Thyroid Cancer (Well-Differentiated)

Disease overview

Alterations

189

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

Via biomarker

227

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

321

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, Examine.com, PubMed NP Literature · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-06

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Not applicable — surgical resection is standard; papillary microcarcinoma (<1 cm, low-risk): active surveillance achieves 99.8%+ cancer-specific survival at 10 years without immediate surgery in Japanese cohorts

Best-intervention remission

Total thyroidectomy + RAI for intermediate/high-risk: 90-95% disease-free survival at 10 years; active surveillance for low-risk papillary microcarcinoma: non-inferior to surgery in multiple cohorts; lenvatinib + pembrolizumab for RAI-refractory: OS benefit (LEAP-011 ongoing); vemurafenib for BRAF V600E mutant: response in 38%

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Moderate — overtreatment of low-risk disease is the dominant problem (too many total thyroidectomies in low-risk disease)

Primary barrier

practice/framing

Barrier detail: The Kuma Hospital and Cancer Institute Hospital experience in Japan showing non-inferiority of active surveillance for low-risk papillary microcarcinoma has not been widely adopted outside Japan; total thyroidectomy with radioiodine for all differentiated thyroid cancer remains common despite lack of benefit in low-risk disease

Last SoC change: 2023 — ATA task force expanded active surveillance indications; lenvatinib now standard second-line; 2018 ATA guidelines reduced RAI use in low-risk; total thyroidectomy + RAI standard since 1990s (largely unchanged)

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0002108 · ORPHA: ORPHA:319494

Alterations

Showing 80 of 189 · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
Abnormal lymph node morphology	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormal skeletal muscle morphology	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Aganglionic megacolon	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Basal cell carcinoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Breast carcinoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Broad neck	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Chest pain	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Chronic lung disease	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Chronic noninfectious lymphadenopathy	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Colon cancer	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Colonic diverticula	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Constipation	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Cough	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Cutaneous lichen amyloidosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Diarrhea	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Disproportionate tall stature	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Dysphagia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Dysphonia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Dyspnea	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Elevated circulating calcitonin concentration	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Elevated urinary dopamine level	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Elevated urinary epinephrine level	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Elevated urinary norepinephrine level	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Elevated urinary vanillylmandelic acid	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Failure to thrive in infancy	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Flushing	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Follicular thyroid carcinoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Ganglioneuroma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Generalized hypotonia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Global developmental delay	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Goiter	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Headache	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hemoptysis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
High palate	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
High, narrow palate	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hoarse voice	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hyperlordosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hyperparathyroidism	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hypertension	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hypertensive crisis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hypotonia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Increased circulating cortisol level	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Joint hypermobility	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Kyphosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Laryngotracheal stenosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Lymphadenopathy	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Lymphoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Malignant neoplasm of the central nervous system	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Medullary thyroid carcinoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Myopathy	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Neoplasm of the lung	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Neoplasm of the skeletal system	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Nodular goiter	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Non-medullary thyroid carcinoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Ovarian neoplasm	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pain	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Palpitations	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Papillary renal cell carcinoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Papillary thyroid carcinoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Parathyroid adenoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Parathyroid hyperplasia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pectus excavatum	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pes cavus	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pheochromocytoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Prostate cancer	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Proximal femoral epiphysiolysis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Recurrent fractures	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Renal cortical adenoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Respiratory distress	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Scoliosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Stridor	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Thick eyebrow	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Thick lower lip vermilion	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Thyroid C cell hyperplasia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Thyroid nodule	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Tracheoesophageal fistula	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Upper airway obstruction	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Vocal cord paralysis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Weight loss	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
SIROLIMUS	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT06482086 — Efficacy of Organoid-Based Drug Screening to Guide Treatment for Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT01270321 — Pasireotide & Everolimus in Adult Patients With Radioiodine-Refractory Differentiated & Medullary Thyroid Cancer (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01552434 — Bevacizumab and Temsirolimus Alone or in Combination With Valproic Acid or Cetuximab in Treating Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Malignancy or Other Benign Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT00375245 — Rapamycin With Grapefruit Juice for Advanced Malignancies (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01025453 — Combination of Temsirolimus and Sorafenib in the Treatment of Radioactive Iodine Refractory Thyroid Cancer (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01164176 — Everolimus in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Thyroid Cancer (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03139747 — UPCC 36315 A Phase II Study Of Everolimus (RAD001) And Lenvatinib (E7080) In Patients With Metastatic Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Who Have Progressed on Lenvatinib Alone (SUSPENDED) PHASE2 NCT03099356 — Cyclophosphamide and Sirolimus for the Treatment of Metastatic, RAI-refractory, Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (RECRUITING) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABEMACICLIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ABIRATERONE ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACALABRUTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AFATINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02465060 — Targeted Therapy Directed by Genetic Testing in Treating Patients With Advanced Refractory Solid Tumors, Lymphomas, or Multiple Myeloma (The MATCH Screening Trial) (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AFATINIB DIMALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALECTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALECTINIB HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALPELISIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMIVANTAMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATEZOLIZUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AVELUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AXITINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AZACITIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENDAMUSTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BEVACIZUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BINIMETINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BOSUTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BRENTUXIMAB VEDOTIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BRIGATINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAMPTOTHECIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAPECITABINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAPIVASERTIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAPMATINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBAMAZEPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBOPLATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	4 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00507429 — Study of Combretastatin and Paclitaxel/Carboplatin in the Treatment of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (TERMINATED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00004074 — Interleukin-12 and Trastuzumab in Treating Patients With Cancer That Has High Levels of HER2/Neu (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01701349 — Fosbretabulin or Placebo in Combination With Carboplatin/Paclitaxel in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT06713057 — Efficacy of Organoid-Based Chemotherapy Drug Precision Screening to Guide Treatment for Thyroid Cancer (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Randomized safety and efficacy study of fosbretabulin with paclitaxel/carboplatin against anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CELECOXIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CEMIPLIMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CERITINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CETUXIMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	4 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01552434 — Bevacizumab and Temsirolimus Alone or in Combination With Valproic Acid or Cetuximab in Treating Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Malignancy or Other Benign Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT01057589 — A Study for Patients With Recurrent or Metastatic Squamous Cell Head and Neck Cancer (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05355701 — A Study to Learn About the Study Medicine Called PF-07799933 in People With Advanced Solid Tumors With BRAF Alterations. (RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT05786924 — Phase 1/2 Trial of S241656 in Selected RAS/MAPK Mutation- Positive Malignancies (RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Vemurafenib in Multiple Nonmelanoma Cancers with BRAF V600 Mutations (The New England journal of medicine, 2015) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLOROQUINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CISPLATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	8 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT00002608 — Combination Chemotherapy and Tamoxifen in Treating Patients With Solid Tumors (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01240590 — A Phase I/II Trial of Crolibulin (EPC2407) Plus Cisplatin in Adults With Solid Tumors With a Focus on Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (ATC) (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT01057589 — A Study for Patients With Recurrent or Metastatic Squamous Cell Head and Neck Cancer (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT04521686 — Study of LY3410738 Administered to Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors With IDH1 or IDH2 Mutations (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT00077103 — Induction Chemotherapy Using Doxorubicin and Cisplatin Followed by Combretastatin A4 Phosphate and Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Newly Diagnosed Regionally Advanced Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (TERMINATED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00405405 — Phase I of Biologics and Chemoradiation Therapy for Advanced Head and Neck Cancer (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT06713057 — Efficacy of Organoid-Based Chemotherapy Drug Precision Screening to Guide Treatment for Thyroid Cancer (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT00021333 — Paclitaxel and Cisplatin Plus Radiation Therapy Followed by Filgrastim in Treating Patients With Recurrent Head and Neck Cancer or Lung Cancer (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
COBIMETINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CRIZOTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CURCUMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
CYTARABINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DABRAFENIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DABRAFENIB MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DACOMITINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DACOMITINIB ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DATOPOTAMAB DERUXTECAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DAUNORUBICIN LIPOSOMAL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Sources	Links
CHARCOAL, ACTIVATED	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CM-4307	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DABRAFENIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIVOCERANIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELUMETINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAMETINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VANDETANIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABEMACICLIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AFLIBERCEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATEZOLIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AXITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BINIMETINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAMRELIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBOPLATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CATEQUENTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEMIPLIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CISPLATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOCETAXEL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOVITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXORUBICIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EFATUTAZONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELRAGLUSIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENCORAFENIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENTRECTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EVEROLIMUS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FIMEPINOSTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GEFITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GEMCITABINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRINOTECAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAROTRECTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOTHYROXINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£4 / 28–30 tabs · US $5–$15 / 30–90 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIGELIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOMUSTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIVOLUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXALIPLATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PACLITAXEL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEMBROLIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PLIXORAFENIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ABEMACICLIB Repurposing via BRAF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ABIRATERONE ACETATE Repurposing via CHEK2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACALABRUTINIB Repurposing via EGFR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via AKT1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AFATINIB Repurposing via EGFR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02465060 — Targeted Therapy Directed by Genetic Testing in Treating Patients With Advanced Refractory Solid Tumors, Lymphomas, or Multiple Myeloma (The MATCH Screening Trial) (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AFATINIB DIMALEATE Repurposing via EGFR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALECTINIB Repurposing via BRAF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALECTINIB HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ALK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALPELISIB Repurposing via BRAF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMIVANTAMAB Repurposing via EGFR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via AKT1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATEZOLIZUMAB Repurposing via EGFR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AVELUMAB Repurposing via ATM	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AXITINIB Repurposing via BRAF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AZACITIDINE Repurposing via DNMT3A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENDAMUSTINE Repurposing via ATM	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BEVACIZUMAB Repurposing via EGFR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via AKT1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BINIMETINIB Repurposing via BRAF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BOSUTINIB Repurposing via BRAF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BRENTUXIMAB VEDOTIN Repurposing via ALK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BRIGATINIB Repurposing via EGFR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAMPTOTHECIN Repurposing via ATM	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAPECITABINE Repurposing via BRAF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAPIVASERTIB Repurposing via AKT1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAPMATINIB Repurposing via BRAF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via AKT1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBAMAZEPINE Repurposing via ALK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBOPLATIN Repurposing via EGFR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	4 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00507429 — Study of Combretastatin and Paclitaxel/Carboplatin in the Treatment of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (TERMINATED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00004074 — Interleukin-12 and Trastuzumab in Treating Patients With Cancer That Has High Levels of HER2/Neu (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01701349 — Fosbretabulin or Placebo in Combination With Carboplatin/Paclitaxel in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT06713057 — Efficacy of Organoid-Based Chemotherapy Drug Precision Screening to Guide Treatment for Thyroid Cancer (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Randomized safety and efficacy study of fosbretabulin with paclitaxel/carboplatin against anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CELECOXIB Repurposing via CDKN1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CEMIPLIMAB Repurposing via EGFR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CERITINIB Repurposing via ALK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CETUXIMAB Repurposing via EGFR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	4 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01552434 — Bevacizumab and Temsirolimus Alone or in Combination With Valproic Acid or Cetuximab in Treating Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Malignancy or Other Benign Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT01057589 — A Study for Patients With Recurrent or Metastatic Squamous Cell Head and Neck Cancer (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05355701 — A Study to Learn About the Study Medicine Called PF-07799933 in People With Advanced Solid Tumors With BRAF Alterations. (RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT05786924 — Phase 1/2 Trial of S241656 in Selected RAS/MAPK Mutation- Positive Malignancies (RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Vemurafenib in Multiple Nonmelanoma Cancers with BRAF V600 Mutations (The New England journal of medicine, 2015) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLOROQUINE Repurposing via BRAF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via AKT1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CISPLATIN Repurposing via EGFR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	8 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT00002608 — Combination Chemotherapy and Tamoxifen in Treating Patients With Solid Tumors (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01240590 — A Phase I/II Trial of Crolibulin (EPC2407) Plus Cisplatin in Adults With Solid Tumors With a Focus on Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (ATC) (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT01057589 — A Study for Patients With Recurrent or Metastatic Squamous Cell Head and Neck Cancer (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT04521686 — Study of LY3410738 Administered to Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors With IDH1 or IDH2 Mutations (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT00077103 — Induction Chemotherapy Using Doxorubicin and Cisplatin Followed by Combretastatin A4 Phosphate and Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Newly Diagnosed Regionally Advanced Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (TERMINATED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00405405 — Phase I of Biologics and Chemoradiation Therapy for Advanced Head and Neck Cancer (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT06713057 — Efficacy of Organoid-Based Chemotherapy Drug Precision Screening to Guide Treatment for Thyroid Cancer (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT00021333 — Paclitaxel and Cisplatin Plus Radiation Therapy Followed by Filgrastim in Treating Patients With Recurrent Head and Neck Cancer or Lung Cancer (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via AKT1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
COBIMETINIB Repurposing via BRAF	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CRIZOTINIB Repurposing via EGFR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CURCUMIN Repurposing via EGFR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—

Natural Products

82 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Links
Alpha-Lipoic Acid Natural product Lipoic Acid Decreases the Viability of Breast Cancer Cells and Activity… Alpha lipoic acid inhibits proliferation and epithelial mesenchymal tra… Alpha-lipoic acid induces sodium iodide symporter expression in TPC-1 t…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01396733 — Redifferentiation Therapy Using Alpha Lipoic Acid in Thyroid Cancer (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Vitamin C Natural product Cochrane review Prevention of salivary gland dysfunction in patients treated with radio… Clinical trial publication Effects of postoperative antioxidants on the salivary glands in patient… Clinical trial publication Effect of vitamin E and supragingival scaling on salivary gland functio…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 1 Cochrane 6 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT00630214 — Prevention of Hypocalcemia in Patients Undergoing Total Thyroidectomy Plus Central Neck Dissection (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Prevention of salivary gland dysfunction in patients treated with radioiodine for differentiated thyroid cancer: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (Frontiers in endocrinology, 2022) Clinical trial publication Effects of postoperative antioxidants on the salivary glands in patients with thyroid cancer undergoing radioactive iodine-131 treatment (Nuclear medicine communications, 2024) Clinical trial publication Effect of vitamin E and supragingival scaling on salivary gland function in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer treated with 131I (Nuclear medicine communications, 2022) Clinical trial publication The evaluation of protective and mitigating effects of vitamin C against side effects induced by radioiodine therapy (Radiation and environmental biophysics, 2018) Clinical trial publication Radioiodine-induced oxidative stress in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma and effect of supplementation with vitamins C and E and selenium (antioxidants) (Archives of endocrinology and metabolism, 2016) Clinical trial publication The association between selenium and other micronutrients and thyroid cancer incidence in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study (PloS one, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Vitamin D3 Natural product Cochrane review Vitamin D3 and cancer risk in healthy subjects: An umbrella review of s… Human Study, Meta Analysis A high level of circulating 25(OH)D was associated with a decreased thy… Human Study Beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E deficiencies may play a role in…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Cochrane View evidence Registry trials NCT03732495 — Study of the Efficacy of Lenvatinib Combined With Denosumab in the Treatment of Patients With Predominant Bone Metastatic Radioiodine Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Carcinomas (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT03484416 — Routine Calcium for Preventing Hypocalcemia (COMPLETED) NA NCT04615988 — Correlation Vitamin D Level to Endocrine Autoimmune Toxicity Due to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (RECRUITING) NCT05252884 — Calcium+Calcitriol Versus PTH for the Prevention of Hypocalcemia in Thyroidectomy. Randomized Clinical Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT01395303 — Polymorphisms in the Vitamin D System and Health (COMPLETED) NCT00630214 — Prevention of Hypocalcemia in Patients Undergoing Total Thyroidectomy Plus Central Neck Dissection (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01868750 — Phase II Pre-operative Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent Post-thyroidectomy Hypocalcemia (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00719615 — Assess Vitamin D Levels in Those With & Without Thyroid Cancer (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review Vitamin D3 and cancer risk in healthy subjects: An umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis (Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Vitamin E Natural product Cochrane review Prevention of salivary gland dysfunction in patients treated with radio… Clinical trial publication Effects of postoperative antioxidants on the salivary glands in patient… Clinical trial publication Effect of vitamin E and supragingival scaling on salivary gland functio…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Cochrane 6 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Prevention of salivary gland dysfunction in patients treated with radioiodine for differentiated thyroid cancer: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (Frontiers in endocrinology, 2022) Clinical trial publication Effects of postoperative antioxidants on the salivary glands in patients with thyroid cancer undergoing radioactive iodine-131 treatment (Nuclear medicine communications, 2024) Clinical trial publication Effect of vitamin E and supragingival scaling on salivary gland function in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer treated with 131I (Nuclear medicine communications, 2022) Clinical trial publication Radioprotective effect of vitamin E on salivary glands after radioiodine therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer: a randomized-controlled trial (Nuclear medicine communications, 2017) Clinical trial publication Radioiodine-induced oxidative stress in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma and effect of supplementation with vitamins C and E and selenium (antioxidants) (Archives of endocrinology and metabolism, 2016) Clinical trial publication The association between selenium and other micronutrients and thyroid cancer incidence in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study (PloS one, 2014) Randomized controlled trial Does vitamin E protect salivary glands from I-131 radiation damage in patients with thyroid cancer? (Nuclear medicine communications, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Garlic Natural product In Vitro Study Allicin may serve as an adjunctive therapy for thyroid cancer.	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	5 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Zinc Natural product Systematic review Zinc Status and Occurrence of Thyroid Cancer: Systematic Review and Met… Systematic review The Role of Selected Trace Elements in Oxidoreductive Homeostasis in Pa… Systematic review Vitamin and mineral supplements and thyroid cancer: a systematic review	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 3 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT05713123 — Comparison of Record in VERITON Camera to the Anger Camera Procedure in Patients Treated by 131-iodine (UNKNOWN) NA Published literature Systematic review Zinc Status and Occurrence of Thyroid Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Nutrients, 2025) Systematic review The Role of Selected Trace Elements in Oxidoreductive Homeostasis in Patients with Thyroid Diseases (International journal of molecular sciences, 2023) Systematic review Vitamin and mineral supplements and thyroid cancer: a systematic review (European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP), 2013) Clinical trial publication Changes in the Serum Levels of Trace Elements Before and After the Operation in Thyroid Cancer Patients (Biological trace element research, 2017) Clinical trial publication PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER IS CHARACTERIZED BY ALTERED EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE SUMOYLATION PROCESS (Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents, 2015) Clinical trial publication The association between selenium and other micronutrients and thyroid cancer incidence in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study (PloS one, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
N-Acetylcysteine Natural product Animal Study Ketogenic diet combined with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine inhibits tumo…	Amino acid	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Cordyceps Natural product	Mushroom	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Curcumin Natural product Clinical trial publication Curcumin induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated apoptosis in h… In Vitro Study Curcumin enhances anti-tumor immunity in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. In Vitro Study Curcumin increased the killing effect of 131-I on thyroid cancer cells,…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Curcumin induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated apoptosis in human papillary thyroid carcinoma BCPAP cells via disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis (Medicine, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Resveratrol Natural product In Vitro Study All-trans retinoic acid improves the iodine uptake of thyroid cancer ce… In Vitro Study Bisphenol A at a human exposed level can promote epithelial-mesenchymal… In Vitro Study Epigallocatechin gallate suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition a…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	36 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Feverfew Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Parthenolide inhibited the growth and migration of MDA-T32 human papill… In Vitro Study Parthenolide may influence the biological behavior of human thyroid can… In Vitro Study The results of this study revealed that parthenolide can be an effectiv…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Selenium Natural product Cochrane review A systematic review of Selenium as a complementary treatment in cancer… Cochrane review Prevention of salivary gland dysfunction in patients treated with radio… Cochrane review Relationship between Serum Levels of Selenium and Thyroid Cancer: A Sys…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 3 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 5 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04683575 — Clinical Study on the Effect of Selenium Yeast Capsule on Prognosis of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT06736015 — Myo-inositol and Selenium in Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules (TIR3a) (RECRUITING) NA Published literature Cochrane review A systematic review of Selenium as a complementary treatment in cancer patients (Complementary therapies in medicine, 2024) Cochrane review Prevention of salivary gland dysfunction in patients treated with radioiodine for differentiated thyroid cancer: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (Frontiers in endocrinology, 2022) Cochrane review Relationship between Serum Levels of Selenium and Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Nutrition and cancer, 2023) Clinical trial publication Effects of postoperative antioxidants on the salivary glands in patients with thyroid cancer undergoing radioactive iodine-131 treatment (Nuclear medicine communications, 2024) Clinical trial publication Effect of selenium supplementation for protection of salivary glands from iodine-131 radiation damage in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (Hellenic journal of nuclear medicine, 2017) Clinical trial publication Changes in the Serum Levels of Trace Elements Before and After the Operation in Thyroid Cancer Patients (Biological trace element research, 2017) Clinical trial publication Radioiodine-induced oxidative stress in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma and effect of supplementation with vitamins C and E and selenium (antioxidants) (Archives of endocrinology and metabolism, 2016) Clinical trial publication The association between selenium and other micronutrients and thyroid cancer incidence in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study (PloS one, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Quercetin Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Targeted near infrared hyperthermia combined with immune stimulation co… In Vitro Study Quercetin induces anticancer activity by upregulating pro-NAG-1/GDF15 i…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	25 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Berberine Natural product In Vitro Study Berberine induces apoptosis and autophagic cell death by activating ROS… In Vitro Study Berberine suppressed the RET proto-oncogene expression by more than 90… In Vitro Study Sinomenine hydrochloride promotes TSHR-dependent redifferentiation in p…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	6 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Saffron Natural product In Vitro Study Crocin induces ROS-mediated papillary thyroid cancer cell apoptosis. In Vitro Study Crocin treatment promotes the oxidative stress and apoptosis in human t…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Chamomile Natural product Human Study Drinking herbal teas, especially chamomile over 30 years may significan…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Andrographis Natural product In Vitro Study Andrographolide has an antitumor effect and can significantly affect gl…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Melatonin Natural product In Vitro Study Melatonin promotes apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	17 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Licorice Natural product In Vitro Study Anti-proliferative and anti-migratory activity of licorice extract and…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	2	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
7-Keto Dhea Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Sage Natural product Human Study Drinking herbal teas, especially chamomile over 30 years may significan…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Prunella Vulgaris Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study An aqueous extract of Prunella vulgaris L. inhibits the growth of papil… Animal Study, In Vitro Study The antitumour effect of Prunella vulgaris extract on thyroid cancer ce… In Vitro Study An integrative analysis reveals mechanisms of Prunella vulgaris in thyr…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Flavonoids Natural product In Vitro Study Apigenin and luteolin are potent inhibitors of human thyroid cancer cel… In Vitro Study Apigenin inhibits growth and induces programmed cell death in anaplasti… In Vitro Study Kushenol O may inhibit the inflammation-cancer transformation and tumor…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Honokiol Natural product Human In Vitro Honokiol has a unique application in chemotherapy for human thyroid can… In Vitro Study Honokiol suppresses cell proliferation and tumor migration through ROS… In Vitro Study Proteomic analysis of honokiol-induced cytotoxicity in thyroid cancer c…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Emodin Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Emodin inhibits the proliferation of papillary thyroid carcinoma by act… Animal Study, In Vitro Study Emodin suppresses angiogenesis and metastasis in anaplastic thyroid can… In Vitro Study Emodin treatment of papillary thyroid cancer cell lines.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Apigenin Natural product In Vitro Study Apigenin and luteolin are potent inhibitors of human thyroid cancer cel… In Vitro Study Apigenin inhibits growth and induces programmed cell death in anaplasti… In Vitro Study The effect of Apigenin on glycometabolism and cell death in an anaplast…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Organosulfur Compounds Natural product In Vitro Study Diallyl trisulfide induces G2/M cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in anap… In Vitro Study Diallyl trisulfide inhibits cell growth of human papillary thyroid carc… In Vitro Study Diallyl trisulphide compromises the stem cell phenotype and restores th…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Salvia Miltiorrhiza Natural product In Vitro Study Dihydrotanshinone exerts antitumor effects and improves the effects of… In Vitro Study Dihydrotanshinone I exhibits antitumor effects via β-catenin downregula… In Vitro Study Effects of dihydrotanshinone I on proliferation and invasiveness of pac…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Iodine Natural product Human Study Iodine deficiency is associated with increased risk fo thyroid cancer. Meta Analysis Radioiodine-131 based ablation strategy for patients with thyroid cance… Human Study Salivary gland toxicity after radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer is…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate) Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits the growth and increases the apopto… In Vitro Study Epigallocatechin gallate suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition a…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Ginsenosides Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Ginsenoside Rg3 might be a useful agent for the treatment of metastatic… In Vitro Study Ginsenoside improves papillary thyroid cancer cell malignancies.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Piperlongumine Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Piperlongumine exhibits antitumor activity and has the potential for us… In Vitro Study Piperlongumine induces cellular apoptosis and autophagy via the ROS/Akt…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Cannabinoids Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study The discovery of IL-12-induced CB2 overexpression in thyroid cancer cel… Review Preclinical and clinical assessment of cannabinoids as anti-cancer agen…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Cannabinoids: Synthetic Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study The discovery of IL-12-induced CB2 overexpression in thyroid cancer cel… Review Preclinical and clinical assessment of cannabinoids as anti-cancer agen…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Ursolic Acid Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Ursolic acid from Trailliaedoxa gracilis induces apoptosis in medullary…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Nobiletin Natural product In Vitro Study An investigation into the mechanism of nobiletin's inhibition of p… In Vitro Study Nobiletin reduced anaplastic thyroid cancer cell viability as efficient…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Sophora Flavescens Natural product In Vitro Study Kushenol O may inhibit the inflammation-cancer transformation and tumor… In Vitro Study Matrine induces papillary thyroid cancer cell apoptosis in vitro and su…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Myricetin Natural product In Vitro Study Myricetin induces apoptosis of human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. In Vitro Study The toxicological role of Myricetin in the progression of human anaplas…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Punicalagin Natural product Review Punicalagin in cancer prevention-Via signaling pathways targeting. In Vitro Study Punicalagin induces senescent growth arrest in human papillary thyroid…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Sinomenine Natural product In Vitro Study Sinomenine hydrochloride promotes TSHR-dependent redifferentiation in p… In Vitro Study Synergic radiosensitization of sinomenine hydrochloride and radioiodine…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Genistein Natural product Review Soy phytoestrogen consumption appears to reduce the risk of thyroid can…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Tripterygium Wilfordii Natural product Triptolide is a Promising Therapeutic Approach in Treating Thyroid Canc…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Beta-Carotene Natural product Human Study Beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E deficiencies may play a role in… In Vitro Study Beta-elemene inhibits differentiated thyroid carcinoma metastasis by re…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Fruit: All Natural product Human Study Starchy foods, cheese, butter and oils other than olive increase the ri…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Vegetables: All Natural product Human Study Starchy foods, cheese, butter and oils other than olive increase the ri… In Vitro Study 3,3'-Diindolylmethane, a compound found in cruciferous vegetables…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Horse Chestnut Natural product Human Study The positive clinical therapeutically effects of Escin on advanced thyr…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Coffee Natural product Human Study These results suggest that coffee drinking may protect against liver, o… Human Study These results suggest the efficacy of aromatherapy in the prevention of…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Essential Oils: Unspecified Natural product Human Study These results suggest that coffee drinking may protect against liver, o… Human Study These results suggest the efficacy of aromatherapy in the prevention of… Human Study Starchy foods, cheese, butter and oils other than olive increase the ri…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Orange: Mandarin Natural product Human In Vitro Mandarin juice exerts in vitro antiproliferative effects on anaplastic…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Bupleurum Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Antitumor mechanism of Saikosaponin A in the Xiaoying Sanjie Decoction…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Broccoli Sprouts Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Broccoli sprouts and their influence on thyroid function.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Psychedelics:All Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Harmine might be a promising herbal medicine in the therapy of thyroid…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Dmso (Dimethyl Sulphoxide) Natural product In Vitro Study 3,3'-Diindolylmethane, a compound found in cruciferous vegetables…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Vitamin a Natural product Human Study, Meta Analysis A high level of circulating 25(OH)D was associated with a decreased thy… Human Study Beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E deficiencies may play a role in… Human Study Vitamin E showed a protective effect on parotid excretion function in p…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Pumpkin Natural product In Vitro Study Anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of hull-less pumpkin extract o…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Luteolin Natural product In Vitro Study Apigenin and luteolin are potent inhibitors of human thyroid cancer cel…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Artesunate Natural product In Vitro Study Artesunate inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion of thyroid c…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Baicalein Natural product In Vitro Study Baicalein suppresses the growth of the human thyroid cancer cells.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Beta-Elemene Natural product Human Study Beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E deficiencies may play a role in… In Vitro Study Beta-elemene inhibits differentiated thyroid carcinoma metastasis by re…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Betulinic Acid Natural product In Vitro Study Betulinic acid decreases expression of bcl-2 and cyclin D1, inhibits pr…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Camptothecin Natural product In Vitro Study Camptothecin demonstrates anti-tumor activity against thyroid cancer ce…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Marijuana Natural product In Vitro Study Cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive component from Cannabis sativa, is a po…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Capsaicin Natural product In Vitro Study Capsaicin inhibits the stemness of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Cautleya Gracilis Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Ursolic acid from Trailliaedoxa gracilis induces apoptosis in medullary… In Vitro Study Cautleya gracilis has anticancer activity against human medullary thyro…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Cucurbitacin B Natural product In Vitro Study Doxorubicin has a synergistic cytotoxicity with cucurbitacin B in anapl…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Apple Polyphenols Natural product In Vitro Study Effects of Annurca flesh apple polyphenols in human thyroid cancer cell…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Piperine Natural product In Vitro Study Effects of curcumin and its adjuvant on TPC1 thyroid cell line.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Ellagic Acid Natural product In Vitro Study Ellagic acid inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of an…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Harmine Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Harmine might be a promising herbal medicine in the therapy of thyroid… In Vitro Study Evaluation of the therapeutic effects of harmine on anaplastic thyroid…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Ferulic Acid Natural product In Vitro Study Ferulic acid influences cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, invasion, migrati…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Fucoidan Natural product In Vitro Study Fucoidan inhibited cell growth, induced apoptosis and suppressed angiog…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Eugenol Natural product In Vitro Study Lower doses of sorafenib could be used with eugenol to improve its effi…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Citrus Naringin Natural product In Vitro Study Naringin inhibits thyroid cancer cell proliferation and induces cell ap…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Oleanolic Acid Natural product In Vitro Study Oleanolic acid inhibits cell proliferation migration and invasion and i…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Cannabis Natural product In Vitro Study Cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive component from Cannabis sativa, is a po… Review Preclinical and clinical assessment of cannabinoids as anti-cancer agen…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Prickly Pear Cactus Natural product In Vitro Study Reverse screening on indicaxanthin from Opuntia ficus-indica as natural…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Shikonin Natural product In Vitro Study Shikonin inhibits migration and invasion of thyroid cancer cells.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Soy Natural product Review Soy phytoestrogen consumption appears to reduce the risk of thyroid can…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Stemona Tuberosa Natural product In Vitro Study Stemona tuberosa inhibits tumor cell growth and induces programmed cell…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Isothiocyanates Natural product In Vitro Study Sulforaphene enhances the efficacy of photodynamic therapy in anaplasti…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.