphasic waveforms for internal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology, 2003) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACEBUTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ACEBUTOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLDIGITOXIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ALBUTEROL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALMITRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ALUMINUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARBUTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ARFORMOTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Arrhythmias in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): occurrence frequency and the effect of treatment with the inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists arformoterol and salmeterol (Medicine, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ARFORMOTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARTEMETHER Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BEPRIDIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETHANIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BISOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BITOLTEROL MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRETYLIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 3 Cochrane 6 Meta-analysis 42 Trial pubs 36 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02391337 — Rate Control Therapy Evaluation in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation (RATE-AF) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00911508 — Catheter Ablation vs Anti-arrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT02251509 — Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00313157 — RATe Control in Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01608893 — Carvedilol for Prevention of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (UNKNOWN) NA NCT00292162 — Curing Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPLETED) NA NCT00589303 — AV Node Ablation and Pacemaker Therapy Compared to Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation - Pilot Study (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT00578617 — Ablation vs Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation - Pilot Trial (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Which should you choose for post operative atrial fibrillation, carvedilol or metoprolol? A systemic review and meta-analysis (Current problems in cardiology, 2024) Cochrane review Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing cardiac surgery (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019) Cochrane review Atrial fibrillation (acute onset) (BMJ clinical evidence, 2014) Meta-analysis Metoprolol for prophylaxis of postoperative atrial fibrillation in cardiac surgery patients: systematic review and meta-analysis (BMJ open, 2020) Meta-analysis Carvedilol for prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis (PloS one, 2014) Meta-analysis Meta-analysis comparing carvedilol versus metoprolol for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass grafting (The American journal of cardiology, 2014) Meta-analysis Prevention of post-coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) atrial fibrillation: efficacy of prophylactic beta-blockers in the modern era: a meta-analysis of latest randomized controlled trials (Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc, 2013) Systematic review Rationale for administering beta-blocker therapy to patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: a systematic review (Expert opinion on drug safety, 2018) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of once-daily carvedilol in patients with atrial fibrillation: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Heart rhythm, 2024) Clinical trial publication Ivabradine could not decrease mitral regurgitation triggered atrial fibrosis and fibrillation compared with carvedilol (ESC heart failure, 2024) Clinical trial publication Comparing the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine plus carvedilol versus carvedilol in the prevention of atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft surgery (Journal of cardiac surgery, 2022) Clinical trial publication Stroke Risk in Patients With Reduced Ejection Fraction After Myocardial Infarction Without Atrial Fibrillation (Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELIPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on exercise performance in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 1987) Clinical trial publication Perceived exertion and gas exchange after calcium and beta-blockade in atrial fibrillation (Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 1987) Clinical trial publication Effect of orally administered celiprolol in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 1986) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLOROPROCAINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOTRIMAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DAUNORUBICIN LIPOSOMAL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DESIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DESLANOSIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Meta-analysis View evidence Published literature Meta-analysis Conventional Acupuncture for Cardiac Arrhythmia: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (Chinese journal of integrative medicine, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIENESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIGITOXIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 5 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Cardiac glycosides use and the risk and mortality of cancer; systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (PloS one, 2017) Systematic review Clinical Use of Digitalis: A State of the Art Review (American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions, 2018) Clinical trial publication DIGitoxin to Improve ouTcomes in patients with advanced chronic Heart Failure (DIGIT-HF): Baseline characteristics compared to recent randomized controlled heart failure trials (European journal of heart failure, 2025) Clinical trial publication Do cardiac glycosides affect platelet function? A flow cytometric study in healthy volunteers (European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2002) Clinical trial publication Effect of digitoxin on cardiac arrhythmias in hemodialysis patients (Klinische Wochenschrift, 1987) Clinical trial publication [Trial for digitalis withdrawal in hemodialysis patients] (Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 1984) Clinical trial publication Multiclinical open studies on the effect of beta-methyldigoxin on congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation (Japanese heart journal, 1975) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DIGOXIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 31 Cochrane 26 Meta-analysis 193 Trial pubs 152 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02391337 — Rate Control Therapy Evaluation in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation (RATE-AF) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04308031 — Efficacy of Ivabradine in Patient With Both Persistent Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure With Reduce Ejection Fraction (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT02633774 — Comparison of Brain Perfusion in Rhythm Control and Rate Control of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation (UNKNOWN) NA NCT02167165 — Role of SNP and DIGOXIN Response in Atrial Fibrillation Patients (COMPLETED) NCT07272902 — Treating Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Ablation or Medication (RECRUITING) NA NCT00911508 — Catheter Ablation vs Anti-arrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT01181414 — Spanish Atrial Fibrillation And Resynchronization Study (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02025465 — Randomized Trial Comparing Diltiazem and Metoprolol For Atrial Fibrillation Rate Control (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Safety and Effectiveness of Antidysrhythmic Drugs for Pharmacologic Cardioversion of Recent-Onset Atrial Fibrillation: a Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-analysis (Cardiovascular drugs and therapy, 2025) Cochrane review Association of serum digoxin concentration with morbidity and mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation, heart failure and reduced ejection fraction of 45 % or below (Current problems in cardiology, 2024) Cochrane review An Integrative Comparative Study Between Digoxin and Amiodarone as an Emergency Treatment for Patients With Atrial Fibrillation With Evidence of Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Cureus, 2022) Cochrane review Effect of Digoxin Therapy on Mortality in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: An Updated Meta-Analysis (Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2021) Cochrane review Treatment strategies for new onset atrial fibrillation in patients treated on an intensive care unit: a systematic scoping review (Critical care (London, England), 2021) Meta-analysis Influence of transporter polymorphisms on digoxin serum concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Pharmacogenomics, 2026) Meta-analysis Efficacy and safety of intravenous beta-blockers in acute atrial fibrillation and flutter is dependent on beta-1 selectivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials (Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society, 2024) Meta-analysis Effect of digoxin on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation with and without heart failure: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and 12 meta-analyses (European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2023) Meta-analysis Meta-Analysis of Effects of Digoxin on Survival in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation or Heart Failure: An Update (The American journal of cardiology, 2019) Systematic review Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Management of Digoxin Toxicity (The American journal of medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Digoxin in Patients With Symptomatic Rheumatic Heart Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA, 2026) Clinical trial publication Quantification and impact of circulating cardiotonic steroids in the RATE-AF randomised trial of patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure (BMC medicine, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DRONEDARONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ENALAPRIL MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT06553391 — Heart Rhythm Changes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiopulmonary Bypass: a Retrospective Analysis (COMPLETED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPLERENONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ESMOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ESMOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FLECAINIDE ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FOSLEVODOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GLIMEPIRIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
INDACATEROL MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOETHARINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 42 Trial pubs 12 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06553391 — Heart Rhythm Changes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiopulmonary Bypass: a Retrospective Analysis (COMPLETED) NCT01377636 — Measurement of Bispectral Index and Awareness in Patients Undergoing Electrophysiology Studies With Isoproterenol (COMPLETED) NA NCT05905835 — Treatment of PAF With the Synaptic System (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT06929897 — PVI Alone vs PVI With Posterior Wall Isolation for Pulse-Field Ablation in Persistent AF (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT03646643 — Prospective Elimination Of Distal Coronary Sinus-Left Atrial Connections for Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT03032965 — Adenosine to Assess Complete Conduction Block During Catheter Ablation of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01696344 — Does Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Termination Without Additional Ablation Influence Outcome? (UNKNOWN) NCT07197931 — EXPORT Randomized Trial (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication PVI With CF-Sensing Large-Tip Focal PFA Catheter With 3D Mapping for Paroxysmal AF: Omny-IRE 3-Month Results (JACC. Clinical electrophysiology, 2025) Clinical trial publication A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Intravenous Alcohol to Assess Changes in Atrial Electrophysiology (JACC. Clinical electrophysiology, 2021) Clinical trial publication High-Dose Dobutamine for Inducibility of Atrial Arrhythmias During Atrial Fibrillation Ablation (JACC. Clinical electrophysiology, 2020) Clinical trial publication Pulmonary Vein Isolation With a Novel Multielectrode Radiofrequency Balloon Catheter That Allows Directionally Tailored Energy Delivery: Short-Term Outcomes From a Multicenter First-in-Human Study (RADIANCE) (Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology, 2019) Clinical trial publication Pulmonary Vein Isolation With Very High Power, Short Duration, Temperature-Controlled Lesions: The QDOT-FAST Trial (JACC. Clinical electrophysiology, 2019) Randomized controlled trial Is adenosine useful for the identification of atrial fibrillation triggers? (Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology, 2019) Randomized controlled trial Pace-capture-guided ablation after contact-force-guided pulmonary vein isolation: results of the randomized controlled DRAGON trial (Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology, 2018) Randomized controlled trial Role of adenosine after antral pulmonary vein isolation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: A randomized controlled trial (Heart rhythm, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LABETALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDIOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LANDIOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVALBUTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01171040 — Left Atrial Distensibility to Predict Prognosis in Consecutive Patients (UNKNOWN) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LEVALBUTEROL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVALBUTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBUNOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVOBUNOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUMEFANTRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPOLIZUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METAPROTERENOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Comparison of two regimens of beta-adrenergics in acute asthma (Journal of medical systems, 1999) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
METAPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHACHOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METIPRANOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METIPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOXIDIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MIRABEGRON Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MONTELUKAST SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non-cardiac surgery (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019) Cochrane review Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing cardiac surgery (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019) Cochrane review The evidence regarding the drugs used for ventricular rate control (The Journal of family practice, 2000) Clinical trial publication Comparative effects of nadolol-digoxin combination therapy and digoxin monotherapy for chronic atrial fibrillation (The American journal of cardiology, 1987) Clinical trial publication Effects of nadolol on the spontaneous and exercise-provoked heart rate of patients with chronic atrial fibrillation receiving stable dosages of digoxin (American heart journal, 1984) Clinical trial publication Use of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in hyperthyroidism (Drugs, 1984) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIRAPARIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials 2 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 20 Trial pubs 17 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04844801 — Rate, Rhythm or Risk Control for New-onset Supraventricular Arrhythmia During Septic Shock: a Randomized Controlled Trial (RECRUITING) NA NCT02118467 — Vasoactive Drugs in Intensive Care Unit (RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and Safety of Landiolol in the Treatment of Tachycardia in Patients With Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Cureus, 2025) Cochrane review Outcomes of Vasopressin-Receptor Agonists Versus Norepinephrine in Adults With Perioperative Hypotension: A Systematic Review (Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, 2024) Meta-analysis Does Concomitant Use of Antidepressants and Direct Oral Anticoagulants Increase the Risk of Bleeding?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor on atrial high-rate episodes in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic device: a randomized controlled trial (Scientific reports, 2024) Clinical trial publication Dexmedetomidine for Reducing Mortality in Patients With Septic Shock: A Randomized Controlled Trial (DecatSepsis) (Chest, 2024) Clinical trial publication Prospective randomized double-blind study to evaluate the superiority of Vasopressin versus Norepinephrine in the management of the patient at renal risk undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (NOVACC trial) (American heart journal, 2024) Clinical trial publication Risk factors for poor performance in finger cuff non-invasive monitoring of arterial pressure: A prospective multicenter study (Anaesthesia, critical care & pain medicine, 2024) Clinical trial publication A norepinephrine weaning strategy using dynamic arterial elastance is associated with reduction of acute kidney injury in patients with vasoplegia after cardiac surgery: A post-hoc analysis of the randomized SNEAD study (Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2023) Randomized controlled trial Optimum Blood Pressure in Patients With Shock After Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac Arrest (Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	6 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
OLAPARIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OLODATEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
OLODATEROL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXPRENOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENBUTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINACIDIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Cochrane 5 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non-cardiac surgery (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019) Clinical trial publication Cardiovascular events in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension. A subgroup analysis of treatment strategies in STOP-Hypertension-2 (Blood pressure, 2004) Clinical trial publication Beta-adrenoceptor blockers in atrial fibrillation: the importance of partial agonist activity (British journal of clinical pharmacology, 1994) Clinical trial publication Improved control of atrial fibrillation with combined pindolol and digoxin therapy (European heart journal, 1989) Clinical trial publication Use of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in hyperthyroidism (Drugs, 1984) Clinical trial publication Treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation in the elderly, assessed by ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring (Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1980) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PIRBUTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PIRBUTEROL ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRACTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRILOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRONETALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPAFENONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 18 Cochrane 19 Meta-analysis 144 Trial pubs 113 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03437356 — Pulmonary Vein Isolation With Versus Without Continued Antiarrhythmic Drugs in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) NA NCT05939076 — First-line Cryoablation for Early Treatment of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT02710669 — New Formulations of Propafenone to Treat Atrial Fibrillation (TERMINATED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00392106 — High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Ablation System Study (SUSPENDED) PHASE3 NCT05514860 — The Impact of "First-Line" Rhythm Therapy on AF Progression (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05720572 — Antazoline in Comparison to Propafenone in Pharmacological Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation. (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT05293080 — Early Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation for Stroke Prevention Trial in Acute STROKE (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT00523978 — A Clinical Study of the Arctic Front Cryoablation Balloon for the Treatment of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review External electrical and pharmacological cardioversion for atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter or atrial tachycardias: a network meta-analysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2024) Cochrane review Safety and Effectiveness of Antidysrhythmic Drugs for Pharmacologic Cardioversion of Recent-Onset Atrial Fibrillation: a Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-analysis (Cardiovascular drugs and therapy, 2025) Cochrane review Effect of Early Pharmacologic Cardioversion vs. Non-early Cardioversion in the Patients With Recent-Onset Atrial Fibrillation Within 4-Week Follow-Up Period: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2022) Cochrane review Reappraising the role of class Ic antiarrhythmics in atrial fibrillation (European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2022) Cochrane review Comparative efficacy and safety of wenxin granule combined with antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation: A protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Medicine, 2021) Meta-analysis Analysis of randomized controlled studies comparing ablation with antiarrhythmic drugs (Trends in cardiovascular medicine, 2026) Meta-analysis Single-dose oral anti-arrhythmic drugs for cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology, 2021) Meta-analysis Pharmacologic Cardioversion in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: A Network Meta-Analysis (Cardiovascular drugs and therapy, 2021) Clinical trial publication Echocardiography predictors of sustained sinus rhythm after cardioversion of supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with septic shock (Journal of critical care, 2024) Clinical trial publication Safety and efficacy of long-term sodium channel blocker therapy for early rhythm control: the EAST-AFNET 4 trial (Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology, 2024) Clinical trial publication The outcomes of patients with septic shock treated with propafenone compared to amiodarone for supraventricular arrhythmias are related to end-systolic left atrial volume (European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care, 2024) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of antazoline vs propafenone for conversion of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm: a randomized, double-blind study (AnProAF) (Polish archives of internal medicine, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	5 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00654290 — Effect of Prophylaxy of Amiodarone and Propranolol and Amiodarone With Propranolol in Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (COMPLETED) NA NCT00911508 — Catheter Ablation vs Anti-arrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT00578617 — Ablation vs Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation - Pilot Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT04513509 — Rate Control in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) NA NCT01655303 — Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE4 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROTOKYLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RACEPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RAMIPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
REPAGLINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Cochrane View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Risk factors for delirium after on-pump cardiac surgery: a systematic review (Critical care (London, England), 2015) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RITODRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RITODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RUCAPARIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SALMETEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Arrhythmias in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): occurrence frequency and the effect of treatment with the inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists arformoterol and salmeterol (Medicine, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SALMETEROL XINAFOATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUFENTANIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TALAZOPARIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERBUTALINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TERBUTALINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIMOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	4 Cochrane 5 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing cardiac surgery (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019) Cochrane review Atrial fibrillation (acute onset) (BMJ clinical evidence, 2014) Cochrane review Atrial fibrillation (acute onset) (BMJ clinical evidence, 2011) Cochrane review Atrial fibrillation (acute onset) (BMJ clinical evidence, 2008) Clinical trial publication Predictors, prevention, and long-term prognosis of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft operations (The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 1987) Clinical trial publication Beneficial effects of timolol in digitalized patients with atrial fibrillation and a rapid ventricular response (Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia, 1986) Clinical trial publication Antiarrhythmic effects of intravenous timolol in supraventricular arrhythmias (Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1985) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of timolol for prevention of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after coronary artery bypass surgery (Circulation, 1984) Clinical trial publication Use of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in hyperthyroidism (Drugs, 1984) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIOTROPIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TOLBUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILANTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
VILANTEROL TRIFENATATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ACENOCOUMAROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADENOSINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALCOHOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIODARONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZIMILIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZIMILIDE DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CERTOPARIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
COLCHICINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DABIGATRAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISOPYRAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERTUGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETRIPAMIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLECAINIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLECAINIDE ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HENAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEPARIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVABRADINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MORICIZINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEKALANT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENINDIONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENPROCOUMON	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASUGREL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROCAINAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPAFENONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOTALOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SPIRONOLACTONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TECADENOSON	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEDISAMIL SESQUIFUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TICAGRELOR	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VANOXERINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERAPAMIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERNAKALANT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN K	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABELACIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASCORBIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-2927	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD1305	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD7009	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETRIXABAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BMS-919373	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUCINDOLOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUDIODARONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUDIODARONE TARTRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAPADENOSON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELIVARONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHLOROQUINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DANEGAPTIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FISH OIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEMANTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONABOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHYTONADIONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIBOSEROD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAMIPRIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RANOLAZINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RILUZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIMABOTULINUMTOXINB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELODENOSON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULCARDINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TB-402	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TECARFARIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIRZEPATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
COMPOUND 13B [PMID: 19101153] Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DALTEPARIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPOFOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RELAXIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEVOFLURANE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AJMALINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINOPHYLLINE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIXABAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATENOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEPOTASTINE BESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIFIDOBACTERIUM SPP.	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAPTOPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOPIDOGREL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOPIDOGREL BISULFATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROSE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIGOXIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOFETILIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EDOXABAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EDOXABAN TOSYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENALAPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENTANYL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUINDIONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GEMIBOTULINUMTOXIN A	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEPARIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUTILIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUTILIDE FUMARATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDIOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDIOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIOTHYRONINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIRAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISINOPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOSARTAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDAZOLAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBACUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEDIPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OUABAIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERINDOPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PILSICAINIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REMIMAZOLAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REMIMAZOLAM BESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIVAROXABAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULAMSEROD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELMISARTAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIMETAZIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VASOPRESSIN	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERNAKALANT HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
WARFARIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
WARFARIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
XIMELAGATRAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACENOCOUMAROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADENOSINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALCOHOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIODARONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZIMILIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZIMILIDE DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CERTOPARIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
COLCHICINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DABIGATRAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISOPYRAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERTUGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETRIPAMIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLECAINIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLECAINIDE ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HENAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEPARIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVABRADINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	8 trials 15 Cochrane 14 Meta-analysis 77 Trial pubs 64 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01970501 — Genetically Targeted Therapy for the Prevention of Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02391337 — Rate Control Therapy Evaluation in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation (RATE-AF) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07632157 — MAGNEsium With meToprolol for Rate Control In Atrial Fibrillation (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT01914926 — Comparison of Diltiazem and Metoprolol in the Management of Acute Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00911508 — Catheter Ablation vs Anti-arrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT02251509 — Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT02025465 — Randomized Trial Comparing Diltiazem and Metoprolol For Atrial Fibrillation Rate Control (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00313157 — RATe Control in Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Metoprolol vs diltiazem for atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate: Systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse events (The American journal of emergency medicine, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Diltiazem Versus Metoprolol in the Management of Atrial Fibrillation with Rapid Ventricular Response in the Emergency Department: A Comprehensive Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (The Journal of innovations in cardiac rhythm management, 2024) Cochrane review Comparison of the Effectiveness and Safety of Metoprolol and Diltiazem in Atrial Fibrillation With Rapid Ventricular Rate Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Cureus, 2024) Cochrane review Which should you choose for post operative atrial fibrillation, carvedilol or metoprolol? A systemic review and meta-analysis (Current problems in cardiology, 2024) Cochrane review Comparison of diltiazem and metoprolol for atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate: Systematic review and meta-analysis (Indian heart journal, 2022) Meta-analysis Intravenous Diltiazem Versus Metoprolol in Acute Rate Control of Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter and Rapid Ventricular Response: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized and Observational Studies (American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions, 2024) Meta-analysis Management of atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response in patients with acute decompensated heart failure: A systematic review (Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2023) Clinical trial publication Predictive factors and pharmacological preventive interventions for atrial fibrillation after aortic valve replacement (Journal of cardiothoracic surgery, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effects of diltiazem and metoprolol on levels of high-sensitivity troponin I in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial (BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2025) Clinical trial publication Diltiazem reduces levels of NT-proBNP and improves symptoms compared with metoprolol in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy, 2024) Clinical trial publication Beta-Blockers after Myocardial Infarction and Preserved Ejection Fraction (The New England journal of medicine, 2024) Clinical trial publication Effects of Metoprolol Succinate Combined with Entresto on Cardiac Function Indexes and Coagulation Function in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure (Computational and mathematical methods in medicine, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MORICIZINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEKALANT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENINDIONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENPROCOUMON	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASUGREL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROCAINAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPAFENONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOTALOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SPIRONOLACTONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TECADENOSON	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEDISAMIL SESQUIFUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TICAGRELOR	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VANOXERINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERAPAMIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERNAKALANT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN K	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABELACIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASCORBIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-2927	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD1305	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD7009	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETRIXABAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BMS-919373	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUCINDOLOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUDIODARONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUDIODARONE TARTRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAPADENOSON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELIVARONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHLOROQUINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DANEGAPTIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FISH OIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEMANTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONABOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHYTONADIONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIBOSEROD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAMIPRIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RANOLAZINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RILUZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIMABOTULINUMTOXINB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELODENOSON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULCARDINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TB-402	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TECARFARIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIRZEPATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DALTEPARIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPOFOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RELAXIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEVOFLURANE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AJMALINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINOPHYLLINE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIXABAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATENOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEPOTASTINE BESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIFIDOBACTERIUM SPP.	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAPTOPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOPIDOGREL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOPIDOGREL BISULFATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROSE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIGOXIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOFETILIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EDOXABAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EDOXABAN TOSYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENALAPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENTANYL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUINDIONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUMAZENIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	2 trials 2 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06953752 — Effects of Music During Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Under Conscious Sedation (RECRUITING) NA NCT05397886 — Comparison of Remimazolam With Flumazenil vs. Propofol During RFCA for Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Remimazolam-flumazenil provides fast recovery from general anesthesia compared to propofol during radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (Scientific reports, 2024) Clinical trial publication Defibrillation efficacy and pain perception of two biphasic waveforms for internal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology, 2003) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GEMIBOTULINUMTOXIN A	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEPARIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUTILIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUTILIDE FUMARATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDIOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDIOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIOTHYRONINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIRAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISINOPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOSARTAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDAZOLAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBACUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEDIPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OUABAIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERINDOPRIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PILSICAINIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REMIMAZOLAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REMIMAZOLAM BESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIVAROXABAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULAMSEROD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELMISARTAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIMETAZIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VASOPRESSIN	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERNAKALANT HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
WARFARIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
WARFARIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
XIMELAGATRAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACEBUTOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ACEBUTOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLDIGITOXIN Repurposing via ATP1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ALBUTEROL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALMITRINE Repurposing via ATP1A1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ALUMINUM Repurposing via ATP1A1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARBUTAMINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ARFORMOTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Arrhythmias in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): occurrence frequency and the effect of treatment with the inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists arformoterol and salmeterol (Medicine, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ARFORMOTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARTEMETHER Repurposing via ATP1A1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BEPRIDIL Repurposing via ATP1A1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETHANIDINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BISOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BITOLTEROL MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRETYLIUM Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 3 Cochrane 6 Meta-analysis 42 Trial pubs 36 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02391337 — Rate Control Therapy Evaluation in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation (RATE-AF) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00911508 — Catheter Ablation vs Anti-arrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT02251509 — Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00313157 — RATe Control in Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01608893 — Carvedilol for Prevention of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (UNKNOWN) NA NCT00292162 — Curing Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPLETED) NA NCT00589303 — AV Node Ablation and Pacemaker Therapy Compared to Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation - Pilot Study (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT00578617 — Ablation vs Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation - Pilot Trial (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Which should you choose for post operative atrial fibrillation, carvedilol or metoprolol? A systemic review and meta-analysis (Current problems in cardiology, 2024) Cochrane review Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing cardiac surgery (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019) Cochrane review Atrial fibrillation (acute onset) (BMJ clinical evidence, 2014) Meta-analysis Metoprolol for prophylaxis of postoperative atrial fibrillation in cardiac surgery patients: systematic review and meta-analysis (BMJ open, 2020) Meta-analysis Carvedilol for prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis (PloS one, 2014) Meta-analysis Meta-analysis comparing carvedilol versus metoprolol for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass grafting (The American journal of cardiology, 2014) Meta-analysis Prevention of post-coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) atrial fibrillation: efficacy of prophylactic beta-blockers in the modern era: a meta-analysis of latest randomized controlled trials (Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc, 2013) Systematic review Rationale for administering beta-blocker therapy to patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: a systematic review (Expert opinion on drug safety, 2018) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of once-daily carvedilol in patients with atrial fibrillation: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Heart rhythm, 2024) Clinical trial publication Ivabradine could not decrease mitral regurgitation triggered atrial fibrosis and fibrillation compared with carvedilol (ESC heart failure, 2024) Clinical trial publication Comparing the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine plus carvedilol versus carvedilol in the prevention of atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft surgery (Journal of cardiac surgery, 2022) Clinical trial publication Stroke Risk in Patients With Reduced Ejection Fraction After Myocardial Infarction Without Atrial Fibrillation (Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELIPROLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on exercise performance in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 1987) Clinical trial publication Perceived exertion and gas exchange after calcium and beta-blockade in atrial fibrillation (Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 1987) Clinical trial publication Effect of orally administered celiprolol in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 1986) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLOROPROCAINE Repurposing via ATP1A1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOTRIMAZOLE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DAUNORUBICIN LIPOSOMAL Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DESIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DESLANOSIDE Repurposing via ATP1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Meta-analysis View evidence Published literature Meta-analysis Conventional Acupuncture for Cardiac Arrhythmia: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (Chinese journal of integrative medicine, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIENESTROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIGITOXIN Repurposing via ATP1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 5 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Cardiac glycosides use and the risk and mortality of cancer; systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (PloS one, 2017) Systematic review Clinical Use of Digitalis: A State of the Art Review (American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions, 2018) Clinical trial publication DIGitoxin to Improve ouTcomes in patients with advanced chronic Heart Failure (DIGIT-HF): Baseline characteristics compared to recent randomized controlled heart failure trials (European journal of heart failure, 2025) Clinical trial publication Do cardiac glycosides affect platelet function? A flow cytometric study in healthy volunteers (European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2002) Clinical trial publication Effect of digitoxin on cardiac arrhythmias in hemodialysis patients (Klinische Wochenschrift, 1987) Clinical trial publication [Trial for digitalis withdrawal in hemodialysis patients] (Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 1984) Clinical trial publication Multiclinical open studies on the effect of beta-methyldigoxin on congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation (Japanese heart journal, 1975) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DIGOXIN Repurposing via ATP1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 31 Cochrane 26 Meta-analysis 193 Trial pubs 152 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02391337 — Rate Control Therapy Evaluation in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation (RATE-AF) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04308031 — Efficacy of Ivabradine in Patient With Both Persistent Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure With Reduce Ejection Fraction (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT02633774 — Comparison of Brain Perfusion in Rhythm Control and Rate Control of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation (UNKNOWN) NA NCT02167165 — Role of SNP and DIGOXIN Response in Atrial Fibrillation Patients (COMPLETED) NCT07272902 — Treating Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Ablation or Medication (RECRUITING) NA NCT00911508 — Catheter Ablation vs Anti-arrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT01181414 — Spanish Atrial Fibrillation And Resynchronization Study (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02025465 — Randomized Trial Comparing Diltiazem and Metoprolol For Atrial Fibrillation Rate Control (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Safety and Effectiveness of Antidysrhythmic Drugs for Pharmacologic Cardioversion of Recent-Onset Atrial Fibrillation: a Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-analysis (Cardiovascular drugs and therapy, 2025) Cochrane review Association of serum digoxin concentration with morbidity and mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation, heart failure and reduced ejection fraction of 45 % or below (Current problems in cardiology, 2024) Cochrane review An Integrative Comparative Study Between Digoxin and Amiodarone as an Emergency Treatment for Patients With Atrial Fibrillation With Evidence of Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Cureus, 2022) Cochrane review Effect of Digoxin Therapy on Mortality in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: An Updated Meta-Analysis (Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2021) Cochrane review Treatment strategies for new onset atrial fibrillation in patients treated on an intensive care unit: a systematic scoping review (Critical care (London, England), 2021) Meta-analysis Influence of transporter polymorphisms on digoxin serum concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Pharmacogenomics, 2026) Meta-analysis Efficacy and safety of intravenous beta-blockers in acute atrial fibrillation and flutter is dependent on beta-1 selectivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials (Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society, 2024) Meta-analysis Effect of digoxin on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation with and without heart failure: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and 12 meta-analyses (European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2023) Meta-analysis Meta-Analysis of Effects of Digoxin on Survival in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation or Heart Failure: An Update (The American journal of cardiology, 2019) Systematic review Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Management of Digoxin Toxicity (The American journal of medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Digoxin in Patients With Symptomatic Rheumatic Heart Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA, 2026) Clinical trial publication Quantification and impact of circulating cardiotonic steroids in the RATE-AF randomised trial of patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure (BMC medicine, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DRONEDARONE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ENALAPRIL MALEATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT06553391 — Heart Rhythm Changes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiopulmonary Bypass: a Retrospective Analysis (COMPLETED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPLERENONE Repurposing via ATP1A1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ESMOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ESMOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FLECAINIDE ACETATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials 2 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06953752 — Effects of Music During Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Under Conscious Sedation (RECRUITING) NA NCT05397886 — Comparison of Remimazolam With Flumazenil vs. Propofol During RFCA for Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Remimazolam-flumazenil provides fast recovery from general anesthesia compared to propofol during radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (Scientific reports, 2024) Clinical trial publication Defibrillation efficacy and pain perception of two biphasic waveforms for internal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology, 2003) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FOSLEVODOPA Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GLIMEPIRIDE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
INDACATEROL MALEATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOETHARINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 42 Trial pubs 12 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06553391 — Heart Rhythm Changes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiopulmonary Bypass: a Retrospective Analysis (COMPLETED) NCT01377636 — Measurement of Bispectral Index and Awareness in Patients Undergoing Electrophysiology Studies With Isoproterenol (COMPLETED) NA NCT05905835 — Treatment of PAF With the Synaptic System (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT06929897 — PVI Alone vs PVI With Posterior Wall Isolation for Pulse-Field Ablation in Persistent AF (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT03646643 — Prospective Elimination Of Distal Coronary Sinus-Left Atrial Connections for Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT03032965 — Adenosine to Assess Complete Conduction Block During Catheter Ablation of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01696344 — Does Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Termination Without Additional Ablation Influence Outcome? (UNKNOWN) NCT07197931 — EXPORT Randomized Trial (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication PVI With CF-Sensing Large-Tip Focal PFA Catheter With 3D Mapping for Paroxysmal AF: Omny-IRE 3-Month Results (JACC. Clinical electrophysiology, 2025) Clinical trial publication A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Intravenous Alcohol to Assess Changes in Atrial Electrophysiology (JACC. Clinical electrophysiology, 2021) Clinical trial publication High-Dose Dobutamine for Inducibility of Atrial Arrhythmias During Atrial Fibrillation Ablation (JACC. Clinical electrophysiology, 2020) Clinical trial publication Pulmonary Vein Isolation With a Novel Multielectrode Radiofrequency Balloon Catheter That Allows Directionally Tailored Energy Delivery: Short-Term Outcomes From a Multicenter First-in-Human Study (RADIANCE) (Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology, 2019) Clinical trial publication Pulmonary Vein Isolation With Very High Power, Short Duration, Temperature-Controlled Lesions: The QDOT-FAST Trial (JACC. Clinical electrophysiology, 2019) Randomized controlled trial Is adenosine useful for the identification of atrial fibrillation triggers? (Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology, 2019) Randomized controlled trial Pace-capture-guided ablation after contact-force-guided pulmonary vein isolation: results of the randomized controlled DRAGON trial (Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology, 2018) Randomized controlled trial Role of adenosine after antral pulmonary vein isolation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: A randomized controlled trial (Heart rhythm, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LABETALOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDIOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LANDIOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVALBUTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01171040 — Left Atrial Distensibility to Predict Prognosis in Consecutive Patients (UNKNOWN) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LEVALBUTEROL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVALBUTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBUNOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVOBUNOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUMEFANTRINE Repurposing via ATP1A1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPOLIZUMAB Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METAPROTERENOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Comparison of two regimens of beta-adrenergics in acute asthma (Journal of medical systems, 1999) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
METAPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHACHOLINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METIPRANOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METIPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 15 Cochrane 14 Meta-analysis 77 Trial pubs 64 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01970501 — Genetically Targeted Therapy for the Prevention of Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Heart Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02391337 — Rate Control Therapy Evaluation in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation (RATE-AF) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07632157 — MAGNEsium With meToprolol for Rate Control In Atrial Fibrillation (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT01914926 — Comparison of Diltiazem and Metoprolol in the Management of Acute Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00911508 — Catheter Ablation vs Anti-arrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT02251509 — Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT02025465 — Randomized Trial Comparing Diltiazem and Metoprolol For Atrial Fibrillation Rate Control (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00313157 — RATe Control in Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Metoprolol vs diltiazem for atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate: Systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse events (The American journal of emergency medicine, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Diltiazem Versus Metoprolol in the Management of Atrial Fibrillation with Rapid Ventricular Response in the Emergency Department: A Comprehensive Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (The Journal of innovations in cardiac rhythm management, 2024) Cochrane review Comparison of the Effectiveness and Safety of Metoprolol and Diltiazem in Atrial Fibrillation With Rapid Ventricular Rate Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Cureus, 2024) Cochrane review Which should you choose for post operative atrial fibrillation, carvedilol or metoprolol? A systemic review and meta-analysis (Current problems in cardiology, 2024) Cochrane review Comparison of diltiazem and metoprolol for atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate: Systematic review and meta-analysis (Indian heart journal, 2022) Meta-analysis Intravenous Diltiazem Versus Metoprolol in Acute Rate Control of Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter and Rapid Ventricular Response: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized and Observational Studies (American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions, 2024) Meta-analysis Management of atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response in patients with acute decompensated heart failure: A systematic review (Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2023) Clinical trial publication Predictive factors and pharmacological preventive interventions for atrial fibrillation after aortic valve replacement (Journal of cardiothoracic surgery, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effects of diltiazem and metoprolol on levels of high-sensitivity troponin I in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial (BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2025) Clinical trial publication Diltiazem reduces levels of NT-proBNP and improves symptoms compared with metoprolol in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy, 2024) Clinical trial publication Beta-Blockers after Myocardial Infarction and Preserved Ejection Fraction (The New England journal of medicine, 2024) Clinical trial publication Effects of Metoprolol Succinate Combined with Entresto on Cardiac Function Indexes and Coagulation Function in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure (Computational and mathematical methods in medicine, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOXIDIL Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MIRABEGRON Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MONTELUKAST SODIUM Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non-cardiac surgery (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019) Cochrane review Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing cardiac surgery (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019) Cochrane review The evidence regarding the drugs used for ventricular rate control (The Journal of family practice, 2000) Clinical trial publication Comparative effects of nadolol-digoxin combination therapy and digoxin monotherapy for chronic atrial fibrillation (The American journal of cardiology, 1987) Clinical trial publication Effects of nadolol on the spontaneous and exercise-provoked heart rate of patients with chronic atrial fibrillation receiving stable dosages of digoxin (American heart journal, 1984) Clinical trial publication Use of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in hyperthyroidism (Drugs, 1984) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIRAPARIB Repurposing via ASAH1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials 2 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 20 Trial pubs 17 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04844801 — Rate, Rhythm or Risk Control for New-onset Supraventricular Arrhythmia During Septic Shock: a Randomized Controlled Trial (RECRUITING) NA NCT02118467 — Vasoactive Drugs in Intensive Care Unit (RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and Safety of Landiolol in the Treatment of Tachycardia in Patients With Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Cureus, 2025) Cochrane review Outcomes of Vasopressin-Receptor Agonists Versus Norepinephrine in Adults With Perioperative Hypotension: A Systematic Review (Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, 2024) Meta-analysis Does Concomitant Use of Antidepressants and Direct Oral Anticoagulants Increase the Risk of Bleeding?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor on atrial high-rate episodes in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic device: a randomized controlled trial (Scientific reports, 2024) Clinical trial publication Dexmedetomidine for Reducing Mortality in Patients With Septic Shock: A Randomized Controlled Trial (DecatSepsis) (Chest, 2024) Clinical trial publication Prospective randomized double-blind study to evaluate the superiority of Vasopressin versus Norepinephrine in the management of the patient at renal risk undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (NOVACC trial) (American heart journal, 2024) Clinical trial publication Risk factors for poor performance in finger cuff non-invasive monitoring of arterial pressure: A prospective multicenter study (Anaesthesia, critical care & pain medicine, 2024) Clinical trial publication A norepinephrine weaning strategy using dynamic arterial elastance is associated with reduction of acute kidney injury in patients with vasoplegia after cardiac surgery: A post-hoc analysis of the randomized SNEAD study (Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2023) Randomized controlled trial Optimum Blood Pressure in Patients With Shock After Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac Arrest (Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE Repurposing via ATP1A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	6 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
OLAPARIB Repurposing via ASAH1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OLODATEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
OLODATEROL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXPRENOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXPRENOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENBUTOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINACIDIL Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Cochrane 5 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non-cardiac surgery (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019) Clinical trial publication Cardiovascular events in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension. A subgroup analysis of treatment strategies in STOP-Hypertension-2 (Blood pressure, 2004) Clinical trial publication Beta-adrenoceptor blockers in atrial fibrillation: the importance of partial agonist activity (British journal of clinical pharmacology, 1994) Clinical trial publication Improved control of atrial fibrillation with combined pindolol and digoxin therapy (European heart journal, 1989) Clinical trial publication Use of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in hyperthyroidism (Drugs, 1984) Clinical trial publication Treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation in the elderly, assessed by ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring (Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1980) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PIRBUTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PIRBUTEROL ACETATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRACTOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRILOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRONETALOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPAFENONE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 18 Cochrane 19 Meta-analysis 144 Trial pubs 113 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03437356 — Pulmonary Vein Isolation With Versus Without Continued Antiarrhythmic Drugs in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) NA NCT05939076 — First-line Cryoablation for Early Treatment of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT02710669 — New Formulations of Propafenone to Treat Atrial Fibrillation (TERMINATED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00392106 — High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Ablation System Study (SUSPENDED) PHASE3 NCT05514860 — The Impact of "First-Line" Rhythm Therapy on AF Progression (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05720572 — Antazoline in Comparison to Propafenone in Pharmacological Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation. (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT05293080 — Early Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation for Stroke Prevention Trial in Acute STROKE (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT00523978 — A Clinical Study of the Arctic Front Cryoablation Balloon for the Treatment of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review External electrical and pharmacological cardioversion for atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter or atrial tachycardias: a network meta-analysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2024) Cochrane review Safety and Effectiveness of Antidysrhythmic Drugs for Pharmacologic Cardioversion of Recent-Onset Atrial Fibrillation: a Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-analysis (Cardiovascular drugs and therapy, 2025) Cochrane review Effect of Early Pharmacologic Cardioversion vs. Non-early Cardioversion in the Patients With Recent-Onset Atrial Fibrillation Within 4-Week Follow-Up Period: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2022) Cochrane review Reappraising the role of class Ic antiarrhythmics in atrial fibrillation (European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2022) Cochrane review Comparative efficacy and safety of wenxin granule combined with antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation: A protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Medicine, 2021) Meta-analysis Analysis of randomized controlled studies comparing ablation with antiarrhythmic drugs (Trends in cardiovascular medicine, 2026) Meta-analysis Single-dose oral anti-arrhythmic drugs for cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology, 2021) Meta-analysis Pharmacologic Cardioversion in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: A Network Meta-Analysis (Cardiovascular drugs and therapy, 2021) Clinical trial publication Echocardiography predictors of sustained sinus rhythm after cardioversion of supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with septic shock (Journal of critical care, 2024) Clinical trial publication Safety and efficacy of long-term sodium channel blocker therapy for early rhythm control: the EAST-AFNET 4 trial (Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology, 2024) Clinical trial publication The outcomes of patients with septic shock treated with propafenone compared to amiodarone for supraventricular arrhythmias are related to end-systolic left atrial volume (European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care, 2024) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of antazoline vs propafenone for conversion of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm: a randomized, double-blind study (AnProAF) (Polish archives of internal medicine, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	5 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00654290 — Effect of Prophylaxy of Amiodarone and Propranolol and Amiodarone With Propranolol in Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (COMPLETED) NA NCT00911508 — Catheter Ablation vs Anti-arrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT00578617 — Ablation vs Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation - Pilot Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT04513509 — Rate Control in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) NA NCT01655303 — Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE4 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROTOKYLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RACEPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RAMIPRIL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
REPAGLINIDE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Cochrane View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Risk factors for delirium after on-pump cardiac surgery: a systematic review (Critical care (London, England), 2015) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RITODRINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RITODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RUCAPARIB Repurposing via ASAH1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SALMETEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Arrhythmias in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): occurrence frequency and the effect of treatment with the inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists arformoterol and salmeterol (Medicine, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SALMETEROL XINAFOATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUFENTANIL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TALAZOPARIB Repurposing via ASAH1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERBUTALINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TERBUTALINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIMOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	4 Cochrane 5 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing cardiac surgery (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019) Cochrane review Atrial fibrillation (acute onset) (BMJ clinical evidence, 2014) Cochrane review Atrial fibrillation (acute onset) (BMJ clinical evidence, 2011) Cochrane review Atrial fibrillation (acute onset) (BMJ clinical evidence, 2008) Clinical trial publication Predictors, prevention, and long-term prognosis of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft operations (The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 1987) Clinical trial publication Beneficial effects of timolol in digitalized patients with atrial fibrillation and a rapid ventricular response (Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia, 1986) Clinical trial publication Antiarrhythmic effects of intravenous timolol in supraventricular arrhythmias (Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1985) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of timolol for prevention of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after coronary artery bypass surgery (Circulation, 1984) Clinical trial publication Use of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in hyperthyroidism (Drugs, 1984) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL MALEATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIOTROPIUM Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TOLBUTAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILANTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
VILANTEROL TRIFENATATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
COMPOUND 13B [PMID: 19101153] Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC9	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

43 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Magnesium Natural product Cochrane review Systematic review and meta-analysis: Is surgical cardiac denervation ef… Cochrane review Magnesium for Prevention of New-onset Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation… Cochrane review External electrical and pharmacological cardioversion for atrial fibril…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	20	8 trials 17 Cochrane 22 Meta-analysis 79 Trial pubs 66 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00965874 — Low Versus High Dose Magnesium Sulfate in the Early Management of Rapid Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT05287191 — MAGNAM Trial, Magnesium Versus Amiodarone in Atrial Fibrillation in Critical Care (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT02008747 — Atrial Fibrillation and Neuropathic Pain After Thoracotomy and Continuous Application of Magnesium Sulphate. (COMPLETED) NA NCT06675500 — Evaluation of the Role of Magnesium in Prevention of AF Post Cardiac Surgery (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03836092 — ECGI in Patients With Persistent Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) NCT04844801 — Rate, Rhythm or Risk Control for New-onset Supraventricular Arrhythmia During Septic Shock: a Randomized Controlled Trial (RECRUITING) NA NCT05669417 — Peri-Operative Magnesium Infusion to Prevent Atrial Fibrillation Evaluated. (TERMINATED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT05829317 — Magnesium Prophylaxis for the Prevention of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Critically Ill Patients (RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Systematic review and meta-analysis: Is surgical cardiac denervation effective against postoperative atrial fibrillation? (World journal of cardiology, 2025) Cochrane review Magnesium for Prevention of New-onset Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation Following Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Heart international, 2025) Cochrane review External electrical and pharmacological cardioversion for atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter or atrial tachycardias: a network meta-analysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2024) Cochrane review Magnesium prophylaxis of new-onset atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PloS one, 2023) Cochrane review Pharmacological interventions for preventing atrial fibrillation after lung surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis (European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2022) Meta-analysis Efficacy of intravenous magnesium for the management of non-post operative atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology, 2023) Meta-analysis Utility of magnesium sulfate in the treatment of rapid atrial fibrillation in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis (European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine, 2022) Clinical trial publication Magnesium Sulfate to Prevent Perioperative Atrial Fibrillation in Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial (Critical care medicine, 2026) Clinical trial publication Serum Magnesium, Outcomes, and the Effect of Empagliflozin in Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced and Preserved Ejection Fraction: Findings From EMPEROR-Preserved (JACC. Heart failure, 2026) Clinical trial publication Magnesium Supplementation and Tachyarrhythmias: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial (JAMA internal medicine, 2026) Clinical trial publication The Effect of Continuous Magnesium Infusion to Prevent Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Undergoing Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (Annals of cardiac anaesthesia, 2025) Clinical trial publication Digital integration of research conduct into clinical care: results of the PROSPECTOR randomised feasibility study (BMJ evidence-based medicine, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Magnesium Natural product Cochrane review Systematic review and meta-analysis: Is surgical cardiac denervation ef… Cochrane review Magnesium for Prevention of New-onset Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation… Cochrane review External electrical and pharmacological cardioversion for atrial fibril…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	8 trials 17 Cochrane 22 Meta-analysis 79 Trial pubs 66 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00965874 — Low Versus High Dose Magnesium Sulfate in the Early Management of Rapid Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT05287191 — MAGNAM Trial, Magnesium Versus Amiodarone in Atrial Fibrillation in Critical Care (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT02008747 — Atrial Fibrillation and Neuropathic Pain After Thoracotomy and Continuous Application of Magnesium Sulphate. (COMPLETED) NA NCT06675500 — Evaluation of the Role of Magnesium in Prevention of AF Post Cardiac Surgery (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03836092 — ECGI in Patients With Persistent Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) NCT04844801 — Rate, Rhythm or Risk Control for New-onset Supraventricular Arrhythmia During Septic Shock: a Randomized Controlled Trial (RECRUITING) NA NCT05669417 — Peri-Operative Magnesium Infusion to Prevent Atrial Fibrillation Evaluated. (TERMINATED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT05829317 — Magnesium Prophylaxis for the Prevention of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Critically Ill Patients (RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Systematic review and meta-analysis: Is surgical cardiac denervation effective against postoperative atrial fibrillation? (World journal of cardiology, 2025) Cochrane review Magnesium for Prevention of New-onset Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation Following Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Heart international, 2025) Cochrane review External electrical and pharmacological cardioversion for atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter or atrial tachycardias: a network meta-analysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2024) Cochrane review Magnesium prophylaxis of new-onset atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PloS one, 2023) Cochrane review Pharmacological interventions for preventing atrial fibrillation after lung surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis (European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2022) Meta-analysis Efficacy of intravenous magnesium for the management of non-post operative atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology, 2023) Meta-analysis Utility of magnesium sulfate in the treatment of rapid atrial fibrillation in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis (European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine, 2022) Clinical trial publication Magnesium Sulfate to Prevent Perioperative Atrial Fibrillation in Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial (Critical care medicine, 2026) Clinical trial publication Serum Magnesium, Outcomes, and the Effect of Empagliflozin in Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced and Preserved Ejection Fraction: Findings From EMPEROR-Preserved (JACC. Heart failure, 2026) Clinical trial publication Magnesium Supplementation and Tachyarrhythmias: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial (JAMA internal medicine, 2026) Clinical trial publication The Effect of Continuous Magnesium Infusion to Prevent Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Undergoing Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (Annals of cardiac anaesthesia, 2025) Clinical trial publication Digital integration of research conduct into clinical care: results of the PROSPECTOR randomised feasibility study (BMJ evidence-based medicine, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin C Natural product Cochrane review [Effect of vitamin C on prognosis of critically ill patients: a Meta-an… Cochrane review Sole and combined vitamin C supplementation can prevent postoperative a… Cochrane review Vitamin C for preventing atrial fibrillation in high risk patients: a s…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	19	8 trials 5 Cochrane 11 Meta-analysis 7 Trial pubs 7 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03148236 — Vitamin C in Atrial Fibrillation Ablation (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02610153 — Subtherapeutic INR Levels in Patients With AVK: Incidence, Associated Factors, Prognosis and Control Strategies (COMPLETED) NCT03926156 — RIvoraxaban in Mitral Stenosis (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT01580683 — Vitamin C and Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT00953212 — Prophylaxis to Reduce Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Cardiac Surgery (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02762331 — High Dose Vitamin C in Cardiac Surgery Patients (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT01107730 — Vitamin C for Prophylaxis of Post-operative Atrial Fibrillation in On-pump Cardiac Surgery Procedures (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03289481 — Treatment of HFpEF With Nitrate Supplement (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 Published literature Cochrane review [Effect of vitamin C on prognosis of critically ill patients: a Meta-analysis] (Zhonghua wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue, 2019) Cochrane review Sole and combined vitamin C supplementation can prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Clinical cardiology, 2018) Cochrane review Vitamin C for preventing atrial fibrillation in high risk patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2017) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of vitamin C for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials (International journal of surgery (London, England), 2017) Cochrane review Vitamin C for the Prevention of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation after Cardiac Surgery: A Meta-Analysis (Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin, 2016) Meta-analysis Evidence-based prevention of Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of 243 observational prospective studies and 153 randomised controlled trials (Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2020) Meta-analysis Effects of Vitamin C on Organ Function in Cardiac Surgery Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Nutrients, 2019) Meta-analysis Vitamin C Can Shorten the Length of Stay in the ICU: A Meta-Analysis (Nutrients, 2019) Meta-analysis The Effect of Vitamin C on Clinical Outcome in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Critical care medicine, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Olive Oil Natural product Randomized controlled trial Extra-virgin olive oil and additional cardiovascular outcomes in the PR… Randomized controlled trial The impact of Omega-3 supplementation on arrhythmia reduction in acute… Randomized controlled trial A Remote Nutritional Intervention to Change the Dietary Habits of Patie…	Food compound	Approved	Emerging	19	5 trials 1 Cochrane 8 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00446966 — Fish Oil for Reduction of Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01198275 — n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) in the Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03053843 — Mediterranean Diet Plus Extravirgin Olive Oil in the Prevention of Recurrent Arrhythmias. The PREDIMAR (PREvención Con DIeta Mediterránea de Arritmias Recurrentes) Trial (UNKNOWN) NA NCT00970489 — Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Prevention of Post-Operative Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00508248 — Omega 3 Fatty Acids and Atrial Fibrillation (WITHDRAWN) NA Published literature Randomized controlled trial Extra-virgin olive oil and additional cardiovascular outcomes in the PREDIMED Trial: An outcome-wide perspective (American heart journal, 2026) Randomized controlled trial The impact of Omega-3 supplementation on arrhythmia reduction in acute coronary syndrome patients: a randomized clinical trial (Journal of complementary & integrative medicine, 2025) Randomized controlled trial A Remote Nutritional Intervention to Change the Dietary Habits of Patients Undergoing Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: Randomized Controlled Trial (Journal of medical Internet research, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Fish oil supplementation for primary prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomized clinical trial (International journal of surgery (London, England), 2017) Randomized controlled trial Extravirgin olive oil consumption reduces risk of atrial fibrillation: the PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) trial (Circulation, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Calcium Natural product Cochrane review Rate control treatment with calcium channel blockers and beta blockers… Cochrane review Comparative safety and efficacy of levosimendan versus dobutamine in ac… Cochrane review Comparison of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers with beta bl…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	8 trials 33 Cochrane 22 Meta-analysis 124 Trial pubs 95 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06699342 — Pacing of Left Bundle Branch Area and Atroventricular Node ablatIon in Patients With Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation (RECRUITING) NA NCT06494007 — Role of IV Calcium to Prevent Diltiazem-related Hypotension (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02459574 — Ablation Verses Anti-arrhythmic Therapy for Reducing All Hospital Episodes From Recurrent Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) NA NCT01493128 — Ultrastructure of Atrial Myocytes in Patients in Sinus Rhythm and With Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) NCT02610153 — Subtherapeutic INR Levels in Patients With AVK: Incidence, Associated Factors, Prognosis and Control Strategies (COMPLETED) NCT07447297 — Efficacy of Early Rhythm Control Therapy in Patients With Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation (RECRUITING) NA NCT05302713 — Antiorbital Calcium in Chronic Conditions (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT02321085 — The Comparison With Clinical Impacts on Functional Capacity and Symptom Improvement According to the Rhythm Control in Patients With Heart Failure and Recent Onset Atrial Fibrillation (UNKNOWN) NA Published literature Cochrane review Rate control treatment with calcium channel blockers and beta blockers for patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis (European heart journal open, 2026) Cochrane review Comparative safety and efficacy of levosimendan versus dobutamine in acute heart failure: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression (Annals of medicine and surgery (2012), 2026) Cochrane review Comparison of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers with beta blockers as treatment for atrial fibrillation: protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis (Systematic reviews, 2026) Cochrane review Bleeding risk associated with the co-use of direct oral anticoagulants and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers: a meta-analysis (Herz, 2025) Cochrane review Autoimmune antibodies in arrhythmia: a narrative review of potential therapeutic targets to prevent overtreatment (Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy, 2025) Meta-analysis Prevalence and clinical characteristics of sleep apnea in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A meta-analysis (Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung, 2026) Meta-analysis Frequency of autoantibodies and their associated clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Autoimmunity reviews, 2025) Meta-analysis Metoprolol vs diltiazem for atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate: Systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse events (The American journal of emergency medicine, 2025) Meta-analysis Rhythm vs Rate Control Strategy for Atrial Fibrillation: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (JACC. Clinical electrophysiology, 2024) Meta-analysis Comparison of diltiazem and metoprolol for atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate: Systematic review and meta-analysis (Indian heart journal, 2022) Systematic review Gut microbiome and atrial fibrillation: mechanistic insights metabolites and comorbidities. Systematic review (Gut microbes, 2025) Systematic review Risk factors for breast cancer: an umbrella review of observational cohort studies and causal relationship analysis (Frontiers in oncology, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Cochrane review Meta Analysis of DHA and EPA Supplementation on Cardiovascular Outcomes… Cochrane review Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Outcome… Cochrane review Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	8 trials 8 Cochrane 15 Meta-analysis 24 Trial pubs 22 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00791089 — Effects of Fish Oil on Post Ablation Arrhythmias (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT06279793 — Intravenous Fish Oil Based Lipid Emulsion to Enhance Recovery in High-Risk Cardiac Surgery Patients (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT00402363 — Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Lovaza (Omega-3-Acid Ethyl Esters) in Recurrent, Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01235130 — Multi_center Study to Evaluate the Effect of N-3 Fatty Acids (OMEGA-3) on Arrhythmia Recurrence in Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03078738 — Safety and Pharmacokinetic Study of OMT-28 in Healthy Subjects (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01259284 — Fish Oil Versus Statins Versus Placebos in Reducing Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Undergoing Thoracic Surgery for Lung Cancer (TERMINATED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT05961865 — Change in Inflammatory State in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation (RECRUITING) NCT00597220 — Randomized Trial to Assess Efficacy of PUFA for the Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Meta Analysis of DHA and EPA Supplementation on Cardiovascular Outcomes and Atrial Fibrillation Risk (Pharmacology research & perspectives, 2026) Cochrane review Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Diabetes: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2023) Cochrane review Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis (EClinicalMedicine, 2021) Cochrane review A meta-analysis on Omega-3 supplements in preventing recurrence of atrial fibrillation (Oncotarget, 2018) Cochrane review Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Systematic Review (Evidence report/technology assessment, 2016) Meta-analysis Omega-3 and Risk of atrial fibrillation: Vagally-mediated double-edged sword (Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 2025) Meta-analysis Omega-3 Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Incident Atrial Fibrillation (Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2023) Meta-analysis Efficacy and Safety of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (Cardiovascular drugs and therapy, 2024) Systematic review Prevention and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation via Risk Factor Modification (The American journal of cardiology, 2021) Systematic review The coincidence of increased risk of atrial fibrillation in randomized control trials of omega-3 fatty acids: a meta-analysis (Expert review of clinical pharmacology, 2021) Systematic review Impact of Different Doses of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Outcomes: a Pairwise and Network Meta-analysis (Current atherosclerosis reports, 2020) Systematic review Efficacy of different doses of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: rationale and design of a network meta-analysis (Minerva cardioangiologica, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Vitamin D3 Natural product Clinical trial publication Effect of Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Vitamin D Supplementation on In… Meta Analysis Combination therapy with PUFA and vitamins C and E is effective in the… Meta Analysis Vitamin C is effective as prophylaxis for the prevention of postoperati…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	16	2 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02298738 — Effect of Vit D on New-onset AF in Hypertension (COMPLETED) NCT02178410 — VITAL Rhythm Study (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 Published literature Clinical trial publication Effect of Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Vitamin D Supplementation on Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Cochrane review Meta Analysis of DHA and EPA Supplementation on Cardiovascular Outcomes… Cochrane review Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Outcome… Cochrane review Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	8 trials 8 Cochrane 15 Meta-analysis 24 Trial pubs 22 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00791089 — Effects of Fish Oil on Post Ablation Arrhythmias (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT06279793 — Intravenous Fish Oil Based Lipid Emulsion to Enhance Recovery in High-Risk Cardiac Surgery Patients (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT00402363 — Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Lovaza (Omega-3-Acid Ethyl Esters) in Recurrent, Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01235130 — Multi_center Study to Evaluate the Effect of N-3 Fatty Acids (OMEGA-3) on Arrhythmia Recurrence in Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03078738 — Safety and Pharmacokinetic Study of OMT-28 in Healthy Subjects (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01259284 — Fish Oil Versus Statins Versus Placebos in Reducing Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Undergoing Thoracic Surgery for Lung Cancer (TERMINATED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT05961865 — Change in Inflammatory State in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation (RECRUITING) NCT00597220 — Randomized Trial to Assess Efficacy of PUFA for the Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Meta Analysis of DHA and EPA Supplementation on Cardiovascular Outcomes and Atrial Fibrillation Risk (Pharmacology research & perspectives, 2026) Cochrane review Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Diabetes: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2023) Cochrane review Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis (EClinicalMedicine, 2021) Cochrane review A meta-analysis on Omega-3 supplements in preventing recurrence of atrial fibrillation (Oncotarget, 2018) Cochrane review Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Systematic Review (Evidence report/technology assessment, 2016) Meta-analysis Omega-3 and Risk of atrial fibrillation: Vagally-mediated double-edged sword (Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 2025) Meta-analysis Omega-3 Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Incident Atrial Fibrillation (Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2023) Meta-analysis Efficacy and Safety of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (Cardiovascular drugs and therapy, 2024) Systematic review Prevention and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation via Risk Factor Modification (The American journal of cardiology, 2021) Systematic review The coincidence of increased risk of atrial fibrillation in randomized control trials of omega-3 fatty acids: a meta-analysis (Expert review of clinical pharmacology, 2021) Systematic review Impact of Different Doses of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Outcomes: a Pairwise and Network Meta-analysis (Current atherosclerosis reports, 2020) Systematic review Efficacy of different doses of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: rationale and design of a network meta-analysis (Minerva cardioangiologica, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Vitamin C Natural product Cochrane review [Effect of vitamin C on prognosis of critically ill patients: a Meta-an… Cochrane review Sole and combined vitamin C supplementation can prevent postoperative a… Cochrane review Vitamin C for preventing atrial fibrillation in high risk patients: a s…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	10	8 trials 5 Cochrane 11 Meta-analysis 7 Trial pubs 7 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03148236 — Vitamin C in Atrial Fibrillation Ablation (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02610153 — Subtherapeutic INR Levels in Patients With AVK: Incidence, Associated Factors, Prognosis and Control Strategies (COMPLETED) NCT03926156 — RIvoraxaban in Mitral Stenosis (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT01580683 — Vitamin C and Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT00953212 — Prophylaxis to Reduce Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Cardiac Surgery (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02762331 — High Dose Vitamin C in Cardiac Surgery Patients (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT01107730 — Vitamin C for Prophylaxis of Post-operative Atrial Fibrillation in On-pump Cardiac Surgery Procedures (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03289481 — Treatment of HFpEF With Nitrate Supplement (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 Published literature Cochrane review [Effect of vitamin C on prognosis of critically ill patients: a Meta-analysis] (Zhonghua wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue, 2019) Cochrane review Sole and combined vitamin C supplementation can prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Clinical cardiology, 2018) Cochrane review Vitamin C for preventing atrial fibrillation in high risk patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2017) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of vitamin C for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials (International journal of surgery (London, England), 2017) Cochrane review Vitamin C for the Prevention of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation after Cardiac Surgery: A Meta-Analysis (Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin, 2016) Meta-analysis Evidence-based prevention of Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of 243 observational prospective studies and 153 randomised controlled trials (Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2020) Meta-analysis Effects of Vitamin C on Organ Function in Cardiac Surgery Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Nutrients, 2019) Meta-analysis Vitamin C Can Shorten the Length of Stay in the ICU: A Meta-Analysis (Nutrients, 2019) Meta-analysis The Effect of Vitamin C on Clinical Outcome in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Critical care medicine, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Vitamin E Natural product Meta Analysis Combination therapy with PUFA and vitamins C and E is effective in the… Meta Analysis Vitamin C is effective as prophylaxis for the prevention of postoperati… Human Study A low plasma vitamin D concentration was strongly associated with atria…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	10	1 trials 2 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT03807037 — Safety and Efficacy of Tocotrienols in Post-CABG Atrial Fibrillation (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Vitamin D3 Natural product Clinical trial publication Effect of Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Vitamin D Supplementation on In… Human Study A low plasma vitamin D concentration was strongly associated with atria… Meta Analysis Combination therapy with PUFA and vitamins C and E is effective in the…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	10	2 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02298738 — Effect of Vit D on New-onset AF in Hypertension (COMPLETED) NCT02178410 — VITAL Rhythm Study (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 Published literature Clinical trial publication Effect of Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Vitamin D Supplementation on Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Zinc Natural product Human Study Zinc may have a therapeutic role in treating congestive heart failure a…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	51 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
N-Acetylcysteine Natural product Systematic review Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine for Prevention of Postoperative Atrial Fib… Systematic review Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in reducing the risk of postoperative atri… Systematic review N-Acetylcysteine for Cardiac Protection During Coronary Artery Reperfus…	Amino acid	Phase III	Emerging	10	1 trials 8 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02750319 — Amiodarone and N-Acetylcysteine or Amiodarone Alone for Preventing Atrial Fibrillation After Thoracic Surgery (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 Published literature Systematic review Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine for Prevention of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Reviews in cardiovascular medicine, 2024) Systematic review Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in reducing the risk of postoperative atrial fibrillation in cardiothoracic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Minerva cardiology and angiology, 2025) Systematic review N-Acetylcysteine for Cardiac Protection During Coronary Artery Reperfusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2021) Systematic review Impact of antioxidant supplementations on cardio-renal protection in cardiac surgery: an updated and comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review (Cardiovascular therapeutics, 2016) Systematic review Antioxidant supplementations for prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: an updated comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 randomized controlled trials (Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery, 2014) Randomized controlled trial Role of Prophylactic N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation on Postoperative Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Elective Double-Valve Replacement (Aortic and Mitral Valve) (Annals of cardiac anaesthesia, 2024) Randomized controlled trial Comparing the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine plus carvedilol versus carvedilol in the prevention of atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft surgery (Journal of cardiac surgery, 2022) Randomized controlled trial Amiodarone with or without N-Acetylcysteine for the Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation after Thoracic Surgery: A Double-blind, Randomized Trial (Anesthesiology, 2022) Randomized controlled trial The effect of intravenous N-acetylcysteine on prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial (Kardiologia polska, 2018) Randomized controlled trial The effects of N-acetylcysteine on pulmonary functions in patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery surgery: a double blind placebo controlled study (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Alpha-Lipoic Acid Natural product Human Study Alpha lipoic acid therapy reduces serum levels of common markers of inf… Commentary A number of natural substances have therapeutic value in the partial pr…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	7	1 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT06151652 — Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid Supplementation on the Incidence of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Cardiac Surgery Patients (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Berberine Natural product Randomized controlled trial Preventive Effect of Berberine on Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation Human Study Berberine is efficacious for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 RCT View evidence Published literature Randomized controlled trial Preventive Effect of Berberine on Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation (Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Human Study CoenzymeQ10 as adjuvant treatment in patients with heart failure may at… Commentary A number of natural substances have therapeutic value in the partial pr…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT07076329 — Microbiota-Inflammation-Brain Axis in Heart Failure: New Functional Food for the Prevention of undeRnutrition in Older (RECRUITING) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Resveratrol Natural product Animal Study Acute electrophysiologic effects of the polyphenols resveratrol and pic… Animal Study Naringin activates semaphorin 3A to ameliorate TGF-β-induced endothelia…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Curcumin Natural product Clinical trial publication Evaluation of the effectiveness of curcumin and piperine co-supplementa… Animal Study Curcumin improves atrial fibrillation susceptibility.	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Evaluation of the effectiveness of curcumin and piperine co-supplementation on inflammatory factors, cardiac biomarkers, atrial fibrillation, and clinical outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Spirulina Natural product Commentary A number of natural substances have therapeutic value in the partial pr…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Egcg Natural product Review Green tea may be benefit to the therapy of atrial fibrillation.	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	3 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Digoxin Natural product Human Study Digoxin use was independently associated with significantly higher risk… Review Review: digoxin may not only be therapeutic for atrial fibrillation, bu…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Cassaine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Digitoxigenin Natural product Quantification and impact of circulating cardiotonic steroids in the RA…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Digitoxin Natural product DIGitoxin to Improve ouTcomes in patients with advanced chronic Heart F… Clinical Use of Digitalis: A State of the Art Review Cardiac glycosides use and the risk and mortality of cancer; systematic…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Pinacidil Anhydrous Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Alprenolol Natural product Alprenolol as maintenance therapy for the protection against arrhythmia… [Alprenolol-quinidine combination in the treatment of chronic atrial fi…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Betaxolol Natural product Prevention of perioperative atrial fibrillation with betablockers in co… Effect of betaxolol on the hemodynamic, gas exchange, and cardiac outpu… Comparative study of efficacy and safety of low-dose diltiazem or betax…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Carteolol Natural product Bradycardia Shock Caused by the Combined Use of Carteolol Eye Drops and…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Propranolol Natural product Cost Effectiveness of Strategies to Manage Atrial Fibrillation in Middl… Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality an… Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality an…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
2-methyl-2-[(3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trienyl]chroman-6-ol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Magnesium Sulfate Natural product Human Study High dose magnesium converts ibutilide into a safer and more effective… Human Study Magnesium administration prevents atrial fibrillation after coronary ar… Human Study Magnesium is safe and effective for acute atrial fibrillation.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Testosterone Natural product Human Study There is reduced testosterone levels in males with lone atrial fibrilla… Animal Study Rectifying testosterone deficiency may have therapeutic value in the tr…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		PubChem
EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate) Natural product Animal Study Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits atrial fibrosis and reduces the occ… Review Green tea may be benefit to the therapy of atrial fibrillation.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Vitamin C: Intravenous Natural product Human Study Ascorbic acid is safe and well tolerated at the time of atrial fibrilla… Meta Analysis Combination therapy with PUFA and vitamins C and E is effective in the… Meta Analysis Vitamin C is effective as prophylaxis for the prevention of postoperati…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Cholesterol Natural product Human Study Low cholesterol predisposes to paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Melissa (Lemonbalm) Natural product Human Study Lyophilized aqueous extract of M. officinalis leaves may be a proper an…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Nuts Natural product Human Study Nut consumption may play a role in reducing the risk of atrial fibrilla…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Saussurea Natural product Animal Study Acacetin, a natural flavone from the traditional Chinese medicine Xueli…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Piceatannol Natural product Animal Study Acute electrophysiologic effects of the polyphenols resveratrol and pic…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Citrus Naringin Natural product Animal Study Naringin activates semaphorin 3A to ameliorate TGF-β-induced endothelia…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Paeoniflorin Natural product Animal Study Paeoniflorin inhibits atrial fibrosis and atrial fibrillation.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Antioxidant Formulas Natural product Commentary A number of natural substances have therapeutic value in the partial pr…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Cocoa Natural product Commentary A number of natural substances have therapeutic value in the partial pr…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.