Tinnitus — RepurpOS | OpenSourceMedicine

Disease overview

Alterations

118

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

Via biomarker

177

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

219

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, Seeds, Examine.com · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-06

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Spontaneous resolution in 50-60% of acute tinnitus (<3 months) without treatment; chronic tinnitus (>3 months): only 10-15% spontaneous resolution; habituated tinnitus (not distressing) in 75% at 5 years but sound remains in most

Best-intervention remission

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT): 50-60% reduction in tinnitus-related distress (not sound elimination); tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT): 80% improvement in distress over 18 months; hearing aids for comorbid hearing loss: modest tinnitus reduction; sound therapy (masking): symptom relief without cure

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Very large — no pharmacological treatment exists; CBT and TRT are evidence-based but massively under-accessed

Primary barrier

biological + access

Barrier detail: No effective pharmacotherapy exists (multiple drug classes tried and failed); sound therapy and CBT are the only evidence-based interventions but trained tinnitus therapists are scarce; most patients are told to 'live with it'; digital CBT for tinnitus (iCBT) emerging as scalable solution

Last SoC change: 2023 — Lenire (bimodal neurostimulation device) cleared in some markets; 2022 FDA De Novo cleared for SAINT protocol-based devices; no pharmacotherapy approved; CBT/TRT standard since 1990s

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: EFO: HP_0000360 · ORPHA: ORPHA:79135

Alterations

Showing 80 of 118 · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
ACAN aggrecan	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADPGK ADP dependent glucokinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ANXA4 annexin A4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BBS4 Bardet-Biedl syndrome 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BCAR3 BCAR3 adaptor protein, NSP family member	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BDNF brain derived neurotrophic factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BRD3 bromodomain containing 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Beck Depression Inventory	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
CACNA1A calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1B calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1C calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1D calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1E calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 E	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1F calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 F	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1G calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 G	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1H calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 H	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1I calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 I	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1S calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 S	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA2D1 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA2D2 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA2D3 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA2D4 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNB1 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNB2 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNB3 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNB4 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG1 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG2 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG3 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG4 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG5 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG6 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG7 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG8 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD180 CD180 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRNA10 cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 10 subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRNA9 cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 9 subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CNTNAP5 contactin associated protein family member 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL11A1 collagen type XI alpha 1 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CRIP3 cysteine rich protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Change from Baseline in Tinnitus symptoms assessed by questionnaires	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change in Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
DBN1 drebrin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DNM1 dynamin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DNTTIP2 deoxynucleotidyltransferase terminal interacting protein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EEFSEC eukaryotic elongation factor, selenocysteine-tRNA specific	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FAM110B family with sequence similarity 110 member B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FBXL17 F-box and leucine rich repeat protein 17	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FER FER tyrosine kinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FHIP1A FHF complex subunit HOOK interacting protein 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRA1 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRA2 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRA3 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRA4 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRA5 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRA6 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRB1 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit beta1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRB2 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit beta2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRB3 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit beta3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRD gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit delta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRG1 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit gamma1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRG3 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit gamma3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRP gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit pi	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRQ gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit theta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GATB glutamyl-tRNA amidotransferase subunit B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN1 glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2A glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2B glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2C glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2D glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN3A glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 3A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN3B glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 3B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Hyperacusis Questionnaire (HQ)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Insomnia severity index (ISI)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
LUZP2 leucine zipper protein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MSRA methionine sulfoxide reductase A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MUC6 mucin 6, oligomeric mucus/gel-forming (gene/pseudogene)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MYC MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDRG1 N-myc downstream regulated 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
DIAZEPAM	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	4 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block during and after shoulder surgery (Annales chirurgiae et gynaecologiae, 1990) Clinical trial publication Protracted tinnitus after discontinuation of long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 1988) Clinical trial publication Withdrawal reaction after long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines (The New England journal of medicine, 1986) Clinical trial publication A modified gas-liquid chromatographic assay to monitor plasma mexiletine in a tinnitus study (Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, 1982) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADAPALENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRAZOLAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Published literature Systematic review The use of benzodiazepines for tinnitus: systematic review (The Journal of laryngology and otology, 2015) Clinical trial publication Investigating the efficacy of fluoxetine vs. fluoxetine plus alprazolam (single therapy vs. combination therapy) in treatment of chronic tinnitus: A placebo-controlled study (American journal of otolaryngology, 2021) Clinical trial publication Comparison of various treatment modalities for acute tinnitus (The Laryngoscope, 2011) Clinical trial publication The effects of alprazolam on tinnitus: a cross-over randomized clinical trial (Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2009) Clinical trial publication Use of alprazolam for relief of tinnitus. A double-blind study (Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery, 1993) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE BENZOATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARGIPRESSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
BACLOFEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BEPRIDIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BEPRIDIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BORTEZOMIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
CAMPTOTHECIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAPSAICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CETUXIMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
CHLORPROMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CINNARIZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	6 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Published literature Systematic review Tinnitus (BMJ clinical evidence, 2012) Systematic review Tinnitus (BMJ clinical evidence, 2009) Systematic review Tinnitus (BMJ clinical evidence, 2007) Systematic review Menière's disease (BMJ clinical evidence, 2007) Clinical trial publication The Evaluation of Memantine Effect on Tinnitus Severity (Brain and behavior, 2025) Clinical trial publication Comparative Effectiveness of Cinnarizine Versus Cinnarizine Plus Otic Bitter Almond Oil for Tinnitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Alternative therapies in health and medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Fixed combination of cinnarizine and dimenhydrinate versus betahistine dimesylate in the treatment of Ménière's disease: a randomized, double-blind, parallel group clinical study (The international tinnitus journal, 2002) Clinical trial publication The efficacy of Arlevert therapy for vertigo and tinnitus (The international tinnitus journal, 1999) Clinical trial publication Idiopathic subjective tinnitus treated by biofeedback, acupuncture and drug therapy (Ear, nose, & throat journal, 1991) Randomized controlled trial Controlled clinical trial of pentoxifylline versus cinnarizine in the treatment of labyrinthine disorders (Pharmatherapeutica, 1988) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLEVIDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
COLCHICINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CORTICOTROPIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DACTINOMYCIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DESIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIDANOSINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM MALATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DONEPEZIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
DRONABINOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DRONEDARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EMPAGLIFLOZIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN ALFA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ESTAZOLAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
CAROVERINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESKETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NERAMEXANE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NERAMEXANE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYTOCIN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMITRIPTYLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BREXANOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIAZEPAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	4 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block during and after shoulder surgery (Annales chirurgiae et gynaecologiae, 1990) Clinical trial publication Protracted tinnitus after discontinuation of long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 1988) Clinical trial publication Withdrawal reaction after long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines (The New England journal of medicine, 1986) Clinical trial publication A modified gas-liquid chromatographic assay to monitor plasma mexiletine in a tinnitus study (Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, 1982) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EBSELEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETANERCEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GABAPENTIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£5 / 28–100 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GACYCLIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INCOBOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAROXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERPHENAZINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELURAMPANEL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VARDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VESTIPITANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZINC ION	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACAMPROSATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABINOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIDOCAINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MODAFINIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK £2–£5 / 28–30 tabs · US $4–$8 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAHISTINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CILOSTAZOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GINKGO	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUTEOLIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXITRIPTAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PALMIDROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIMOZIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRIBEDIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRIBEDIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ANXA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADAPALENE Repurposing via BDNF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRAZOLAM Repurposing via BRD3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Published literature Systematic review The use of benzodiazepines for tinnitus: systematic review (The Journal of laryngology and otology, 2015) Clinical trial publication Investigating the efficacy of fluoxetine vs. fluoxetine plus alprazolam (single therapy vs. combination therapy) in treatment of chronic tinnitus: A placebo-controlled study (American journal of otolaryngology, 2021) Clinical trial publication Comparison of various treatment modalities for acute tinnitus (The Laryngoscope, 2011) Clinical trial publication The effects of alprazolam on tinnitus: a cross-over randomized clinical trial (Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2009) Clinical trial publication Use of alprazolam for relief of tinnitus. A double-blind study (Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery, 1993) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via BDNF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE BENZOATE Repurposing via CACNA1F	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing via CACNA1F	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE MALEATE Repurposing via CACNA1F	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ANXA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARGIPRESSIN Repurposing via BDNF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE Repurposing via BDNF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
BACLOFEN Repurposing via BDNF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BEPRIDIL Repurposing via CACNA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BEPRIDIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1G	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ANXA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BORTEZOMIB Repurposing via BDNF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
CAMPTOTHECIN Repurposing via BDNF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAPSAICIN Repurposing via BDNF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ANXA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB Repurposing via CACNA1G	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CETUXIMAB Repurposing via BDNF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
CHLORPROMAZINE Repurposing via BDNF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CINNARIZINE Repurposing via CACNA1F	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	6 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Published literature Systematic review Tinnitus (BMJ clinical evidence, 2012) Systematic review Tinnitus (BMJ clinical evidence, 2009) Systematic review Tinnitus (BMJ clinical evidence, 2007) Systematic review Menière's disease (BMJ clinical evidence, 2007) Clinical trial publication The Evaluation of Memantine Effect on Tinnitus Severity (Brain and behavior, 2025) Clinical trial publication Comparative Effectiveness of Cinnarizine Versus Cinnarizine Plus Otic Bitter Almond Oil for Tinnitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Alternative therapies in health and medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Fixed combination of cinnarizine and dimenhydrinate versus betahistine dimesylate in the treatment of Ménière's disease: a randomized, double-blind, parallel group clinical study (The international tinnitus journal, 2002) Clinical trial publication The efficacy of Arlevert therapy for vertigo and tinnitus (The international tinnitus journal, 1999) Clinical trial publication Idiopathic subjective tinnitus treated by biofeedback, acupuncture and drug therapy (Ear, nose, & throat journal, 1991) Randomized controlled trial Controlled clinical trial of pentoxifylline versus cinnarizine in the treatment of labyrinthine disorders (Pharmatherapeutica, 1988) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ANXA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLEVIDIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1F	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via BDNF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ANXA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
COLCHICINE Repurposing via BDNF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CORTICOTROPIN Repurposing via BDNF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DACTINOMYCIN Repurposing via BDNF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DESIPRAMINE Repurposing via BDNF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ANXA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	4 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block during and after shoulder surgery (Annales chirurgiae et gynaecologiae, 1990) Clinical trial publication Protracted tinnitus after discontinuation of long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 1988) Clinical trial publication Withdrawal reaction after long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines (The New England journal of medicine, 1986) Clinical trial publication A modified gas-liquid chromatographic assay to monitor plasma mexiletine in a tinnitus study (Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, 1982) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ANXA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIDANOSINE Repurposing via BDNF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via BDNF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ANXA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1F	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

31 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Ginkgo Biloba Natural product Cochrane review Ginkgo biloba extract for dizziness-related symptoms in central neurolo… Cochrane review Effectiveness of Over-The-Counter Treatments for Tinnitus Symptom Relie… Cochrane review Pentoxifylline uses in inner ear diseases	Botanical	Phase II	Moderate	21	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	5 trials 20 Cochrane 19 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05300594 — Effect of Audistim® Day/Night on Hearing Comfort and Patient Quality of Life of Patients With Chronic Tinnitus. (COMPLETED) NA NCT06124703 — Different Dosing Regimens of STOP-AST (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05591144 — Short-term Oral Prednisone for Acute Subjective Tinnitus (COMPLETED) NA NCT03425045 — Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Chronic Subjective Tinnitus (COMPLETED) NA NCT01663467 — Efficacy of Internet and Smartphone Application-delivered Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (WITHDRAWN) NA Published literature Cochrane review Ginkgo biloba extract for dizziness-related symptoms in central neurological disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Frontiers in neurology, 2026) Cochrane review Effectiveness of Over-The-Counter Treatments for Tinnitus Symptom Relief: A Systematic Review (Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology, 2026) Cochrane review Pentoxifylline uses in inner ear diseases (European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2025) Cochrane review Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761® for the treatment of various diseases: Overview of systematic reviews (Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2025) Cochrane review Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2022) Systematic review Pharmacotherapy options for the management of subjective tinnitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (BMJ open, 2025) Systematic review Plant-derived nootropics and human cognition: A systematic review (Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 2023) Randomized controlled trial Tinnitus outcomes after ginkgo biloba extract in sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a dose-comparative and prognostic study (Acta oto-laryngologica, 2026) Randomized controlled trial Clinical efficacy of vitamin D combined with conventional therapy for sudden sensorineural hearing loss in patients with vitamin D deficiency: a randomized controlled trial (Head & face medicine, 2025) Randomized controlled trial [Tongdu Tiaoshen acupuncture for subjective tinnitus:a randomized controlled trial] (Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion, 2024) Randomized controlled trial [Effect of electro-nape-acupuncture on hearing in patients with refractory flat descending idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss] (Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Clinical randomized trial study of hearing aids effectiveness in association with Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on tinnitus improvement (Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Zinc Natural product Clinical trial publication Zinc to treat tinnitus in the elderly: a randomized placebo controlled… Clinical trial publication Inflammatory acne management with a novel prescription dietary suppleme… Clinical trial publication The role of zinc in the treatment of tinnitus	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Moderate	20	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	5 trials 5 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01066273 — Somatosensory Based Treatments for Tinnitus (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT05300594 — Effect of Audistim® Day/Night on Hearing Comfort and Patient Quality of Life of Patients With Chronic Tinnitus. (COMPLETED) NA NCT05646693 — Effect of Combined Antioxidant Therapy on Oxidative Stress Markers and Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients With Tinnitus (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT00683644 — Zinc to Treat Tinnitus in the Elderly (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02951715 — Improvement of Tinnitus After Oral Zinc on Patients With Noise-induced Hearing Loss (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Zinc to treat tinnitus in the elderly: a randomized placebo controlled crossover trial (Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology, 2013) Clinical trial publication Inflammatory acne management with a novel prescription dietary supplement (Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD, 2012) Clinical trial publication The role of zinc in the treatment of tinnitus (Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology, 2003) Clinical trial publication Zinc in the management of tinnitus. Placebo-controlled trial (The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology, 1991) Clinical trial publication [Zinc therapy of tinnitus. A placebo-controlled study] (Ugeskrift for laeger, 1990) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Magnesium Natural product Human Study Acute tinnitus is linked to increased oxidative stress, reduced nitric…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Moderate	20	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	6 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05300594 — Effect of Audistim® Day/Night on Hearing Comfort and Patient Quality of Life of Patients With Chronic Tinnitus. (COMPLETED) NA NCT04210310 — High Dose Oxytocin Nasal Spray for Treatment of Tinnitus (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT01273883 — A Trial of Magnesium Dependent Tinnitus (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01727492 — Prevention of Noise-induced Damage by Use of Antioxidants (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05646693 — Effect of Combined Antioxidant Therapy on Oxidative Stress Markers and Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients With Tinnitus (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT00808470 — Micronutrients to Prevent Noise-induced Hearing Loss (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Magnesium Natural product Human Study Acute tinnitus is linked to increased oxidative stress, reduced nitric…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	19	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	6 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05300594 — Effect of Audistim® Day/Night on Hearing Comfort and Patient Quality of Life of Patients With Chronic Tinnitus. (COMPLETED) NA NCT04210310 — High Dose Oxytocin Nasal Spray for Treatment of Tinnitus (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT01273883 — A Trial of Magnesium Dependent Tinnitus (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01727492 — Prevention of Noise-induced Damage by Use of Antioxidants (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05646693 — Effect of Combined Antioxidant Therapy on Oxidative Stress Markers and Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients With Tinnitus (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT00808470 — Micronutrients to Prevent Noise-induced Hearing Loss (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Zinc Natural product Clinical trial publication Zinc to treat tinnitus in the elderly: a randomized placebo controlled… Clinical trial publication Inflammatory acne management with a novel prescription dietary suppleme… Clinical trial publication The role of zinc in the treatment of tinnitus	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	19	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	5 trials 5 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01066273 — Somatosensory Based Treatments for Tinnitus (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT05300594 — Effect of Audistim® Day/Night on Hearing Comfort and Patient Quality of Life of Patients With Chronic Tinnitus. (COMPLETED) NA NCT05646693 — Effect of Combined Antioxidant Therapy on Oxidative Stress Markers and Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients With Tinnitus (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT00683644 — Zinc to Treat Tinnitus in the Elderly (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02951715 — Improvement of Tinnitus After Oral Zinc on Patients With Noise-induced Hearing Loss (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Zinc to treat tinnitus in the elderly: a randomized placebo controlled crossover trial (Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology, 2013) Clinical trial publication Inflammatory acne management with a novel prescription dietary supplement (Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD, 2012) Clinical trial publication The role of zinc in the treatment of tinnitus (Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology, 2003) Clinical trial publication Zinc in the management of tinnitus. Placebo-controlled trial (The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology, 1991) Clinical trial publication [Zinc therapy of tinnitus. A placebo-controlled study] (Ugeskrift for laeger, 1990) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Melatonin Natural product Clinical trial publication [Clinical research of Pinggan Jiangya decoction combined with penetrati… Clinical trial publication Intratympanic dexamethasone plus melatonin versus melatonin only in the… Clinical trial publication Melatonin: can it stop the ringing?	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 8 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT05300594 — Effect of Audistim® Day/Night on Hearing Comfort and Patient Quality of Life of Patients With Chronic Tinnitus. (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication [Clinical research of Pinggan Jiangya decoction combined with penetrating needling at Baihui (GV20) in a period of day from 7 am to 9 am in the treatment of grade 1 and 2 essential hypertension] (Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research, 2022) Clinical trial publication Intratympanic dexamethasone plus melatonin versus melatonin only in the treatment of unilateral acute idiopathic tinnitus (American journal of otolaryngology, 2014) Clinical trial publication Melatonin: can it stop the ringing? (The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology, 2011) Clinical trial publication Treatment of central and sensorineural tinnitus with orally administered Melatonin and Sulodexide: personal experience from a randomized controlled study (Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale, 2009) Clinical trial publication Management of tinnitus: oral treatment with melatonin and sulodexide (Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents, 2009) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Melatonin Natural product Clinical trial publication [Clinical research of Pinggan Jiangya decoction combined with penetrati… Clinical trial publication Intratympanic dexamethasone plus melatonin versus melatonin only in the… Clinical trial publication Melatonin: can it stop the ringing?	Nutraceutical	Phase I	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 8 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT05300594 — Effect of Audistim® Day/Night on Hearing Comfort and Patient Quality of Life of Patients With Chronic Tinnitus. (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication [Clinical research of Pinggan Jiangya decoction combined with penetrating needling at Baihui (GV20) in a period of day from 7 am to 9 am in the treatment of grade 1 and 2 essential hypertension] (Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research, 2022) Clinical trial publication Intratympanic dexamethasone plus melatonin versus melatonin only in the treatment of unilateral acute idiopathic tinnitus (American journal of otolaryngology, 2014) Clinical trial publication Melatonin: can it stop the ringing? (The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology, 2011) Clinical trial publication Treatment of central and sensorineural tinnitus with orally administered Melatonin and Sulodexide: personal experience from a randomized controlled study (Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale, 2009) Clinical trial publication Management of tinnitus: oral treatment with melatonin and sulodexide (Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents, 2009) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin D3 Natural product Human Study A large proportion of tinnitus patients suffers from vitamin D deficien… Human Study Antioxidant therapy seems to reduce the subjective discomfort and tinni… Human Study This study demonstrated a significant association between serum vitamin…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Vitamin B12 Natural product Clinical trial publication The effect of vitamin B12 on idiopathic tinnitus Clinical trial publication A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve… Clinical trial publication Therapeutic role of Vitamin B12 in patients of chronic tinnitus: A pilo…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 5 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05300594 — Effect of Audistim® Day/Night on Hearing Comfort and Patient Quality of Life of Patients With Chronic Tinnitus. (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication The effect of vitamin B12 on idiopathic tinnitus (American journal of otolaryngology, 2024) Clinical trial publication A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Patients With Acute Tinnitus (Medicine, 2019) Clinical trial publication Therapeutic role of Vitamin B12 in patients of chronic tinnitus: A pilot study (Noise & health, 2016) Clinical trial publication Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with severe tinnitus: prospective, controlled clinical study (The Journal of laryngology and otology, 2015) Clinical trial publication [Comparative study on therapeutic effects of acupuncture, Chinese herbs and Western medicine on nervous tinnitus] (Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion, 2007) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Folate Natural product Human Study Antioxidant therapy seems to reduce the subjective discomfort and tinni…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Vitamin C Natural product Clinical trial publication Antioxidant therapy in the elderly with tinnitus Clinical trial publication Antioxidant therapy in idiopathic tinnitus: preliminary outcomes Clinical trial publication Radical scavengers for Ménière's disease after failure of conventional…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 3 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05646693 — Effect of Combined Antioxidant Therapy on Oxidative Stress Markers and Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients With Tinnitus (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT00808470 — Micronutrients to Prevent Noise-induced Hearing Loss (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Antioxidant therapy in the elderly with tinnitus (Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology, 2016) Clinical trial publication Antioxidant therapy in idiopathic tinnitus: preliminary outcomes (Archives of medical research, 2007) Clinical trial publication Radical scavengers for Ménière's disease after failure of conventional therapy: a pilot study (Acta oto-laryngologica, 2003) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Vitamin E Natural product Clinical trial publication Antioxidant therapy in the elderly with tinnitus Clinical trial publication [Treating oligospermia patients of Shen-essence deficiency syndrome by… Clinical trial publication Antioxidant therapy in idiopathic tinnitus: preliminary outcomes	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 3 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05646693 — Effect of Combined Antioxidant Therapy on Oxidative Stress Markers and Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients With Tinnitus (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT00808470 — Micronutrients to Prevent Noise-induced Hearing Loss (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Antioxidant therapy in the elderly with tinnitus (Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology, 2016) Clinical trial publication [Treating oligospermia patients of Shen-essence deficiency syndrome by 3 different treatment programs: a clinical observation] (Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi = Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine, 2013) Clinical trial publication Antioxidant therapy in idiopathic tinnitus: preliminary outcomes (Archives of medical research, 2007) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Spirulina Natural product Cochrane review Benefits, pitfalls and risks of phytotherapy in clinical practice in ot… Cochrane review 'Complementary ENT': a systematic review of commonly used supplements Animal Study Altered expression of antioxidant genes may reflect states of oxidative…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 2 Cochrane View evidence Registry trials NCT06997406 — 'Inner Ear Support' Oral Capsule in Patients With Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA Published literature Cochrane review Benefits, pitfalls and risks of phytotherapy in clinical practice in otorhinolaryngology (European annals of otorhinolaryngology, head and neck diseases, 2017) Cochrane review 'Complementary ENT': a systematic review of commonly used supplements (The Journal of laryngology and otology, 2007) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Alpha-Lipoic Acid Natural product Cochrane review Effectiveness of Over-The-Counter Treatments for Tinnitus Symptom Relie… Clinical trial publication Antioxidant therapy in the elderly with tinnitus Human Study Antioxidant therapy seems to reduce the subjective discomfort and tinni…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04105426 — A Study on the Effectiveness of Antioxidant Supplementation in Tinnitus (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Effectiveness of Over-The-Counter Treatments for Tinnitus Symptom Relief: A Systematic Review (Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Antioxidant therapy in the elderly with tinnitus (Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Niacin Natural product Human Study Antioxidant therapy seems to reduce the subjective discomfort and tinni… Human Study A large proportion of tinnitus patients suffers from vitamin D deficien… Human Study This study demonstrated a significant association between serum vitamin…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05300594 — Effect of Audistim® Day/Night on Hearing Comfort and Patient Quality of Life of Patients With Chronic Tinnitus. (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Clinical trial publication A pilot clinical trial of the effects of coenzyme Q10 on chronic tinnit…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT02353650 — The Effect of Coenzyme Q10 on Hearing and Tinnitus Characteristics of Chronic Tinnitus Patients (UNKNOWN) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication A pilot clinical trial of the effects of coenzyme Q10 on chronic tinnitus aurium (Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2007) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Resveratrol Natural product Human Study Laser puncture and transmeatal transmeatal low-level laser therapy can… Human Study BOLD fMRI effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in patients… Human Study Effectiveness of transmeatal low power laser irradiation for chronic ti…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	5 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Flavonoids Natural product Human Study Pycnogenol relieves symptoms of tinnitus by improving cochlear flow. Human Study Symptoms of Meniere's disease, flow at cochlear level and tinnitus…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT06718452 — Tinnitus and Treatment With umPEA-LUT (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Riboflavin (Vitamin B-2) Natural product Human Study Antioxidant therapy seems to reduce the subjective discomfort and tinni… Human Study A large proportion of tinnitus patients suffers from vitamin D deficien… Human Study This study demonstrated a significant association between serum vitamin…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Vitamin a Natural product Human Study Antioxidant therapy seems to reduce the subjective discomfort and tinni… Human Study A large proportion of tinnitus patients suffers from vitamin D deficien… Human Study This study demonstrated a significant association between serum vitamin…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Vitamin B-3 (Niacin) Natural product Human Study Antioxidant therapy seems to reduce the subjective discomfort and tinni… Human Study A large proportion of tinnitus patients suffers from vitamin D deficien… Human Study This study demonstrated a significant association between serum vitamin…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Antioxidant Formulas Natural product Human Study Antoxidant therapy reduces symptoms in patients with idiopathic tinnitu… Human Study Antioxidant therapy seems to reduce the subjective discomfort and tinni… Human Study Ginkgo biloba administered singly and combined with antioxidants in tin…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
St. John's Wort Natural product Human Study Efficacy and safety of co-administered St. John's wort and Ginkgo…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Ginseng (Korean) Natural product Human Study Korean red ginseng may improve tinnitus symptoms and mental wellbeing i…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Manganese Natural product Human Study Micronutrients in tinnitus: A national health and nutrition examination…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Acai Natural product Human Study Oral antioxidant supplementation with açaí extract showed favorable eff…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Pycnogenol (Pine Bark) Natural product Human Study Pycnogenol relieves symptoms of tinnitus by improving cochlear flow. Human Study Symptoms of Meniere's disease, flow at cochlear level and tinnitus…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Nettle Natural product Human Study Therapeutic effects of Rosa Canina, Urtica Dioica and Tanacetum vulgare…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Rose Natural product Human Study Therapeutic effects of Rosa Canina, Urtica Dioica and Tanacetum vulgare…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Tansy Natural product Human Study Therapeutic effects of Rosa Canina, Urtica Dioica and Tanacetum vulgare…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Phycocyanin Natural product Animal Study Effects of C-phycocyanin and Spirulina on salicylate-induced tinnitus,…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.