Vitiligo

Disease overview

Alterations

Molecular (A)

Clinical (B–E)

Trial outcome measures (T)

Direct drugs

Via biomarker

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, Examine.com, PubMed NP Literature · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-10-15

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Spontaneous complete repigmentation extremely rare (<1%); partial spontaneous repigmentation possible in small lesions; progressive without treatment in most patients

Best-intervention remission

Ruxolitinib cream (Opzelura): 29.9% F-VASI75 (75% facial repigmentation) at 24 weeks vs 7.5% vehicle; NB-UVB phototherapy: 75%+ repigmentation in 30-40% of patients at 12 months; excimer laser for localised vitiligo: 75%+ repigmentation in 50-70%; combination ruxolitinib + NB-UVB: superior to either alone

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Large — first topical treatment only approved 2022; NB-UVB is effective but access to specialised units is limited

Primary barrier

access

Barrier detail: Prior to ruxolitinib cream (2022), there was no FDA-approved pharmacotherapy for vitiligo; NB-UVB is effective but requires 2-3x/week sessions for months and is only available in dermatology/phototherapy units; cosmetic dismissal of vitiligo as 'not a medical disease' has delayed research and treatment access

Last SoC change: 2022 — ruxolitinib cream (Opzelura) FDA approved for non-segmental vitiligo — first ever approved pharmacotherapy; prior standard was off-label topical corticosteroids and NB-UVB

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0008661

Alterations

80 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional). Molecular rows are Open Targets gene–disease associations (evidence column = OT association score), not measured levels; phenotypes are HPO terms annotated directly to this disease (Monarch); type T rows are outcome measures used in completed ClinicalTrials.gov studies, not alterations of the disease.

Hide alterations without a value (no direction or frequency)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
PTPN22 protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.58	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MC1R melanocortin 1 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.58	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
JAK1 Janus kinase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.52	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
JAK3 Janus kinase 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.52	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
JAK2 Janus kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.52	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BACH2 BACH transcriptional regulator 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.47	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
C1QTNF6 C1q and TNF related 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.46	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LPP LIM domain containing preferred translocation partner in lipoma	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.44	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL2RA interleukin 2 receptor subunit alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.44	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SH2B3 SH2B adaptor protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.43	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IRF4 interferon regulatory factor 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.42	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NLRP1 NLR family pyrin domain containing 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GZMB granzyme B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IFIH1 interferon induced with helicase C domain 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CPVL carboxypeptidase vitellogenic like	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTPRC protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.34	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATXN1 ataxin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.33	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE1A phosphodiesterase 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.32	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ARID5B AT-rich interaction domain 5B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.32	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTPN1 protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.32	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KL klotho	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.32	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL21R interleukin 21 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.31	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADAMTS3 ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.31	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MYOM2 myomesin 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.30	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RNASET2 ribonuclease T2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.30	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FKBP1A FKBP prolyl isomerase 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.29	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GREM2 gremlin 2, DAN family BMP antagonist	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.29	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ITK IL2 inducible T cell kinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP8B4 ATPase phospholipid transporting 8B4 (putative)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCTD8 potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC1A2 solute carrier family 1 member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BMX BMX non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BTK Bruton tyrosine kinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DHFR dihydrofolate reductase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CASP7 caspase 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FAAP24 FA core complex associated protein 24	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FOXP1 forkhead box P1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CTLA4 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RERE arginine-glutamic acid dipeptide repeats	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CEP57 centrosomal protein 57	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EDNRB endothelin receptor type B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRM5 glutamate metabotropic receptor 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD80 CD80 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL1RAPL1 interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein like 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FAP fibroblast activation protein alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.25	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NGEF neuronal guanine nucleotide exchange factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.25	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADAMTS9 ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.24	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRNA9 cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 9 subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.23	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GFRA2 GDNF family receptor alpha 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.23	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NOVA1 NOVA alternative splicing regulator 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.23	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HPSE heparanase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.23	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RFESD Rieske Fe-S domain containing	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.23	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDH20 cadherin 20	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.22	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ANKRD22 ankyrin repeat domain 22	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.22	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.22	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MAGI1 membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.21	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HERC2 HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.21	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ABTB2 ankyrin repeat and BTB domain containing 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.21	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ETF1 eukaryotic translation termination factor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.21	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ROPN1 rhophilin associated tail protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.20	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DEF8 differentially expressed in FDCP 8 homolog	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.20	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTPN2 protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.19	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HIPK2 homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.19	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHMP4B charged multivesicular body protein 4B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.18	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BAIAP2L1 BAR/IMD domain containing adaptor protein 2 like 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.18	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NTM neurotrimin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.17	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COPS8 COP9 signalosome subunit 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.17	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NRG3 neuregulin 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.17	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ANKRD55 ankyrin repeat domain 55	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.16	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AJAP1 adherens junctions associated protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.16	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GYPC glycophorin C (Gerbich blood group)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.16	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL22A1 collagen type XXII alpha 1 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.16	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IGSF21 immunoglobin superfamily member 21	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.15	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ARHGEF28 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 28	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.12	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RSPH3 radial spoke head 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.09	Open Targets	Ensembl Open Targets
Gingival Index	Trial outcome measure	Clinical scale	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
LRP1 (CD91) levels	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Melanin pigmentation index:	Trial outcome measure	Clinical scale	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Oral Hygiene Index	Trial outcome measure	Clinical scale	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Oral pigmentation index (DOPI)	Trial outcome measure	Clinical scale	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACALABRUTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ACALABRUTINIB MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ENTRECTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GLUCARPIDASE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
IBRUTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
IMATINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 Meta-analysis View evidence Published literature Meta-analysis Pigmentary changes in patients treated with targeted anticancer agents: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
METHYLPHENIDATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	3 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PIRTOBRUTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
REMIBRUTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RILZABRUTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RITLECITINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 trials 2 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 5 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06072183 — A 104-Week Study of Ritlecitinib Oral Capsules in Adults With Nonsegmental Vitiligo (Active and Stable) Tranquillo 2 (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT07152626 — Combination Approach With Ritlecitinib and nbUVB Compared to Ritlecitinib Alone for Treating Vitiligo (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT05583526 — A 52-Week Study of Ritlecitinib Oral Capsules in Adults and Adolescents With Nonsegmental Vitiligo (Active and Stable) Tranquillo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT06163326 — A 52-Week Study to Learn About the Safety and Effects of Ritlecitinib in Participants With Nonsegmental Vitiligo (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Large-scale meta-analysis of infection risk with JAK-STAT inhibitors in 29,000 patients (Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 2026) Cochrane review Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis on Janus kinase inhibitors in the management of vitiligo (Systematic reviews, 2024) Meta-analysis Relative Impact of Monotherapies for Vitiligo: A Network Meta-Analysis Study (Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Response to ritlecitinib with or without narrow-band ultraviolet B add-on therapy in patients with active nonsegmental vitiligo: Results from a phase 2b extension study (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of ritlecitinib in vitiligo patients across Fitzpatrick skin types with biomarker analyses (Experimental dermatology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Ritlecitinib, a JAK3/TEC family kinase inhibitor, stabilizes active lesions and repigments stable lesions in vitiligo (Archives of dermatological research, 2024) Clinical trial publication Improvements in immune/melanocyte biomarkers with JAK3/TEC family kinase inhibitor ritlecitinib in vitiligo (The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of oral ritlecitinib for the treatment of active nonsegmental vitiligo: A randomized phase 2b clinical trial (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RITLECITINIB TOSYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUNVOZERTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TAMOXIFEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	3 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TIRABRUTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
VANDETANIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ZANUBRUTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AFAMELANOTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	5 trials 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01382589 — Afamelanotide and Narrow-Band Ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) Light in the Treatment of Nonsegmental Vitiligo (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05210582 — A Study to Assess the Changes in Pigmentation and Safety of Afamelanotide in Patients With Vitiligo on the Face (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT01430195 — Afamelanotide and Narrow-Band Ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) Light in the Treatment of Nonsegmental Vitiligo (NSV) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT06109649 — A Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of SCENESSE and Narrow-Band Ultraviolet (NB-UVB) Light Versus NB-UVB Light Alone in Patients With Vitiligo (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT04525157 — Afamelanotide and Narrow-Band Ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) Phototherapy in the Treatment of Nonsegmental Vitiligo (NSV) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Systematic review A systematic review of case series and clinical trials investigating systemic oral or injectable therapies for the treatment of vitiligo (Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI), 2024) Randomized controlled trial Afamelanotide implants and narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy for the treatment of nonsegmental vitiligo in Asians (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Afamelanotide and narrowband UV-B phototherapy for the treatment of vitiligo: a randomized multicenter trial (JAMA dermatology, 2015) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTREXATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	8 trials 1 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05467839 — Evaluation of Efficacy of Microneedling and Topical Methotrexate Versus Microneedling and Topical 5-flourouracil in Treatment of Vitillgo Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT07336641 — LANDSCAPE: Demographics and Treatment Patterns of Patients With Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Skin Diseases in Italian Clinical Practice (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NCT04942860 — The Evaluation of Vitiligous Lesions Repigmentation After Topical Administration of Methotrexate in Patients With Active Vitiligo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04237103 — Combination of Methotrexate and Phototherapy Versus Phototherapy in Adults With Progressive Vitiligo (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05008887 — Fractional CO2 Laser-assisted Cutaneous Delivery of Methotrexate Versus 5-fluorouracil in Stable Non-segmental Vitiligo (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT07208890 — Methotrexate Iontophoresis Versus Methotrexate 1% Gel on Depigmentation in Vitiligo Patients (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT07352293 — The Value of Methotrexate in NCES for Stable Vitiligo (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT06877455 — Topical Methotrexate with Fractional CO2 Laser in Treatment of Non Segmental Vitiligo (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA Published literature Cochrane review Shining Light on Treatments: A Systematic Review of Existing Therapies for Pediatric Segmental Vitiligo (Pediatric dermatology, 2026) Systematic review A systematic review of case series and clinical trials investigating systemic oral or injectable therapies for the treatment of vitiligo (Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI), 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POVORCITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	3 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06113471 — A Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Povorcitinib in Participants With Nonsegmental Vitiligo (STOP-V2) (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT04818346 — A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of INCB054707 in Participants With Vitiligo (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT06113445 — A Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Povorcitinib in Participants With Nonsegmental Vitiligo (STOP-V1) (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Large-scale meta-analysis of infection risk with JAK-STAT inhibitors in 29,000 patients (Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 2026) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of the oral Janus kinase 1 inhibitor povorcitinib in patients with extensive vitiligo in a phase 2, randomized, double-blinded, dose-ranging, placebo-controlled study (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITLECITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 trials 2 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 5 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06072183 — A 104-Week Study of Ritlecitinib Oral Capsules in Adults With Nonsegmental Vitiligo (Active and Stable) Tranquillo 2 (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT07152626 — Combination Approach With Ritlecitinib and nbUVB Compared to Ritlecitinib Alone for Treating Vitiligo (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT05583526 — A 52-Week Study of Ritlecitinib Oral Capsules in Adults and Adolescents With Nonsegmental Vitiligo (Active and Stable) Tranquillo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT06163326 — A 52-Week Study to Learn About the Safety and Effects of Ritlecitinib in Participants With Nonsegmental Vitiligo (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Large-scale meta-analysis of infection risk with JAK-STAT inhibitors in 29,000 patients (Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 2026) Cochrane review Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis on Janus kinase inhibitors in the management of vitiligo (Systematic reviews, 2024) Meta-analysis Relative Impact of Monotherapies for Vitiligo: A Network Meta-Analysis Study (Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Response to ritlecitinib with or without narrow-band ultraviolet B add-on therapy in patients with active nonsegmental vitiligo: Results from a phase 2b extension study (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of ritlecitinib in vitiligo patients across Fitzpatrick skin types with biomarker analyses (Experimental dermatology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Ritlecitinib, a JAK3/TEC family kinase inhibitor, stabilizes active lesions and repigments stable lesions in vitiligo (Archives of dermatological research, 2024) Clinical trial publication Improvements in immune/melanocyte biomarkers with JAK3/TEC family kinase inhibitor ritlecitinib in vitiligo (The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of oral ritlecitinib for the treatment of active nonsegmental vitiligo: A randomized phase 2b clinical trial (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RUXOLITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 11 Cochrane 10 Meta-analysis 61 Trial pubs 46 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03365141 — Efficacy of Intralesional Triamcinolone Injection in the Treatment of Vitiligo (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03199664 — Effectiveness of Narrow-band Ultraviolet B Combined With Topical Tacrolimus 0.03% in Treatment of Patients With Vitiligo (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT07532330 — Tyrosine Vs Tacrolimus With NB-UVB in Vitiligo (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT04765826 — Comparison Between Systemic Steroids, Topical Steroids, or Calcineurin Inhibitors With Mini Punch Grafting in Treatment of Stable Non-segmental Vitiligo (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05706636 — T Central Memory Cells in Early Localized Non-Segmental Vitiligo (COMPLETED) NA NCT03047733 — Comparison of Cyclic On-off and Continuous Excimer Laser Treatment for Vitiligo (COMPLETED) NA NCT01841008 — Maintenance Treatment of Non Segmental Vitiligo With Tacrolimus Ointment 0.1% Versus Control (TERMINATED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT06719024 — Topical Ruxolitinib for Face and Neck Vitiligo of Adult Chinese Patients Refractory to Topical Tacrolimus (RECRUITING) PHASE2, PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Shining Light on Treatments: A Systematic Review of Existing Therapies for Pediatric Segmental Vitiligo (Pediatric dermatology, 2026) Cochrane review Microneedling for Non-cosmetic Dermatologic Conditions: A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety (Cureus, 2025) Cochrane review The efficacy and safety of microneedling combined with tacrolimus versus tacrolimus monotherapy for vitiligo treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Dermatology reports, 2025) Cochrane review The Microneedle Revolution: Transforming Vitiligo Treatment Landscapes-A Comprehensive Review of the Literature (Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery, 2025) Cochrane review 308 nm excimer laser and tacrolimus ointment in the treatment of facial vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Lasers in medical science, 2024) Systematic review Utility of prostaglandin analogues and phosphodiesterase inhibitors as promising last resorts for the treatment of vitiligo: A systematic review, from mechanisms of action to mono-, combination and comparative therapies (Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of oral JAK inhibitors combined with 308-nm excimer laser in pediatric progressive vitiligo: A multicenter study (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Comparative efficacy of topical tofacitinib versus topical tacrolimus in the treatment of localized vitiligo: a randomized investigator-blinded intraindividual trial (The British journal of dermatology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of topical tacrolimus 0.03% ointment in combination with microneedling versus topical phenytoin 2% cream in combination with microneedling for the treatment of non-segmental facial vitiligo (Archives of dermatological research, 2025) Clinical trial publication [Effect of needle cauterization on vitiligo with deficiency cold and blood stasis: a randomized controlled trial] (Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of fire needle therapy in treating non-segmental stable vitiligo: A randomized self-controlled clinical trial (Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UPADACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	3 trials 3 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06118411 — A Study To Assess Adverse Events and Effectiveness of Upadacitinib Oral Tablets in Adult and Adolescent Participants With Vitiligo (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT06454461 — Efficacy of Upadacitinib After NECS in Vitiligo (RECRUITING) NA NCT04927975 — Study to Evaluate Adverse Events and Change in Disease Activity With Oral Tablets of Upadacitinib in Adult Participants With Non-Segmental Vitiligo (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Large-scale meta-analysis of infection risk with JAK-STAT inhibitors in 29,000 patients (Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 2026) Cochrane review Upadacitinib Therapy in Adolescent Severe Alopecia Areata: A Case Series and Narrative Review (Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, 2025) Cochrane review Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis on Janus kinase inhibitors in the management of vitiligo (Systematic reviews, 2024) Meta-analysis Relative Impact of Monotherapies for Vitiligo: A Network Meta-Analysis Study (Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 2025) Systematic review Off-label use of JAK1 inhibitor upadacitinib in dermatology (Archives of dermatological research, 2025) Clinical trial publication Psychometric Properties and Meaningful Change Thresholds of the Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (JAMA dermatology, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANIFROLUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APREMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BARICITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CERDULATINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CRISABOROLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEUCRAVACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETANERCEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOROURACIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDREBORMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IFIDANCITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVARMACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVARMACITINIB SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LATANOPROST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOXIDIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOMETASONE FUROATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORDESEKIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYGEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
AFAMELANOTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	5 trials 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01382589 — Afamelanotide and Narrow-Band Ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) Light in the Treatment of Nonsegmental Vitiligo (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05210582 — A Study to Assess the Changes in Pigmentation and Safety of Afamelanotide in Patients With Vitiligo on the Face (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT01430195 — Afamelanotide and Narrow-Band Ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) Light in the Treatment of Nonsegmental Vitiligo (NSV) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT06109649 — A Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of SCENESSE and Narrow-Band Ultraviolet (NB-UVB) Light Versus NB-UVB Light Alone in Patients With Vitiligo (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT04525157 — Afamelanotide and Narrow-Band Ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) Phototherapy in the Treatment of Nonsegmental Vitiligo (NSV) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Systematic review A systematic review of case series and clinical trials investigating systemic oral or injectable therapies for the treatment of vitiligo (Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI), 2024) Randomized controlled trial Afamelanotide implants and narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy for the treatment of nonsegmental vitiligo in Asians (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Afamelanotide and narrowband UV-B phototherapy for the treatment of vitiligo: a randomized multicenter trial (JAMA dermatology, 2015) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTREXATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	8 trials 1 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05467839 — Evaluation of Efficacy of Microneedling and Topical Methotrexate Versus Microneedling and Topical 5-flourouracil in Treatment of Vitillgo Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT07336641 — LANDSCAPE: Demographics and Treatment Patterns of Patients With Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Skin Diseases in Italian Clinical Practice (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NCT04942860 — The Evaluation of Vitiligous Lesions Repigmentation After Topical Administration of Methotrexate in Patients With Active Vitiligo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04237103 — Combination of Methotrexate and Phototherapy Versus Phototherapy in Adults With Progressive Vitiligo (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05008887 — Fractional CO2 Laser-assisted Cutaneous Delivery of Methotrexate Versus 5-fluorouracil in Stable Non-segmental Vitiligo (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT07208890 — Methotrexate Iontophoresis Versus Methotrexate 1% Gel on Depigmentation in Vitiligo Patients (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT07352293 — The Value of Methotrexate in NCES for Stable Vitiligo (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT06877455 — Topical Methotrexate with Fractional CO2 Laser in Treatment of Non Segmental Vitiligo (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA Published literature Cochrane review Shining Light on Treatments: A Systematic Review of Existing Therapies for Pediatric Segmental Vitiligo (Pediatric dermatology, 2026) Systematic review A systematic review of case series and clinical trials investigating systemic oral or injectable therapies for the treatment of vitiligo (Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI), 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POVORCITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	3 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06113471 — A Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Povorcitinib in Participants With Nonsegmental Vitiligo (STOP-V2) (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT04818346 — A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of INCB054707 in Participants With Vitiligo (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT06113445 — A Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Povorcitinib in Participants With Nonsegmental Vitiligo (STOP-V1) (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Large-scale meta-analysis of infection risk with JAK-STAT inhibitors in 29,000 patients (Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 2026) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of the oral Janus kinase 1 inhibitor povorcitinib in patients with extensive vitiligo in a phase 2, randomized, double-blinded, dose-ranging, placebo-controlled study (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITLECITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 trials 2 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 5 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06072183 — A 104-Week Study of Ritlecitinib Oral Capsules in Adults With Nonsegmental Vitiligo (Active and Stable) Tranquillo 2 (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT07152626 — Combination Approach With Ritlecitinib and nbUVB Compared to Ritlecitinib Alone for Treating Vitiligo (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT05583526 — A 52-Week Study of Ritlecitinib Oral Capsules in Adults and Adolescents With Nonsegmental Vitiligo (Active and Stable) Tranquillo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT06163326 — A 52-Week Study to Learn About the Safety and Effects of Ritlecitinib in Participants With Nonsegmental Vitiligo (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Large-scale meta-analysis of infection risk with JAK-STAT inhibitors in 29,000 patients (Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 2026) Cochrane review Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis on Janus kinase inhibitors in the management of vitiligo (Systematic reviews, 2024) Meta-analysis Relative Impact of Monotherapies for Vitiligo: A Network Meta-Analysis Study (Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Response to ritlecitinib with or without narrow-band ultraviolet B add-on therapy in patients with active nonsegmental vitiligo: Results from a phase 2b extension study (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of ritlecitinib in vitiligo patients across Fitzpatrick skin types with biomarker analyses (Experimental dermatology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Ritlecitinib, a JAK3/TEC family kinase inhibitor, stabilizes active lesions and repigments stable lesions in vitiligo (Archives of dermatological research, 2024) Clinical trial publication Improvements in immune/melanocyte biomarkers with JAK3/TEC family kinase inhibitor ritlecitinib in vitiligo (The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of oral ritlecitinib for the treatment of active nonsegmental vitiligo: A randomized phase 2b clinical trial (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RUXOLITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 11 Cochrane 10 Meta-analysis 61 Trial pubs 46 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03365141 — Efficacy of Intralesional Triamcinolone Injection in the Treatment of Vitiligo (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03199664 — Effectiveness of Narrow-band Ultraviolet B Combined With Topical Tacrolimus 0.03% in Treatment of Patients With Vitiligo (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT07532330 — Tyrosine Vs Tacrolimus With NB-UVB in Vitiligo (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT04765826 — Comparison Between Systemic Steroids, Topical Steroids, or Calcineurin Inhibitors With Mini Punch Grafting in Treatment of Stable Non-segmental Vitiligo (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05706636 — T Central Memory Cells in Early Localized Non-Segmental Vitiligo (COMPLETED) NA NCT03047733 — Comparison of Cyclic On-off and Continuous Excimer Laser Treatment for Vitiligo (COMPLETED) NA NCT01841008 — Maintenance Treatment of Non Segmental Vitiligo With Tacrolimus Ointment 0.1% Versus Control (TERMINATED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT06719024 — Topical Ruxolitinib for Face and Neck Vitiligo of Adult Chinese Patients Refractory to Topical Tacrolimus (RECRUITING) PHASE2, PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Shining Light on Treatments: A Systematic Review of Existing Therapies for Pediatric Segmental Vitiligo (Pediatric dermatology, 2026) Cochrane review Microneedling for Non-cosmetic Dermatologic Conditions: A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety (Cureus, 2025) Cochrane review The efficacy and safety of microneedling combined with tacrolimus versus tacrolimus monotherapy for vitiligo treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Dermatology reports, 2025) Cochrane review The Microneedle Revolution: Transforming Vitiligo Treatment Landscapes-A Comprehensive Review of the Literature (Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery, 2025) Cochrane review 308 nm excimer laser and tacrolimus ointment in the treatment of facial vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Lasers in medical science, 2024) Systematic review Utility of prostaglandin analogues and phosphodiesterase inhibitors as promising last resorts for the treatment of vitiligo: A systematic review, from mechanisms of action to mono-, combination and comparative therapies (Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of oral JAK inhibitors combined with 308-nm excimer laser in pediatric progressive vitiligo: A multicenter study (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Comparative efficacy of topical tofacitinib versus topical tacrolimus in the treatment of localized vitiligo: a randomized investigator-blinded intraindividual trial (The British journal of dermatology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of topical tacrolimus 0.03% ointment in combination with microneedling versus topical phenytoin 2% cream in combination with microneedling for the treatment of non-segmental facial vitiligo (Archives of dermatological research, 2025) Clinical trial publication [Effect of needle cauterization on vitiligo with deficiency cold and blood stasis: a randomized controlled trial] (Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of fire needle therapy in treating non-segmental stable vitiligo: A randomized self-controlled clinical trial (Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UPADACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	3 trials 3 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06118411 — A Study To Assess Adverse Events and Effectiveness of Upadacitinib Oral Tablets in Adult and Adolescent Participants With Vitiligo (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT06454461 — Efficacy of Upadacitinib After NECS in Vitiligo (RECRUITING) NA NCT04927975 — Study to Evaluate Adverse Events and Change in Disease Activity With Oral Tablets of Upadacitinib in Adult Participants With Non-Segmental Vitiligo (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Large-scale meta-analysis of infection risk with JAK-STAT inhibitors in 29,000 patients (Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 2026) Cochrane review Upadacitinib Therapy in Adolescent Severe Alopecia Areata: A Case Series and Narrative Review (Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, 2025) Cochrane review Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis on Janus kinase inhibitors in the management of vitiligo (Systematic reviews, 2024) Meta-analysis Relative Impact of Monotherapies for Vitiligo: A Network Meta-Analysis Study (Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 2025) Systematic review Off-label use of JAK1 inhibitor upadacitinib in dermatology (Archives of dermatological research, 2025) Clinical trial publication Psychometric Properties and Meaningful Change Thresholds of the Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (JAMA dermatology, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANIFROLUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APREMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BARICITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CERDULATINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CRISABOROLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEUCRAVACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETANERCEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOROURACIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDREBORMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IFIDANCITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVARMACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVARMACITINIB SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LATANOPROST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOXIDIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOMETASONE FUROATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORDESEKIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYGEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIMECROLIMUS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£5 / 28–30 tabs · US $4–$8 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIROLIMUS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZASOCITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABATACEPT	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACALABRUTINIB Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ACALABRUTINIB MALEATE Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ENTRECTINIB Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GLUCARPIDASE Repurposing via ARID5B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE Repurposing via ARID5B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
IBRUTINIB Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
IMATINIB Repurposing via ARID5B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 Meta-analysis View evidence Published literature Meta-analysis Pigmentary changes in patients treated with targeted anticancer agents: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
METHYLPHENIDATE Repurposing via ARHGEF28	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	3 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PIRTOBRUTINIB Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
REMIBRUTINIB Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RILZABRUTINIB Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RITLECITINIB Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 trials 2 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 5 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06072183 — A 104-Week Study of Ritlecitinib Oral Capsules in Adults With Nonsegmental Vitiligo (Active and Stable) Tranquillo 2 (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT07152626 — Combination Approach With Ritlecitinib and nbUVB Compared to Ritlecitinib Alone for Treating Vitiligo (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT05583526 — A 52-Week Study of Ritlecitinib Oral Capsules in Adults and Adolescents With Nonsegmental Vitiligo (Active and Stable) Tranquillo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT06163326 — A 52-Week Study to Learn About the Safety and Effects of Ritlecitinib in Participants With Nonsegmental Vitiligo (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Large-scale meta-analysis of infection risk with JAK-STAT inhibitors in 29,000 patients (Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 2026) Cochrane review Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis on Janus kinase inhibitors in the management of vitiligo (Systematic reviews, 2024) Meta-analysis Relative Impact of Monotherapies for Vitiligo: A Network Meta-Analysis Study (Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Response to ritlecitinib with or without narrow-band ultraviolet B add-on therapy in patients with active nonsegmental vitiligo: Results from a phase 2b extension study (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of ritlecitinib in vitiligo patients across Fitzpatrick skin types with biomarker analyses (Experimental dermatology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Ritlecitinib, a JAK3/TEC family kinase inhibitor, stabilizes active lesions and repigments stable lesions in vitiligo (Archives of dermatological research, 2024) Clinical trial publication Improvements in immune/melanocyte biomarkers with JAK3/TEC family kinase inhibitor ritlecitinib in vitiligo (The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of oral ritlecitinib for the treatment of active nonsegmental vitiligo: A randomized phase 2b clinical trial (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RITLECITINIB TOSYLATE Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUNVOZERTINIB Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TAMOXIFEN Repurposing via C1QTNF6	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	3 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TIRABRUTINIB Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
VANDETANIB Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ZANUBRUTINIB Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BMX-IN-1 Repurposing via BMX	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CHEMBL:CHEMBL285063 Repurposing via BMX	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

34 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Ginkgo Biloba Natural product Cochrane review Interventions for vitiligo Cochrane review Therapeutic interventions for vitiligo Human Study Gingko biloba is effective in slowing the progression of vitiligo.	Botanical	Phase I	Moderate	18	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 2 Cochrane 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00907062 — Ginkgo Biloba for the Treatment of Vitiligo Vulgaris in Adolescents (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01006421 — Oral Ginkgo Biloba and Narrow Band UVB in the Treatment of Vitiligo (UNKNOWN) Published literature Cochrane review Interventions for vitiligo (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Cochrane review Therapeutic interventions for vitiligo (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Kutki Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Phlebodium Aureum Natural product The Use of Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Vitiligo: An Updated Rev… Application of medicinal plants in several dermatovenerological entities	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Vitamin D3 Natural product Cochrane review Effect of narrow band ultraviolet B phototherapy as monotherapy or comb… Cochrane review The efficacy of 308-nm excimer laser/light (EL) and topical agent combi… Clinical trial publication Monochromatic excimer light versus combination of topical steroid with…	Nutraceutical	Phase I	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 4 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06880042 — COMPARISON OF EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF NARROWBAND UVB WITH 0.1% TACROLIMUS VS NARROWBAND UVB WITH 0.005% CALCIPOTRIOL IN TREATMENT OF VITILIGO (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT05364567 — Synergistic Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients With Vitiligo and Vitamin D Deficiency (COMPLETED) NA NCT04872257 — Oral Vitamin D Supplementation Combined With Phototherapy as a Treatment for Vitiligo (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Effect of narrow band ultraviolet B phototherapy as monotherapy or combination therapy for vitiligo: a meta-analysis (Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine, 2017) Cochrane review The efficacy of 308-nm excimer laser/light (EL) and topical agent combination therapy versus EL monotherapy for vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2016) Clinical trial publication Monochromatic excimer light versus combination of topical steroid with vitamin D3 analogue in the treatment of nonsegmental vitiligo: a randomized blinded comparative study (Dermatologic therapy, 2015) Clinical trial publication [New aspects on vitamin D3 ointment: vitamin D3 therapy for vitiligo] (Clinical calcium, 2004) Clinical trial publication Open trial of topical tacalcitol [1 alpha 24(OH)2D3] and solar irradiation for vitiligo vulgaris: upregulation of c-Kit mRNA by cultured melanocytes (European journal of dermatology : EJD, 2003) Clinical trial publication Combination of PUVAsol and topical calcipotriol in vitiligo (Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland), 1998) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Folate Natural product Cochrane review Folate and global health review series, part 4: syntheses on folate and… Human Study Vitamin B12, folic acid and sunlight appear an effective therapy in Vit… In Vitro Study A combination of green tea, quercetin and folate may contribute to redu…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Folate and global health review series, part 4: syntheses on folate and autoimmune diseases and skeletal outcomes (Journal of global health, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Vitamin C Natural product Meta-analysis Serum level of antioxidant vitamins and minerals in patients with vitil… Meta-analysis Critical appraisal of the oxidative stress pathway in vitiligo: a syste… Clinical trial publication The effect of vitamin C on oxidative stress indices and skin regimentat…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 trials 1 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07595705 — Gingival Hyperpigmentation Treatment (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT07677826 — Effect of Co-enzyme Q10 and Vitamin C Alone or in Combination After a Surgical Gingival Depigmentation (RECRUITING) NA NCT06945393 — ANTIPIGMENTING OR DEPIMENTING EFFICACY UNDER PART OF VISIBLE LIGHT (COMPLETED) Published literature Meta-analysis Serum level of antioxidant vitamins and minerals in patients with vitiligo, a systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS), 2020) Meta-analysis Critical appraisal of the oxidative stress pathway in vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 2018) Clinical trial publication The effect of vitamin C on oxidative stress indices and skin regimentation of vitiligo patients (Archives of dermatological research, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Vitamin B12 Natural product Cochrane review Healthy lifestyle choices: new insights into vitiligo management Clinical trial publication Association of autoimmune thyroid diseases, chronic atrophic gastritis… Clinical trial publication Treatment of vitiligo vulgaris with narrow band UVB (311 nm) for one ye…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 3 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Healthy lifestyle choices: new insights into vitiligo management (Frontiers in immunology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Association of autoimmune thyroid diseases, chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric carcinoid: experience from a single institution (Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2016) Clinical trial publication Treatment of vitiligo vulgaris with narrow band UVB (311 nm) for one year and the effect of addition of folic acid and vitamin B12 (Acta dermato-venereologica, 2002) Clinical trial publication Improvement of vitiligo after oral treatment with vitamin B12 and folic acid and the importance of sun exposure (Acta dermato-venereologica, 1997) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Curcumin Natural product Systematic review Research progress on traditional Chinese medicine compounds in autoimmu… Systematic review Evaluation of curcumin for dermatologic conditions: a systematic review Systematic review Effects of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) on Skin Health: A Systematic Review…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	18 pubs View evidence Published literature Systematic review Research progress on traditional Chinese medicine compounds in autoimmune-related skin diseases (Frontiers in immunology, 2025) Systematic review Evaluation of curcumin for dermatologic conditions: a systematic review (Archives of dermatological research, 2023) Systematic review Effects of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) on Skin Health: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Evidence (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Berberine Natural product Systematic review Research progress on traditional Chinese medicine compounds in autoimmu… Animal Study, In Vitro Study Novel berberine-loaded hyalurosomes as a promising nanodermatological t…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence Published literature Systematic review Research progress on traditional Chinese medicine compounds in autoimmune-related skin diseases (Frontiers in immunology, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Egcg Natural product Clinical trial publication Topical epigallocatechin-3-gallate in the treatment of vitiligo In Vitro Study A combination of green tea, quercetin and folate may contribute to redu… Human In Vitro These results provide new evidence for the effectiveness of EGCG in vit…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Topical epigallocatechin-3-gallate in the treatment of vitiligo (The Australasian journal of dermatology, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Quercetin Natural product In Vitro Study A combination of green tea, quercetin and folate may contribute to redu…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	15 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Flavonoids Natural product Systematic review Genus Psoralea: A review of the traditional and modern uses, phytochemi… Animal Study Galangin alleviates vitiligo by targeting ANXA2 degradation in macropha… Animal Study Isorhamnetin protects melanocytes against CD8+ T cell-mediated apoptosi…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	33 pubs View evidence Published literature Systematic review Genus Psoralea: A review of the traditional and modern uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology (Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Piperine Natural product Clinical trial publication The effect of topical piperine combined with narrowband UVB on vitiligo… Human Study Vitiligo treated with combined piperine-based topical treatment and nar… Animal Study Topical treatment with piperine improves the treatment response to UV i…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication The effect of topical piperine combined with narrowband UVB on vitiligo treatment: A clinical trial study (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Black Pepper Natural product Randomized controlled trial The effect of topical piperine combined with narrowband UVB on vitiligo… Animal Study New insights in vitiligo treatments using bioactive compounds from Pipe… In Vitro Study Black pepper has melanocyte modulating activity, confirming its traditi…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 RCT View evidence Published literature Randomized controlled trial The effect of topical piperine combined with narrowband UVB on vitiligo treatment: A clinical trial study (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate) Natural product Human Study Topical epigallocatechin-3-gallate in the treatment of vitiligo. Human In Vitro These results provide new evidence for the effectiveness of EGCG in vit…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Capsaicin Natural product Human Study Curcumin and capsaicin might represent an alternative approach to prote…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	5 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Nigella Sativa (Aka Black Seed) Natural product Human Study Effectiveness of topical Nigella sativa for vitiligo treatment. In Vitro Study Black pepper has melanocyte modulating activity, confirming its traditi…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Glycyrrhizin Natural product Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of compound glycyrrhizin in combination with conven… Cochrane review Compound glycyrrhizin tablets combined with the 308 nm excimer laser in… Meta-analysis Efficacy and safety of compound glycyrrhizin in the patients with vitil…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 3 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of compound glycyrrhizin in combination with conventional therapy in treatment of vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Medicine, 2023) Cochrane review Compound glycyrrhizin tablets combined with the 308 nm excimer laser in the treatment of vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 2023) Meta-analysis Efficacy and safety of compound glycyrrhizin in the patients with vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Expert review of clinical pharmacology, 2023) Clinical trial publication Effectiveness and Safety of Oral Compound Glycyrrhizin Followed by Phototherapy for the Treatment of Progressive Vitiligo in Children (Pigment cell & melanoma research, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effect of vitiligo treatment using compound glycyrrhizin combined with fractional carbon dioxide laser and topical triamcinolone acetonide on serum interleukin-17 and tissue growth factor-β levels (The Journal of international medical research, 2019) Clinical trial publication Combination therapy of orally administered glycyrrhizin and UVB improved active-stage generalized vitiligo (Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Homeopathic Medicine: All Natural product Human Study Homeopathy may be effective in the early stages of vitiligo.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Polypodium Leucotomos Natural product Meta-analysis Critical appraisal of the oxidative stress pathway in vitiligo: a syste… Meta-analysis Interventions for vitiligo Systematic review The Utility of Oral Polypodium Leucotomos Extract for Dermatologic Dise…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 Meta-analysis 4 RCT View evidence Published literature Meta-analysis Critical appraisal of the oxidative stress pathway in vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 2018) Meta-analysis Interventions for vitiligo (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2010) Systematic review The Utility of Oral Polypodium Leucotomos Extract for Dermatologic Diseases: A Systematic Review (Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD, 2025) Systematic review A Systematic Review of Nutrition, Supplement, and Herbal-Based Adjunctive Therapies for Vitiligo (Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 2021) Randomized controlled trial NB-UVB plus oral Polypodium leucotomos extract display higher efficacy than NB-UVB alone in patients with vitiligo (Dermatologic therapy, 2021) Randomized controlled trial Treatment of vitiligo vulgaris with narrow-band UVB and oral Polypodium leucotomos extract: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study (Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 2007) Randomized controlled trial Systemic immunomodulatory effects of Polypodium leucotomos as an adjuvant to PUVA therapy in generalized vitiligo: A pilot study (Journal of dermatological science, 2006) Randomized controlled trial Topical or oral administration with an extract of Polypodium leucotomos prevents acute sunburn and psoralen-induced phototoxic reactions as well as depletion of Langerhans cells in human skin (Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine, 1997) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Silibinin Natural product Human Study This study showed that probably Silybum marianum is a good choice for p…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Catechin Natural product Human Study Topical epigallocatechin-3-gallate in the treatment of vitiligo.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Apigenin Natural product Human In Vitro Apigenin protects human melanocytes against oxidative damage by activat…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Harmine Natural product Human In Vitro Harmine and Kaempferol treatment enhances NFATC1 and FOXP3 mediated reg…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Kaempferol Natural product Human In Vitro Harmine and Kaempferol treatment enhances NFATC1 and FOXP3 mediated reg…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Goji Natural product Animal Study Mechanisms of action of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide in protecting ag…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Babchi Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Seed powder of Psoralea corylifolia could be an effective monotherapy f…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Tanshinone Iia Natural product Animal Study Tanshinone IIA alleviates vitiligo by suppressing AKT mediated CD8 + T…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
6-Shogaol Natural product In Vitro Study 6-shogaol protects human melanocytes against oxidative stress through a…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Piperidines Natural product In Vitro Study If UVA radiation is used with piperine in the treatment of vitiligo, ap…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Malytea Scurfpea Natural product In Vitro Study Malytea Scurfpea fruit appears to be beneficial in the treatment of Vit…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Hydrogen: Molecular Natural product In Vitro Study Molecular hydrogen could be a promising therapeutic agent for vitiligo…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Rubia Cordifolia Natural product In Vitro Study Rubia cordifolia L. extract ameliorates vitiligo.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Paeoniflorin Natural product In Vitro Study These results suggest a potential therapeutic application of paeoniflor…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.

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