Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) — RepurpOS

Disease overview

Alterations

189

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

207

Via biomarker

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

276

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, PubMed NP, ClinicalTrials.gov NP · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-05

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Spontaneous drug-free remission: 2-10% in some cohorts over 5 years; disease-free survival in 15-20% at 20 years; renal lupus (LN) progression to ESRD in 10-20% within 20 years on standard care

Best-intervention remission

Triple therapy (hydroxychloroquine + MMF + belimumab): 43% complete renal response at 52 weeks (BLISS-LN); voclosporin + MMF: 40.8% complete renal response; anifrolumab (anti-IFNAR): 47.8% BICLA response in active SLE (TULIP-2); aggressive treat-to-target achieves low disease activity in 60-70%

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Large — hydroxychloroquine is dramatically underprescribed; newer biologics (belimumab, anifrolumab) reach very few eligible patients

Primary barrier

access/practice

Barrier detail: Hydroxychloroquine (the safest, most evidence-based lupus drug) was underprescribed even before COVID-19 controversy; biologics (belimumab, anifrolumab) approved since 2011 and 2021 respectively but used in <15% of eligible patients; racial disparities profound (Black/Hispanic patients have 2-3x higher disease severity and mortality but lower biologic access)

Last SoC change: 2021 — anifrolumab (Saphnelo, anti-IFN-type I) FDA approved — first new mechanism in decade; voclosporin (Lupkynis) for LN approved 2021; belimumab since 2011; hydroxychloroquine as backbone since 1950s; mycophenolate since 2000

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0007915 · ORPHA: ORPHA:300345

Right to Try Relevance Critical

Eligibility: This disease meets the federal and state right-to-try legal standard (21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-0a and Montana SB 535): it lacks disease-modifying therapy with indication-specific FDA approval. Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus may be eligible to access investigational therapies outside of clinical trials under right-to-try frameworks.

Investigational Agents

207

Phase 3: 39, Phase 2: 108, Phase 1: 60

Most Advanced Phase

Phase 3

Highest dev. stage

Gene Targets

189

Actionable

Pipeline Compounds (Top 6)

Darapladib, Fenretinide, Abetimus Sodium, Aldesleukin, Azathioprine, Baricitinib

Legal Standard: Right-to-try requires the disease lacks "adequate approved therapy for that specific disease" (not symptom-management drugs). This distinction means a disease with antidepressants available still qualifies if no FDA approval exists for THAT disease indication.

View Right-to-Try Compendium

Alterations

189 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
Abdominal distention	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abdominal pain	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormality of the nervous system	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormality of the skin	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Alopecia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Anemia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Anti-Sm antibody positivity	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Anti-dsDNA antibody positivity	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Anti-myeloperoxidase antibody positivity	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Anticardiolipin IgG antibody positivity	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Antineutrophil antibody positivity	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Antinuclear antibody positivity	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Arthralgia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Arthritis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Bronchiectasis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Chest pain	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Cutaneous photosensitivity	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Dark urine	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Decreased circulating complement C3 concentration	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Decreased circulating complement C4 concentration	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Decreased total leukocyte count	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Diarrhea	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Discoid lupus rash	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Dyspnea	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Edema	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Elevated circulating C-reactive protein concentration	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Elevated circulating creatinine concentration	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO LOINC
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Facial erythema	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Fatigue	Functional	Functional test	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Fever	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Fibrous crescent	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Generalized morning stiffness	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Glomerular basement membrane duplication	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Glomerular capillary wire loop deposits	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Glomerular crescent formation	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Glomerular endocapillary hypercellularity	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hematuria	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hypertension	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hypoalbuminemia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Increased circulating lactate dehydrogenase concentration	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Knee pain	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Language impairment	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Lupus nephritis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Lymphadenopathy	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Malar rash	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Muscle weakness	Functional	Functional test	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Myalgia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Myositis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Nephritis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Nephrotic syndrome	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Night sweats	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Oliguria	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Oral ulcer	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Otitis media	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pancytopenia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pedal edema	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pericardial effusion	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Perinuclear antineutrophil antibody positivity	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Periorbital edema	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pleural effusion	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Proteinuria	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pruritus	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Psychosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Raynaud phenomenon	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Recurrent infections	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Recurrent lower respiratory tract infections	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Recurrent pneumonia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Recurrent respiratory infections	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Recurrent skin infections	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Reduced circulating complement concentration	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Seizure	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Skin rash	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Stage 5 chronic kidney disease	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Systemic lupus erythematosus	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Thrombocytopenia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Unexplained fevers	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Urticaria	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Vomiting	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Xerostomia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
ARID5B AT-rich interaction domain 5B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATG5 autophagy related 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATRIP ATR interacting protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BACH2 BACH transcriptional regulator 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BANK1 B cell scaffold protein with ankyrin repeats 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BLK BLK proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
C1QA complement C1q A chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
C1QB complement C1q B chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	Ensembl Open Targets
C1R complement C1r	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	Ensembl Open Targets
C1S complement C1s	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
C2 complement C2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
C4A complement C4A (Chido/Rodgers blood group)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
C4B complement C4B (Chido/Rodgers blood group)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CCL22 C-C motif chemokine ligand 22	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CCR1 C-C motif chemokine receptor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CCR3 C-C motif chemokine receptor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD22 CD22 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD226 CD226 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD40 CD40 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD40LG CD40 ligand	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD44 CD44 molecule (IN blood group)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CFH complement factor H	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CLEC4C C-type lectin domain family 4 member C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CR2 complement C3d receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CTLA4 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DGKQ diacylglycerol kinase theta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DHFR dihydrofolate reductase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DNASE1 deoxyribonuclease 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DNASE1L3 deoxyribonuclease 1L3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DUSP22 dual specificity phosphatase 22	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ELF1 E74 like ETS transcription factor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ETS1 ETS proto-oncogene 1, transcription factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FAM167A family with sequence similarity 167 member A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FASLG Fas ligand	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FCGR2A Fc gamma receptor IIa	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FCGR2B Fc gamma receptor IIb	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FLT3 fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FUT2 fucosyltransferase 2 (H blood group)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GPD2 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GTF2I general transcription factor IIi	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HSPA8 heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IFIH1 interferon induced with helicase C domain 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IFNAR1 interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IGHG1 immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 (G1m marker)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IKBKB inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IKBKE inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit epsilon	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IKZF1 IKAROS family zinc finger 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IKZF2 IKAROS family zinc finger 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL10 interleukin 10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL12A interleukin 12A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL12B interleukin 12B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL12RB2 interleukin 12 receptor subunit beta 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL2RA interleukin 2 receptor subunit alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL2RG interleukin 2 receptor subunit gamma	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL7R interleukin 7 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IMPDH1 inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IMPDH2 inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IRAK1 interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IRF5 interferon regulatory factor 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ITGAM integrin subunit alpha M	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
JAK1 Janus kinase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
JAK2 Janus kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
JAZF1 JAZF zinc finger 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KLF2 KLF transcription factor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LBH LBH regulator of Wnt signaling pathway	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LRRC18 leucine rich repeat containing 18	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LYST lysosomal trafficking regulator	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MFSD6 major facilitator superfamily domain containing 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MGAT5 alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MS4A1 membrane spanning 4-domains A1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Mean Change From Baseline in Erythrocytes	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Mean Change From Baseline in Leukocytes	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
NCF2 neutrophil cytosolic factor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NELL2 neural EGFL like 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Number of Participants with Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability of JNJ-55920839 (Part 1)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
PRKCD protein kinase C delta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTPN2 protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTPN22 protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTPRC protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Percentage of Participants With British Isles Lupus Assessment Group Disease Activity Index 2004 (BILAG 2004)-Based Composite Lupus Assessment (BICLA) (mNRI) Response Across 3 Doses of Dapirolizumab Pegol (DZP) and Placebo (PBO) at Week 24	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Pharmacokinetics profile of CUG252 (AUC)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
RASGRP1 RAS guanyl releasing protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RASGRP3 RAS guanyl releasing protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
S1PR1 sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SAT1 spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SH2B3 SH2B adaptor protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC15A4 solute carrier family 15 member 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SOCS1 suppressor of cytokine signaling 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SPRED2 sprouty related EVH1 domain containing 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ST8SIA4 ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
STAT4 signal transducer and activator of transcription 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TCF7 transcription factor 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TET3 tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TLR7 toll like receptor 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TLR9 toll like receptor 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNFAIP3 TNF alpha induced protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNFRSF13C TNF receptor superfamily member 13C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNFSF13B TNF superfamily member 13b	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNFSF4 TNF superfamily member 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNIP1 TNFAIP3 interacting protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TPCN2 two pore segment channel 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TREX1 three prime repair exonuclease 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TYK2 tyrosine kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
WDFY4 WDFY family member 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
adverse events	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—

FDA-Approved Therapies

Phase 4 agents with regulatory approval for this indication

Drug Name	Mechanism	Type
ACALABRUTINIB	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
ACETAZOLAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
ADALIMUMAB		Gene-targeted
AMPHETAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
ANTITHROMBIN III		Gene-targeted
BELUMOSUDIL		Gene-targeted
BICALUTAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
C1 ESTERASE INHIBITOR		Gene-targeted
CARBACHOL	None	Gene-targeted
CIPROFLOXACIN	None	Gene-targeted
CLOMIPRAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DIAZEPAM	None	Gene-targeted
DICHLORPHENAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL	None	Gene-targeted
ENTRECTINIB		Gene-targeted
EPIRUBICIN	None	Gene-targeted
ERLOTINIB		Gene-targeted
ETHOXZOLAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
FLUMAZENIL	None	Gene-targeted
GEFITINIB		Gene-targeted
GLUCARPIDASE		Gene-targeted
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE		Gene-targeted
HUMAN C1-ESTERASE INHIBITOR	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
IBRUTINIB	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
IMATINIB		Gene-targeted
IMIPRAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
INDAPAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
INDOMETHACIN	None	Gene-targeted
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE	None	Gene-targeted
MAFENIDE	None	Gene-targeted
MECAMYLAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
METHAZOLAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
METHOXSALEN	None	Gene-targeted
METOPROLOL	None	Gene-targeted
MIANSERIN	None	Gene-targeted
NALIDIXIC ACID	None	Gene-targeted
NICOTINE	None	Gene-targeted
NORFLOXACIN	None	Gene-targeted
OFLOXACIN	None	Gene-targeted
PHENYTOIN	None	Gene-targeted
PRAZOSIN	None	Gene-targeted
SIROLIMUS	None	Gene-targeted
SORAFENIB		Gene-targeted
SULBACTAM	None	Gene-targeted
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS	None	Gene-targeted
TAZOBACTAM	None	Gene-targeted
TILDRAKIZUMAB		Gene-targeted
TROGLITAZONE	None	Gene-targeted

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
SIROLIMUS	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	105	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01914770 — Effectiveness of Belimumab Treatment in a Subpopulation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Patients: a Pooled Analysis of BLISS-52 and BLISS-76 (COMPLETED) NCT07657793 — Sirolimus in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Associated Immune Thrombocytopenia (RECRUITING) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00392951 — Sirolimus for Autoimmune Disease of Blood Cells (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT07077486 — Effects of Telitacicept vs Cyclophosphamide on Lupus Related Interstitial Lung Disease (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00779194 — Prospective Study of Rapamycin for the Treatment of SLE (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT04892212 — Sirolimus in Treatment of Proteinuric Flares of Lupus Nephritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT04582136 — Efficacy and Safety of Sirolimus in Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT04736953 — Sirolimus Treatment Of Patients With SLE (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of sirolimus in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2020) Clinical trial publication Sirolimus in patients with clinically active systemic lupus erythematosus resistant to, or intolerant of, conventional medications: a single-arm, open-label, phase 1/2 trial (Lancet (London, England), 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01316133 — A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus With Steroid in Korean Lupus Nephritis Patients (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT00876616 — Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Multi-target Therapy in Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT02630628 — Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus Versus Mycophenolate in Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03791827 — Multicenter Registry of Pediatric Lupus Nephritis in China (UNKNOWN) NCT01056237 — Long-Term Study of Multi-target Therapy as Maintenance Treatment for Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT00569101 — A Pilot Study for the Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus in the Treatment of Refractory Lupus Nephritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT04082416 — Study of Recombinant Human B Lymphocyte(RC18) Administered Subcutaneously to Subjects With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus(SLE) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07138898 — Immunosuppressant Management in Rheumatology Patients Undergoing Elective Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACALABRUTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADALIMUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT07138898 — Immunosuppressant Management in Rheumatology Patients Undergoing Elective Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Epidemiological and advanced therapeutic approaches to treatment of uveitis in pediatric rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Orphanet journal of rare diseases, 2020) Systematic review A systematic review of the efficacy of TYK2 inhibitors in patients with dermatological disease (The Australasian journal of dermatology, 2025) Systematic review Biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs and Janus kinase inhibitors in paediatric rheumatology - what we know and what we do not know from randomized controlled trials (Pediatric rheumatology online journal, 2021) Systematic review A systematic review of the off-label use of biological therapies in systemic autoimmune diseases (Medicine, 2008) Clinical trial publication Adalimumab alone and in combination with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in clinical practice: the Research in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis (ReAct) trial (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2007) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANTITHROMBIN III Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	43 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BELUMOSUDIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
C1 ESTERASE INHIBITOR Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Cyclosporin A for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (International journal of immunopharmacology, 1981) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENTRECTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERLOTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GEFITINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GLUCARPIDASE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
HUMAN C1-ESTERASE INHIBITOR Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBRUTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	9 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
IMATINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	4 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	4 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Methotrexate in patients with moderate systemic lupus erythematosus (exclusion of renal and central nervous system disease) (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 1997) Clinical trial publication Improvement of renal function with a selective thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor, DP-1904, in lupus nephritis (The Journal of rheumatology, 1996) Clinical trial publication Refractory nephrotic syndrome in lupus nephritis: favorable response to indomethacin therapy (Lupus, 1993) Clinical trial publication Immunological effects of Biarison in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. A preliminary report (Scandinavian journal of rheumatology, 1980) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Memantine in systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial (Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2011) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Prazosin treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: a double blind single crossover study (The Journal of rheumatology, 1985) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SORAFENIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	5 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	5 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TILDRAKIZUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	4 pubs View evidence Published literature Systematic review Biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs and Janus kinase inhibitors in paediatric rheumatology - what we know and what we do not know from randomized controlled trials (Pediatric rheumatology online journal, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABETIMUS SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALDESLEUKIN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZATHIOPRINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BARICITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLISIBIMOD	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CENERIMOD	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPIROLIZUMAB PEGOL	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEUCRAVACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPRATUZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESTROGEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESTROGENS, CONJUGATED	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOLIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORIGERIMOD	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORIGERIMOD ACETATE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IANALUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAQUINIMOD	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENALIDOMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LITIFILIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTREXATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIPOCALIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OBINUTUZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OCRELIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASTERONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TABALUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELITACICEPT	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UPADACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
USTEKINUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
2-(AMINOMETHYL)PHENOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABACAVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABATACEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABROCITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACAZICOLCEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AFIMETORAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMG-557	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANTILYMPHOCYTE IMMUNOGLOBULIN (HORSE)	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARTENIMOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATACICEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLINATUMOMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BORTEZOMIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRANEBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRENTUXIMAB VEDOTIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BREPOCITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYTARABINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARATUMUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAXDILIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAZUKIBART	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EDRATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EFAVALEUKIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELASOMERAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELSUBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENPATORAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENVUDEUCITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EVOBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENEBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FILGOTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUDARABINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOSTAMATINIB DISODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FREXALIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FULVESTRANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GANCICLOVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBERDOMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBERDOMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INEBILIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLIXIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON ALFA-2B KINOID	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISCALIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAMIVUDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANRAPLENIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEFLUNOMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENABASUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENOGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOSALBUTAMOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LULIZUMAB PEGOL	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUMROTATUG	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOSUNETUZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NARSOPLIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NELFINAVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIACINAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OBECABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OBEXELIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORELABRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PACIBEKITUG	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAQUINIMOD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGFILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIPERINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
R-333	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAMIPRIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAPCABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REZPEGALDESLEUKIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RONTALIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSUVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROZIBAFUSP ALFA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RSLV-132	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIFALIMUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLCITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFASALAZINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TGN-1412	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOZINAMERAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UBIDECARENONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALZIFLOCEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VELTUZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VENANPRUBART	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VOBARILIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VOCLOSPORIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZOLACABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANX-005 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
COMPOUND 28 [PMID: 16460935] Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
NAFAMOSTAT Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
SUTIMLIMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
THERAPEUTIC IMMUNE GLOBULIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AB-101	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALEMTUZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALNUCTAMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMG-811	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINOLEVULINIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINOLEVULINIC ACID HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMISELIMOD	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APG-2575	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARUNDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AVIZAKIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BELUMOSUDIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENDAMUSTINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIIB-068	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUDOPRUTUG	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUSULFAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CD40 LIGAND	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIZUTAMIG	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOPIDOGREL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSPORINE	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIVOZILIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EZETIMIBE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FELZARTAMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUDARABINE PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLPG-3970	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLPG3970	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUSACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMVOTAMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INATICABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLUENZA VIRUS VACCINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ITOLIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIPOIC ACID, ALPHA	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEDI-570	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELOXICAM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEZAGITAMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILATUZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MSC-2364447	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIVOLUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NNC0114-0006	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMALIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIOGLITAZONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RESECABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIMIDUCID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIRUKUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUROVATAMIG	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAFASITAMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TALACOTUZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIOCTIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOCILIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOFACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRU-015	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VENETOCLAX	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VUNAKIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZETOMIPZOMIB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIMLOVISERTIB	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANIFROLUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BELIMUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CORTISONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULOXETINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENOXAPARIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EQUECABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOCALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESTRADIOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHINYL ESTRADIOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEMANTINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MODAFINIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORETHINDRONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELENIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE HEXACETONIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ABETIMUS SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALDESLEUKIN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZATHIOPRINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BARICITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLISIBIMOD	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CENERIMOD	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPIROLIZUMAB PEGOL	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEUCRAVACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPRATUZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESTROGEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESTROGENS, CONJUGATED	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOLIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORIGERIMOD	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORIGERIMOD ACETATE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IANALUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAQUINIMOD	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENALIDOMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LITIFILIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTREXATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIPOCALIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OBINUTUZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OCRELIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASTERONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIROLIMUS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01914770 — Effectiveness of Belimumab Treatment in a Subpopulation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Patients: a Pooled Analysis of BLISS-52 and BLISS-76 (COMPLETED) NCT07657793 — Sirolimus in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Associated Immune Thrombocytopenia (RECRUITING) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00392951 — Sirolimus for Autoimmune Disease of Blood Cells (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT07077486 — Effects of Telitacicept vs Cyclophosphamide on Lupus Related Interstitial Lung Disease (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00779194 — Prospective Study of Rapamycin for the Treatment of SLE (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT04892212 — Sirolimus in Treatment of Proteinuric Flares of Lupus Nephritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT04582136 — Efficacy and Safety of Sirolimus in Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT04736953 — Sirolimus Treatment Of Patients With SLE (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of sirolimus in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2020) Clinical trial publication Sirolimus in patients with clinically active systemic lupus erythematosus resistant to, or intolerant of, conventional medications: a single-arm, open-label, phase 1/2 trial (Lancet (London, England), 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TABALUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELITACICEPT	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UPADACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
USTEKINUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
2-(AMINOMETHYL)PHENOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABACAVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABATACEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABROCITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACAZICOLCEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AFIMETORAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMG-557	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANTILYMPHOCYTE IMMUNOGLOBULIN (HORSE)	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARTENIMOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATACICEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLINATUMOMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BORTEZOMIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRANEBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRENTUXIMAB VEDOTIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BREPOCITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYTARABINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARATUMUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAXDILIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAZUKIBART	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EDRATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EFAVALEUKIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELASOMERAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELSUBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENPATORAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENVUDEUCITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EVOBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENEBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FILGOTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUDARABINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOSTAMATINIB DISODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FREXALIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FULVESTRANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GANCICLOVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBERDOMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBERDOMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INEBILIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLIXIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON ALFA-2B KINOID	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISCALIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAMIVUDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANRAPLENIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEFLUNOMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENABASUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENOGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOSALBUTAMOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LULIZUMAB PEGOL	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUMROTATUG	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOSUNETUZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NARSOPLIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NELFINAVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIACINAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OBECABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OBEXELIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORELABRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PACIBEKITUG	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAQUINIMOD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGFILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIPERINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
R-333	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAMIPRIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAPCABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REZPEGALDESLEUKIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RONTALIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSUVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROZIBAFUSP ALFA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RSLV-132	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIFALIMUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLCITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFASALAZINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TGN-1412	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOZINAMERAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UBIDECARENONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALZIFLOCEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VELTUZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VENANPRUBART	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VOBARILIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VOCLOSPORIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZOLACABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AB-101	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALEMTUZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALNUCTAMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMG-811	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINOLEVULINIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINOLEVULINIC ACID HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMISELIMOD	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APG-2575	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARUNDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AVIZAKIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BELUMOSUDIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENDAMUSTINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIIB-068	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUDOPRUTUG	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUSULFAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CD40 LIGAND	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIZUTAMIG	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOPIDOGREL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSPORINE	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIVOZILIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EZETIMIBE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FELZARTAMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUDARABINE PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLPG-3970	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLPG3970	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUSACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMVOTAMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INATICABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLUENZA VIRUS VACCINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ITOLIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIPOIC ACID, ALPHA	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEDI-570	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELOXICAM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEZAGITAMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILATUZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MSC-2364447	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIVOLUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NNC0114-0006	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMALIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIOGLITAZONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RESECABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIMIDUCID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIRUKUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUROVATAMIG	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01316133 — A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus With Steroid in Korean Lupus Nephritis Patients (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT00876616 — Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Multi-target Therapy in Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT02630628 — Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus Versus Mycophenolate in Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03791827 — Multicenter Registry of Pediatric Lupus Nephritis in China (UNKNOWN) NCT01056237 — Long-Term Study of Multi-target Therapy as Maintenance Treatment for Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT00569101 — A Pilot Study for the Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus in the Treatment of Refractory Lupus Nephritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT04082416 — Study of Recombinant Human B Lymphocyte(RC18) Administered Subcutaneously to Subjects With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus(SLE) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07138898 — Immunosuppressant Management in Rheumatology Patients Undergoing Elective Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAFASITAMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TALACOTUZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIOCTIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOCILIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOFACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRU-015	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VENETOCLAX	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VUNAKIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZETOMIPZOMIB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIMLOVISERTIB	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANIFROLUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BELIMUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CORTISONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULOXETINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENOXAPARIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EQUECABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOCALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESTRADIOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHINYL ESTRADIOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEMANTINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MODAFINIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORETHINDRONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELENIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE HEXACETONIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACALABRUTINIB Repurposing via BLK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADALIMUMAB Repurposing via ATG5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT07138898 — Immunosuppressant Management in Rheumatology Patients Undergoing Elective Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Epidemiological and advanced therapeutic approaches to treatment of uveitis in pediatric rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Orphanet journal of rare diseases, 2020) Systematic review A systematic review of the efficacy of TYK2 inhibitors in patients with dermatological disease (The Australasian journal of dermatology, 2025) Systematic review Biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs and Janus kinase inhibitors in paediatric rheumatology - what we know and what we do not know from randomized controlled trials (Pediatric rheumatology online journal, 2021) Systematic review A systematic review of the off-label use of biological therapies in systemic autoimmune diseases (Medicine, 2008) Clinical trial publication Adalimumab alone and in combination with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in clinical practice: the Research in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis (ReAct) trial (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2007) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANTITHROMBIN III Repurposing via C1S	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	43 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BELUMOSUDIL Repurposing via BLK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
C1 ESTERASE INHIBITOR Repurposing via C1S	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Cyclosporin A for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (International journal of immunopharmacology, 1981) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS Repurposing via BLK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENTRECTINIB Repurposing via BLK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERLOTINIB Repurposing via BLK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GEFITINIB Repurposing via BLK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GLUCARPIDASE Repurposing via ARID5B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE Repurposing via ARID5B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
HUMAN C1-ESTERASE INHIBITOR Repurposing via C1S	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBRUTINIB Repurposing via BLK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	9 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
IMATINIB Repurposing via ARID5B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	4 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	4 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Methotrexate in patients with moderate systemic lupus erythematosus (exclusion of renal and central nervous system disease) (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 1997) Clinical trial publication Improvement of renal function with a selective thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor, DP-1904, in lupus nephritis (The Journal of rheumatology, 1996) Clinical trial publication Refractory nephrotic syndrome in lupus nephritis: favorable response to indomethacin therapy (Lupus, 1993) Clinical trial publication Immunological effects of Biarison in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. A preliminary report (Scandinavian journal of rheumatology, 1980) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAFENIDE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Memantine in systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial (Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2011) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Prazosin treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: a double blind single crossover study (The Journal of rheumatology, 1985) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01914770 — Effectiveness of Belimumab Treatment in a Subpopulation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Patients: a Pooled Analysis of BLISS-52 and BLISS-76 (COMPLETED) NCT07657793 — Sirolimus in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Associated Immune Thrombocytopenia (RECRUITING) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00392951 — Sirolimus for Autoimmune Disease of Blood Cells (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT07077486 — Effects of Telitacicept vs Cyclophosphamide on Lupus Related Interstitial Lung Disease (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00779194 — Prospective Study of Rapamycin for the Treatment of SLE (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT04892212 — Sirolimus in Treatment of Proteinuric Flares of Lupus Nephritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT04582136 — Efficacy and Safety of Sirolimus in Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT04736953 — Sirolimus Treatment Of Patients With SLE (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of sirolimus in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2020) Clinical trial publication Sirolimus in patients with clinically active systemic lupus erythematosus resistant to, or intolerant of, conventional medications: a single-arm, open-label, phase 1/2 trial (Lancet (London, England), 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SORAFENIB Repurposing via BLK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	5 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01316133 — A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus With Steroid in Korean Lupus Nephritis Patients (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT00876616 — Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Multi-target Therapy in Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT02630628 — Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus Versus Mycophenolate in Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03791827 — Multicenter Registry of Pediatric Lupus Nephritis in China (UNKNOWN) NCT01056237 — Long-Term Study of Multi-target Therapy as Maintenance Treatment for Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT00569101 — A Pilot Study for the Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus in the Treatment of Refractory Lupus Nephritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT04082416 — Study of Recombinant Human B Lymphocyte(RC18) Administered Subcutaneously to Subjects With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus(SLE) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07138898 — Immunosuppressant Management in Rheumatology Patients Undergoing Elective Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	5 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TILDRAKIZUMAB Repurposing via ATG5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	4 pubs View evidence Published literature Systematic review Biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs and Janus kinase inhibitors in paediatric rheumatology - what we know and what we do not know from randomized controlled trials (Pediatric rheumatology online journal, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANX-005 Repurposing via C1S	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
COMPOUND 28 [PMID: 16460935] Repurposing via C1S	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
NAFAMOSTAT Repurposing via C1R	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
SUTIMLIMAB Repurposing via C1S	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
THERAPEUTIC IMMUNE GLOBULIN Repurposing via C1QA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ATRIP	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

80 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Vitamin C Natural product Meta Analysis Serum homocysteine levels were higher and vitamin B12 levels were lower… Meta Analysis Vitamin D supplementation reduced anti-dsDNA positivity on systemic lup… Human Study In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus low vitamin D was associa…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	19	6 trials 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03155477 — Effect Of Curcuma Xanthorrhiza and Vitamin D3 Supplementation in SLE Patients With Hypovitamin D (COMPLETED) NA NCT07398885 — Assessing the Impact of Herbal Supplement on Fatigue and Disease Activity in SLE: Results From an 8-Week Randomized Trial (COMPLETED) NA NCT07071233 — Efficacy of Vitamin C Supplementation on Serum TNF-α Levels and Disease Activity in SLE Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT05345899 — Evaluation of Plasma Vitamin C Levels in a Population of Chronic Rheumatism in Immuno-Rheumatology (COMPLETED) NA NCT07071220 — Efficacy of Vitamin C Supplementation on Serum IL-6 Levels and Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT07083622 — Efficacy of Vitamin C Supplementation on Malondialdehid Levels and Disease Activity in SLE Patients (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Olive Oil Natural product Human Study Daily consumption of green tea extracts for 12 weeks improves the syste… Animal Study Effects of dietary oleacein treatment on endothelial dysfunction and Lu… Animal Study Extra virgin olive oil is a beneficial functional food exerting a preve…	Food compound	Phase II	Emerging	19	4 trials 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02021513 — Pilot Study - Effect of Omega-3 on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05379725 — Mediterranean vs. High-Fermented-Food Diet Adherence on Inflammation in Lupus (TERMINATED) NA NCT05261529 — Effects of an Intervention With EVOO and Physical Activity in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03626311 — Omega-3 Replacement With Krill Oil in Disease Management of SLE (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Clinical trial publication Omega-3 fatty acids, inflammatory status and biochemical markers of pat… Clinical trial publication Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of fish oil's impact on fa… Clinical trial publication The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): rationale and design of a larg…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	6 trials 4 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT02524795 — Omega 3 Fatty Acids and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (COMPLETED) NA NCT02021513 — Pilot Study - Effect of Omega-3 on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00828178 — Efficacy of Fish Oil in Lupus Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01460680 — Membrane Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content in Fibromyalgia and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) (UNKNOWN) NCT03626311 — Omega-3 Replacement With Krill Oil in Disease Management of SLE (COMPLETED) NA NCT07393399 — Omega-3 Supplementation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Omega-3 fatty acids, inflammatory status and biochemical markers of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a pilot study (Revista brasileira de reumatologia, 2017) Clinical trial publication Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of fish oil's impact on fatigue, quality of life, and disease activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Nutrition journal, 2015) Clinical trial publication The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease (Contemporary clinical trials, 2012) Clinical trial publication Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in clinical and experimental lupus nephritis (American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 1994) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Creatine Natural product Reducing fatigue in pediatric rheumatic conditions: a systematic review Safety management in treatment with antimalarials in rheumatology. Inte… Efficacy and safety of creatine supplementation in childhood-onset syst…	Amino acid	Phase I	Emerging	10	1 trials 3 Cochrane 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01217320 — Creatine Supplementation in Pediatric Rheumatology (UNKNOWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Vitamin D3 Natural product Clinical trial publication High- vs. routine-dose vitamin D3 in severe lupus on pulse methylpredni… Clinical trial publication Randomised Clinical Trial Study: The Combination of Vitamin D and Curcu… Clinical trial publication A Pilot Study to Determine if Vitamin D Repletion Improves Endothelial…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	8 trials 5 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01911169 — Vitamin D to Improve Endothelial Function in SLE (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02936375 — The Iguratimod Effect on Lupus Nephritis (IGeLU) (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT01413230 — Vitamin D Supplementation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (COMPLETED) NCT01425775 — The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Disease Activity Markers in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) (COMPLETED) NA NCT03155477 — Effect Of Curcuma Xanthorrhiza and Vitamin D3 Supplementation in SLE Patients With Hypovitamin D (COMPLETED) NA NCT05326841 — Effect of Cholecalciferol Supplementation on Disease Activity and Quality of Life of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients . (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01709474 — Vitamin D3 Treatment in Pediatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT00508898 — The Efficacy and Safety of Calcitriol for the Treatment of Lupus Nephritis and Persistent Proteinuria (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication High- vs. routine-dose vitamin D3 in severe lupus on pulse methylprednisolone: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (Clinical rheumatology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Randomised Clinical Trial Study: The Combination of Vitamin D and Curcumin Piperine Attenuates Disease Activity and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Levels Insystemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients (Current rheumatology reviews, 2024) Clinical trial publication A Pilot Study to Determine if Vitamin D Repletion Improves Endothelial Function in Lupus Patients (The American journal of the medical sciences, 2015) Clinical trial publication Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Effect of Vitamin D3 on the Interferon Signature in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2015) Clinical trial publication Oral pamidronate prevents high-dose glucocorticoid-induced lumbar spine bone loss in premenopausal connective tissue disease (mainly lupus) patients (Lupus, 2005) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Clinical trial publication Omega-3 fatty acids, inflammatory status and biochemical markers of pat… Clinical trial publication Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of fish oil's impact on fa… Clinical trial publication The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): rationale and design of a larg…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	6 trials 4 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT02524795 — Omega 3 Fatty Acids and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (COMPLETED) NA NCT02021513 — Pilot Study - Effect of Omega-3 on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00828178 — Efficacy of Fish Oil in Lupus Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01460680 — Membrane Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content in Fibromyalgia and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) (UNKNOWN) NCT03626311 — Omega-3 Replacement With Krill Oil in Disease Management of SLE (COMPLETED) NA NCT07393399 — Omega-3 Supplementation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Omega-3 fatty acids, inflammatory status and biochemical markers of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a pilot study (Revista brasileira de reumatologia, 2017) Clinical trial publication Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of fish oil's impact on fatigue, quality of life, and disease activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Nutrition journal, 2015) Clinical trial publication The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease (Contemporary clinical trials, 2012) Clinical trial publication Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in clinical and experimental lupus nephritis (American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 1994) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Vitamin E Natural product Clinical trial publication The efficacy of vitamin E against oxidative damage and autoantibody pro… Clinical trial publication Effects of vitamins C and E on oxidative stress markers and endothelial… Meta Analysis Serum homocysteine levels were higher and vitamin B12 levels were lower…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	2 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication The efficacy of vitamin E against oxidative damage and autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus: a preliminary study (Clinical rheumatology, 2007) Clinical trial publication Effects of vitamins C and E on oxidative stress markers and endothelial function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a double blind, placebo controlled pilot study (The Journal of rheumatology, 2005) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Calcium Natural product Cochrane review Assessing causal association of circulating micronutrients and systemic… Cochrane review Asymptomatic coronary artery disease assessed by coronary computed tomo… Cochrane review Coronary calcium in autoimmune diseases: A systematic literature review…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	8 trials 5 Cochrane 4 Meta-analysis 28 Trial pubs 21 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07515638 — Immun4Cure Cohort of Autoimmune Diseases (RECRUITING) NCT06737380 — UC-MSC Cell Therapy Study for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Patients (RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT07134166 — Cardiac Imaging in Systemic Disorders: the ORACLES Registry (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NCT00371501 — Aspirin and Statins for Prevention of Atherosclerosis and Arterial Thromboembolism in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00668330 — Steroid Induced Osteoporosis in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01953835 — A Two-part Study to Investigate the Interaction and Pharmacokinetics of GSK2586184 (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01170585 — A Trial of Rosuvastatin in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00866229 — Efficacy and Adverse Effect of Simvastatin Compare to Rosuvastatin in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Patients With Corticosteroid Therapy and High Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol Level (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Assessing causal association of circulating micronutrients and systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility: a Mendelian randomization study (Frontiers in nutrition, 2024) Cochrane review Asymptomatic coronary artery disease assessed by coronary computed tomography in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis (European journal of internal medicine, 2022) Cochrane review Coronary calcium in autoimmune diseases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis (Atherosclerosis, 2021) Cochrane review Utility of Coronary Calcium Scoring (CCS) in Connective Tissue Disorders (CTDs) for the Evaluation of Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis - A Systematic Review (ACR open rheumatology, 2020) Cochrane review Calcium channel blockers for primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017) Meta-analysis The association between BANK1 and TNFAIP3 gene polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis (International journal of immunogenetics, 2011) Systematic review Systemic Review of Clot Retraction Modulators (International journal of molecular sciences, 2023) Systematic review Management of cardiovascular risk in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review (Lupus, 2017) Clinical trial publication Impact of SGLT2i on bone health in patients with lupus nephritis: randomized double blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial (Journal of nephrology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Serum osteoprotegrin (OPG) in subclinical atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (Lupus, 2017) Clinical trial publication Vitamin D supplementation effects on FoxP3 expression in T cells and FoxP3(+)/IL-17A ratio and clinical course in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a study in a Portuguese cohort (Immunologic research, 2017) Clinical trial publication Effect of raloxifene on disease activity and vascular biomarkers in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: subgroup analysis of a double-blind randomized controlled trial (Lupus, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Ginger Natural product Cochrane review Integrative Rheumatology: A Holistic Approach to the Management of Syst… Animal Study Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus.	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	1 trials 1 Cochrane View evidence Registry trials NCT07398885 — Assessing the Impact of Herbal Supplement on Fatigue and Disease Activity in SLE: Results From an 8-Week Randomized Trial (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Integrative Rheumatology: A Holistic Approach to the Management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Current rheumatology reviews, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Egcg Natural product Human Study Daily consumption of green tea extracts for 12 weeks improves the syste… Animal Study Green tea powder inhibits the progression of lupus-like syndrome and pr… In Vitro Study Extracts of Perna analiculus (green-lipped mussel) may reduce inflammat…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Curcumin Natural product Cochrane review Effects of curcumin and Curcuma longa extract on inflammatory biomarker… Cochrane review Diet and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): From Supplementation to In… Cochrane review Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract in the Treatment of 10 Types of Auto…	Food compound	Phase II	Emerging	7	3 trials 4 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 3 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05714670 — The Effect of Curcumin on the Clinical Outcome of Pediatric Patients with Active Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05430087 — Vitamin D and Curcumin Piperine Attenuates Disease Activity and Cytokine Levels in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03953261 — Effect of Curcumin on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (TERMINATED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Effects of curcumin and Curcuma longa extract on inflammatory biomarkers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.], 2025) Cochrane review Diet and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): From Supplementation to Intervention (International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022) Cochrane review Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract in the Treatment of 10 Types of Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 31 Randomized Controlled Trials (Frontiers in immunology, 2022) Cochrane review Clinical Management and Therapeutic Strategies for the Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy: Current and Future Perspectives (Current eye research, 2020) Systematic review The Interconnection Between Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Diet: Unmet Needs, Available Evidence, and Guidance-A Patient-Driven, Multistep-Approach Study (Nutrients, 2024) Systematic review The impact of curcumin supplementation on systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: A systematic review (Lupus, 2023) Clinical trial publication The effects of curcumin supplementation on inflammatory markers in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a randomized placebo-controlled trial (European journal of nutrition, 2024) Clinical trial publication Randomised Clinical Trial Study: The Combination of Vitamin D and Curcumin Piperine Attenuates Disease Activity and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Levels Insystemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients (Current rheumatology reviews, 2024) Clinical trial publication Oral supplementation of turmeric decreases proteinuria, hematuria, and systolic blood pressure in patients suffering from relapsing or refractory lupus nephritis: a randomized and placebo-controlled study (Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation, 2012) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Probiotics Natural product Cochrane review Effect of Probiotic and Synbiotic Oral Supplementation in Autoimmune Di… Cochrane review Exploring the Relationship Between Gut Health and Autoimmune Diseases:… Cochrane review Integrative Rheumatology: A Holistic Approach to the Management of Syst…	Probiotic	Phase II	Emerging	7	3 trials 4 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06659068 — Efficacy of Seluang Fish Oil (Rasbora Argyrotaenia) and Synbiotics Supplementation on CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+ T-regulator Cells, IL17/IL-10 Ratio, and Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT05433857 — Probiotics in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT07048470 — Efficacy of Synbiotic Supplementation on IL-10, TGF-B and Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Effect of Probiotic and Synbiotic Oral Supplementation in Autoimmune Diseases: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Nutrients, 2026) Cochrane review Exploring the Relationship Between Gut Health and Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Cureus, 2025) Cochrane review Integrative Rheumatology: A Holistic Approach to the Management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Current rheumatology reviews, 2026) Cochrane review Probiotics as a complementary treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review (Health science reports, 2023) Meta-analysis The Effects of Microbiome Modulating Therapies on Inflammatory Markers in Autoimmune Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Nutrients, 2026) Systematic review The Therapeutic Effects of Probiotic on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Lupus Mice Models: A Systematic Review (Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins, 2025) Clinical trial publication The Effect of Probiotic Yogurt Containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum on Disease Activity and Disability in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Resveratrol Natural product Cochrane review Clinical Management and Therapeutic Strategies for the Thyroid-Associat… In Vitro Study Combinatorial therapeutic effect of resveratrol and piperine on murine… Review Fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of systemic lupus ery…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 Cochrane View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Clinical Management and Therapeutic Strategies for the Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy: Current and Future Perspectives (Current eye research, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Melatonin Natural product Systematic review Melatonin supplementation improves rheumatological disease activity: A… Clinical trial publication Effects of melatonin supplementation on serum oxidative stress markers… Clinical trial publication Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effect of melatonin on the T-cell re…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	2 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Systematic review Melatonin supplementation improves rheumatological disease activity: A systematic review (Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 2023) Clinical trial publication Effects of melatonin supplementation on serum oxidative stress markers and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (International journal of clinical practice, 2021) Clinical trial publication Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effect of melatonin on the T-cell response in peripheral blood from systemic lupus erythematosus patients (Journal of pineal research, 2015) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Astragalus Natural product Cochrane review Astragalus-containing Chinese herbal medicine used with Western medicin… Clinical trial publication [Treatment of severe active systemic lupus erythematosus by PMC therapy… Clinical trial publication [Effect of intravenous drip infusion of cyclophosphamide with high-dose…	TCM herb	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 Cochrane 2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Astragalus-containing Chinese herbal medicine used with Western medicine for lupus nephritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Frontiers in pharmacology, 2024) Clinical trial publication [Treatment of severe active systemic lupus erythematosus by PMC therapy combined langchuang fuzheng jiedu capsule: a clinical observation] (Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi = Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine, 2013) Clinical trial publication [Effect of intravenous drip infusion of cyclophosphamide with high-dose Astragalus injection in treating lupus nephritis] (Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao = Journal of Chinese integrative medicine, 2007) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Egcg Natural product Human Study Daily consumption of green tea extracts for 12 weeks improves the syste… Animal Study Green tea powder inhibits the progression of lupus-like syndrome and pr… In Vitro Study Extracts of Perna analiculus (green-lipped mussel) may reduce inflammat…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Lactobacillus Natural product Systematic review Systemic lupus erythematosus and the gut microbiome: To look forward is… Systematic review Microbial dysbiosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a scientometric st… Systematic review Alterations of the gut microbiota in the lupus nephritis: a systematic…	Probiotic	Phase II	Emerging	7	3 trials 2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06659068 — Efficacy of Seluang Fish Oil (Rasbora Argyrotaenia) and Synbiotics Supplementation on CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+ T-regulator Cells, IL17/IL-10 Ratio, and Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT05433857 — Probiotics in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT07048470 — Efficacy of Synbiotic Supplementation on IL-10, TGF-B and Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Systematic review Systemic lupus erythematosus and the gut microbiome: To look forward is to look within - A systematic review and narrative synthesis (Autoimmunity reviews, 2025) Systematic review Microbial dysbiosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a scientometric study (Frontiers in microbiology, 2024) Systematic review Alterations of the gut microbiota in the lupus nephritis: a systematic review (Renal failure, 2023) Systematic review Intestinal microbiota and active systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review (Advances in rheumatology (London, England), 2021) Clinical trial publication The Effect of Probiotic Yogurt Containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum on Disease Activity and Disability in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Impact of synbiotics on disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus: Results from a randomized clinical trial (Journal of food science, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Pycnogenol Natural product Clinical trial publication Pycnogenol efficacy in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus pa… Human Study Supplementation with Pycnogenol® may offer advantages and management po…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Pycnogenol efficacy in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus patients (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2001) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Tryptophan Natural product Cochrane review Metabolomics in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and m… Clinical trial publication Quinolinic acid in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and neuro… Clinical trial publication Extracorporeal immunoadsorption with IM-PH or IM-TR column	Amino acid	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 2 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Metabolomics in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2026) Clinical trial publication Quinolinic acid in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and neuropsychiatric manifestations (The Journal of rheumatology, 1996) Clinical trial publication Extracorporeal immunoadsorption with IM-PH or IM-TR column (Biomaterials, artificial cells, and artificial organs, 1989) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Niacin Natural product Meta Analysis Serum homocysteine levels were higher and vitamin B12 levels were lower… Meta Analysis Vitamin D supplementation reduced anti-dsDNA positivity on systemic lup… Human Study In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus low vitamin D was associa…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	7	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT06032923 — Double-blind Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effect of NAD+ Boosting With Nicotinamide Riboside on Immunometabolism and Immunity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT03260166 — Nicotinamide Treatment for Lupus-associated Skin Lesions in Lupus Erythematosus (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Berberine Natural product Human In Vitro Curcumin and berberine arrest maturation and activation of dendritic ce…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		PubChem
Ashwagandha Natural product Animal Study Ashwaganda has therapeutic properties in a pristane-induced model of sy…	Ayurvedic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		PubChem
Cordyceps Natural product Animal Study Cordyceps attenuates disease severity of lupus in mice. Cordyceps improves systemic lupus erythematosus.	Mushroom	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		—
Reishi Natural product Animal Study Ganoderma lucidum and San-Miao-San supplements could be used in the tre…	Mushroom	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		—
Sulforaphane Natural product Animal Study Sulforaphane ameliorates the severity of psoriasis and systemic lupus e…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		PubChem
Nafamostat Natural product [A case of systemic lupus erythematosus associated with severe acute pa… New developments in the treatment of systemic vasculitis	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Berzosertib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Motesanib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Doramapimod Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Erlotinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Pazopanib Natural product Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in the setting of metastat…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Imatinib Natural product Imatinib and M351-0056 enhance the function of VISTA and ameliorate the… An evaluation of a novel nanoformulation of imatinib mesylate in a mous… Lupus-like symptoms with anti-RNP/Sm and anti-nuclear antibodies positi…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Midostaurin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Staurosporine Natural product PTBP1 protects Y RNA from cleavage leading to its apoptosis-specific de… Porcine ubiquitin-like protein MNSFβ promotes cell apoptosis and covale… Stimulation of Mononuclear Cells Through Toll-Like Receptor 9 Induces R…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Lestaurtinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
A-443654 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nintedanib Natural product Management of inflammatory cardiopulmonary manifestations in systemic l… Prevalence of Connective Tissue Disorder-Associated Interstitial Lung D… An Unexpected Cause of Lung Disease Identified After Lung Transplantati…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Fedratinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Masitinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Axitinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Symplostatin 5 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-methylol-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]pyridin-1-ium-3-carboxamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Paeoniflorin Natural product Animal Study Paeoniflorin attenuates depressive behaviors in systemic lupus erythema… Animal Study Paeoniflorin may be beneficial for the prevention of lung injury in sys… Animal Study Paeoniflorin may have the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent t…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Dhea (Dehydroepiandrosterone) Natural product Human Study DHEA improves symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus. Human Study DHEA is well-tolerated and significantly reduces the number of SLE flar… Human Study DHEA significantly reduces serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines in…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Indole-3-Carbinol Natural product Human Study Indole-3 carbinol may be beneficial in the treatment of systemic lupus… Human In Vitro, Human Study Indole-3-carbinol could modulate the gene expression involved in wound… Animal Study Immunoregulatory effects of indole-3-carbinol on monocyte-derived macro…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Flavonoids Natural product Human Study Supplementation with Pycnogenol® may offer advantages and management po… Animal Study Fisetin inhibits pristine-induced systemic lupus erythematosus in a mur…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Polyphenols Natural product Human Study The association between common foods, such as oranges and apples, with… Animal Study Effects of dietary oleacein treatment on endothelial dysfunction and Lu…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Hydrogen: Molecular Natural product Human: Case Report Molecular hydrogen as an adjuvant therapy in severe lupus serositis wit… Human: Case Report Molecular hydrogen therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus-associated… In Vitro Study Molecular mechanism of celastrol in the treatment of systemic lupus ery…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Lotus Natural product Animal Study A compound found within Lotus flower may positively modulate immune fun… In Vitro Study Therapeutic potential of Nelumbo nucifera Linn. in systemic lupus eryth…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Peony Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Efficacy and safety of total glucosides of paeony in the treatment of s…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Lactobacillus Delbrueckii Subsp Natural product Human In Vitro, Human Study Tolerogenic probiotics Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus rham… Animal Study Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716: a novel alternative for the preventio… Animal Study Lactobacillus paracasei GMNL-32 exerts a therapeutic effect on cardiac…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Tea Natural product Human Study Daily consumption of green tea extracts for 12 weeks improves the syste…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Gentian Natural product Human Study Gentian improves outcome in patients with systemic lupus erythemaatous…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Apples Natural product Human Study The association between common foods, such as oranges and apples, with…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Red Wine Extract Natural product Human Study The association between common foods, such as oranges and apples, with…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Royal Jelly Natural product Human Study These results showed improvements with 3-month royal jelly treatment in… Royal jelly inhibits autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus prone…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Guduchi Natural product Human: Case Report Ayurvedic management of systemic lupus erythematosus overlap vasculitis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Soy Natural product Animal Study A soy diet accelerates renal damage in mice with lupus.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Antrodia Camphorata Natural product Animal Study Antrodia camphorata attenuates the progression of nephritis in systemic…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Apigenin Natural product Animal Study Apigenin, a dietary flavonoid, suppresses lupus by inhibiting autoantig…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		PubChem
Bupleurum Natural product Animal Study Bupleurum polysaccharides have a beneficial effect on system lupus eryt…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Olive Natural product Animal Study Effects of dietary oleacein treatment on endothelial dysfunction and Lu… Animal Study Extra virgin olive oil is a beneficial functional food exerting a preve…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Emodin Natural product Animal Study Emodin ameliorates renal injury in BXSB mice by modulating TNF-α/ICAM-1.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Fisetin Natural product Animal Study Fisetin inhibits pristine-induced systemic lupus erythematosus in a mur…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		PubChem
Mangosteen Natural product Animal Study Isogarcinol may be a potential therapeutic drug candidate for future tr…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Lactobacillus Fermentum Natural product Human In Vitro, Human Study Tolerogenic probiotics Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus rham… Animal Study Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716: a novel alternative for the preventio… Animal Study Lactobacillus paracasei GMNL-32 exerts a therapeutic effect on cardiac…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Lactobacillus Paracasei Natural product Human In Vitro, Human Study Tolerogenic probiotics Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus rham… Animal Study Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716: a novel alternative for the preventio… Animal Study Lactobacillus paracasei GMNL-32 exerts a therapeutic effect on cardiac…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Nigella Sativa (Aka Black Seed) Natural product Animal Study Nigella sativa L. as immunomodulator and preventive effect on renal tis…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Sophora Flavescens Natural product Animal Study Sophorae radix reduces the severity of autoimmune response in a systemi…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Genistein Natural product Animal Study Soy isoflavones supplementation alleviates disease severity in autoimmu…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		PubChem
Isoflavones Natural product Animal Study Soy isoflavones supplementation alleviates disease severity in autoimmu…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Coumestrol Natural product Animal Study The phytoestrogen coumestrol decreases autoantibodies in a mouse model…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Phytoestrogens Natural product Animal Study The phytoestrogen coumestrol decreases autoantibodies in a mouse model…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Wormwood Natural product Animal Study Wormwood suppresses the cellular and humoral response of mice in an exp…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Piperine Natural product In Vitro Study Combinatorial therapeutic effect of resveratrol and piperine on murine…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Mussel: Green-Lipped (Perna Canaliculus) Natural product Human Study Daily consumption of green tea extracts for 12 weeks improves the syste… Animal Study Green tea powder inhibits the progression of lupus-like syndrome and pr… In Vitro Study Extracts of Perna analiculus (green-lipped mussel) may reduce inflammat…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Celastrol Natural product In Vitro Study Molecular mechanism of celastrol in the treatment of systemic lupus ery…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Naringenin Natural product Review Naringenin: A flavanone with anti-inflammatory and anti-infective prope…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		PubChem
Shikonin Natural product Review Recent advances in shikonin for the treatment of immune-related disease…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) Natural product Human Study Omega-3 Fatty Acids improve symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus an… Review The effect of Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in systemic lupus eryt… Review Therapeutic potential of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in human autoi…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.