Sepsis

Disease overview

Alterations

106

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Trial outcome measures (T)

Direct drugs

222

Via biomarker

300

Natural agents

Natural products

123

Merged ranked

518

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Seeds, Open Targets, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, PubMed NP, ClinicalTrials.gov NP · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-10-15

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Not applicable — sepsis is an acute life-threatening syndrome; hospital mortality 15-25% for sepsis, 30-45% for septic shock with standard care; long-term complications (post-sepsis syndrome) in 50-70% of survivors

Best-intervention remission

Hour-1 Bundle (blood cultures + antibiotics + fluids + vasopressors): 30-40% mortality reduction vs delayed care; vasopressin as vasopressor adjunct reduces vasopressor requirements; corticosteroids in septic shock: 3-5% absolute mortality reduction (ADRENAL, APROCCHSS); no truly curative intervention beyond source control

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Large — compliance with Hour-1 Bundle varies enormously across hospitals; 3-6 hour bundle completion only in 50-70% of hospitals

Primary barrier

practice/systems

Barrier detail: Sepsis recognition delay is the primary driver of mortality; time-to-antibiotics is the single best predictor of outcome (each hour delay increases mortality 4-7%); early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) as originally described was abandoned after ProCESS/ARISE/ProMISe trials showed no benefit of specific protocol over usual care, creating confusion about what 'appropriate' standard care is

Last SoC change: 2021 — Surviving Sepsis Campaign updated Hour-1 Bundle; 2020 lactate monitoring formalised; steroid guidance revised after ADRENAL and APROCCHSS; Drotrecogin alfa (Xigris) withdrawn 2011 after Phase 3 failure; treatment approach largely unchanged since surviving sepsis campaign 2004

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: EFO: HP_0100806

Alterations

106 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional). Molecular rows are Open Targets gene–disease associations (evidence column = OT association score), not measured levels; phenotypes are HPO terms annotated directly to this disease (Monarch); type T rows are outcome measures used in completed ClinicalTrials.gov studies, not alterations of the disease.

Hide alterations without a value (no direction or frequency)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
SRSF2 serine and arginine rich splicing factor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.67	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRB2 adrenoceptor beta 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA1B adrenoceptor alpha 1B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA2A adrenoceptor alpha 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.58	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRB1 adrenoceptor beta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.58	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA2B adrenoceptor alpha 2B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.58	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA2C adrenoceptor alpha 2C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.58	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRB3 adrenoceptor beta 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.58	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA1A adrenoceptor alpha 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.58	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA1D adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.58	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DPEP1 dipeptidase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.57	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
F8 coagulation factor VIII	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.57	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
F5 coagulation factor V	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.57	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TET2 tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.52	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SERPINA1 serpin family A member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.51	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
JAK2 Janus kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.50	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.43	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AVPR1A arginine vasopressin receptor 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.43	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AVPR2 arginine vasopressin receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.42	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AVPR1B arginine vasopressin receptor 1B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.42	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TLR4 toll like receptor 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ASXL1 ASXL transcriptional regulator 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SERPINC1 serpin family C member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
VDR vitamin D receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TOP2A DNA topoisomerase II alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.38	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TOP2B DNA topoisomerase II beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.37	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA2A adenosine A2a receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.37	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND6 mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.37	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COXFA4 cytochrome c oxidase associated subunit FA4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE10A phosphodiesterase 10A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE4D phosphodiesterase 4D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND1 mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA2B adenosine A2b receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE1B phosphodiesterase 1B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE4A phosphodiesterase 4A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB3 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE4B phosphodiesterase 4B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE5A phosphodiesterase 5A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE7A phosphodiesterase 7A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE9A phosphodiesterase 9A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA6 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE6B phosphodiesterase 6B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND2 mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE3A phosphodiesterase 3A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB9 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE6G phosphodiesterase 6G	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE2A phosphodiesterase 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE3B phosphodiesterase 3B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GPD2 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE1A phosphodiesterase 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE1C phosphodiesterase 1C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE4C phosphodiesterase 4C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE6A phosphodiesterase 6A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE6C phosphodiesterase 6C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE6D phosphodiesterase 6D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE6H phosphodiesterase 6H	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE7B phosphodiesterase 7B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE8A phosphodiesterase 8A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE8B phosphodiesterase 8B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND4 mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFAB1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit AB1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB8 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFAF1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS3 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFV1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit V1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB6 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND5 mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFV3 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit V3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS4 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA11 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB11 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA8 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COXFA4L2 cytochrome c oxidase hypoxia associated subunit FA4L2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND3 mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND4L mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 4L	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA10 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA13 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A13	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA3 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA5 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA7 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFAF2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFAF3 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFAF4 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB10 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB4 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB5 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB7 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFC1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit C1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFC2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit C2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS5 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS6 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS7 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS8 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFV2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit V2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Hospital length of stay	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Intensive care unit length of stay	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Mortality	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Necrotizing Enterocolitis	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Perfused vessel density (PVD)	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
duration of hospitalization	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
CIPROFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	105	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 3 Cochrane 4 Meta-analysis 52 Trial pubs 33 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02389036 — Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract in Intensive Care Unit Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01431326 — Pharmacokinetics of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (COMPLETED) NCT06537609 — A Platform Trial for Gram Negative Bloodstream Infections (RECRUITING) NA NCT01793012 — Drug Monitoring of Antibiotics in Critical Care Patients (COMPLETED) NCT01670435 — Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of Ciproxan-I.V. in Daily Clinical Practice - Analysis Results From a Post-marketing Surveillance (COMPLETED) NCT05384197 — Enhanced Versus Extended Preoperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis Regimens for Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery in High Infectious Risk Patients (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT06080698 — Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infection Oral Antibiotic Therapy Trial (RECRUITING) NA NCT02240277 — Meropenem and Ciprofloxacin Dosing in Septic Shock (UNKNOWN) Published literature Cochrane review THE EFFECTIVENESS OF METAPHYLAXIS OF NEPHROLITHIASIS DURING PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTRIPSY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND METAANALYSIS (Georgian medical news, 2025) Cochrane review Fluoroquinolones in children with fever and neutropenia: a systematic review of prospective trials (The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2012) Cochrane review Ciprofloxacin use in neonates: a systematic review of the literature (The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2011) Meta-analysis Antimicrobial resistance among clinical Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 isolates: systematic review and meta-analysis (Pathogens and global health, 2023) Meta-analysis The effects of adding quinolones to beta-lactam antibiotics for sepsis (Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2021) Meta-analysis Bacterial pathogens and resistance causing community acquired paediatric bloodstream infections in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2019) Systematic review Global patterns of antibiotic resistance in group B Streptococcus: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Frontiers in microbiology, 2025) Systematic review Standardised treatment protocol for necrotizing otitis externa: retrospective case series and systematic literature review (Journal of global antimicrobial resistance, 2021) Clinical trial publication Comparison of augmented prophylaxis using intra-prostatic antibiotic injection with standard oral prophylaxis in preventing the infectious complications following trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostatic biopsy: a randomized controlled study (International urology and nephrology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Early switch from intravenous to oral antibiotic therapy in patients with cancer who have low-risk neutropenic sepsis: the EASI-SWITCH RCT (Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 2024) Clinical trial publication Comparison of different regimens of short-term antibiotic prophylaxis in transrectal prostate biopsy (The Journal of hospital infection, 2024) Clinical trial publication Prospective Randomized Trial of Antibiotic Prophylaxis Duration for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in Low-Risk Patients (Journal of endourology, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULBACTAM	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	105	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	6 trials 5 Cochrane 4 Meta-analysis 15 Trial pubs 7 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07004049 — Optimising TREATment for Severe Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT03894046 — Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Sulbactam-ETX2514 in the Treatment of Patients With Infections Caused by Acinetobacter Baumannii-calcoaceticus Complex (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04724044 — Anti-inflammatory Action of Oral Clarithromycin in Community-acquired Pneumonia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07601711 — Sulbactam-Durlobactam in CRAB Infection: A Real-World Cohort Study (RECRUITING) NCT06440304 — Therapeutic Options for CRAB (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT06294600 — Clarithromycin Treatment to Prevent Sepsis Progression in CAP (REACT) (RECRUITING) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review The Role of Combination Antibiotic Therapy in Combatting Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infections: A Systematic Review of Randomised Control Trials (Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2026) Cochrane review Determining the optimal antibiotic regimen for chorioamnionitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 2021) Cochrane review Effect on perinatal outcome of prophylactic antibiotics in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2020) Cochrane review Antibiotic regimens for management of intra-amniotic infection (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014) Cochrane review Antibiotics for meconium-stained amniotic fluid in labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014) Systematic review Hemoptysis caused by Parvimonas micra: case report and literature review (Frontiers in public health, 2023) Clinical trial publication The clinical and paraclinical effectiveness of four-hour infusion vs. half-hour infusion of high-dose ampicillin-sulbactam in treatment of critically ill patients with sepsis or septic shock: An assessor-blinded randomized clinical trial (Journal of critical care, 2023) Clinical trial publication A Non-inferiority Pilot Study Comparing the Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Generic Wide-spectrum Antibiotic Use in Septic Oncology Patients (Drug research, 2015) Clinical trial publication Detection of interleukin-6 in maternal plasma predicts neonatal and infectious complications in preterm premature rupture of membranes (American journal of perinatology, 2001) Clinical trial publication A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial of ampicillin-sulbactam for preterm premature rupture of membranes in women receiving antenatal corticosteroid therapy (American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1997) Clinical trial publication Latency period after preterm premature rupture of membranes: a comparison of ampicillin with and without sulbactam (Obstetrics and gynecology, 1995) Randomized controlled trial Randomised study of prophylactic parenteral sulbactam/ampicillin and cephazolin in biliary surgery: significant benefit in jaundiced patients (The Journal of hospital infection, 1989) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	1 trials 38 Trial pubs 8 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05033808 — Epirubicin for the Treatment of Sepsis & Septic Shock (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication A Randomized Phase II Study of Sequential Eribulin Versus Paclitaxel Followed by FAC/FEC as Neoadjuvant Therapy in Patients with Operable HER2-Negative Breast Cancer (The oncologist, 2021) Clinical trial publication Neoadjuvant cisplatin and fluorouracil versus epirubicin, cisplatin, and capecitabine followed by resection in patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (UK MRC OE05): an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial (The Lancet. Oncology, 2017) Clinical trial publication Nab-paclitaxel versus solvent-based paclitaxel in neoadjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer (GeparSepto-GBG 69): a randomised, phase 3 trial (The Lancet. Oncology, 2016) Clinical trial publication A randomised pilot Phase II study of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) or epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (EC) given 2 weekly with pegfilgrastim (accelerated) vs 3 weekly (standard) for women with early breast cancer (British journal of cancer, 2009) Clinical trial publication Bortezomib in combination with epirubicin, dexamethasone and thalidomide is a highly effective regimen in the treatment of multiple myeloma: a single-center experience (International journal of hematology, 2009) Randomized controlled trial Treatment of patients with advanced or bulky Hodgkin disease with a 12-week doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine-like chemotherapy regimen followed by extended-field, full-dose radiotherapy: long-term results of the Groupe Ouest et Est des Leucémies et Autres Maladies de Sang H90-A/B Multicenter Randomized Trial (Cancer, 2002) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 5 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 25 Trial pubs 15 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06977165 — Investigating the Impact of Sepsis Phenotypes on Antibiotic Treatment in Patients With Severe Pneumonia and Sepsis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NCT03671967 — PipEracillin Tazobactam Versus mERoPENem for Treatment of Bloodstream Infections Caused by Cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (PETERPEN) (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT01431326 — Pharmacokinetics of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (COMPLETED) NCT03108690 — Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Continuous Infusion of Beta-lactam Antibiotics in Patients With Bacteraemia (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 NCT02820987 — PK/PD of Extended-infusion Meropenem, Piperacillin-tazobactam and Cefepime in the Early Phase of Septic Shock (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07575009 — Continuous Antibiotic Infusion In Children (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT05981079 — Model-based Dose Versus Empirical Dose of Piperacillin/Tazobactam in Preterm Neonates With Late-onset Sepsis. (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT05971979 — Therapeutic Drug Monitoring - Targeting IMproved Effectiveness (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review Role of antibiotic prophylaxis in liver transplant patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a systematic review and meta-analysis (EClinicalMedicine, 2025) Cochrane review Risk factors for vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis (British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2022) Cochrane review Infective endocarditis by Enterobacter cloacae: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy), 2022) Cochrane review Antibiotic regimens for early-onset neonatal sepsis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2021) Cochrane review Piperacillin/tazobactam vs carbapenems for patients with bacterial infection: Protocol for a systematic review (Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2019) Meta-analysis Continuous versus Intermittent β-Lactam Infusion in Severe Sepsis. A Meta-analysis of Individual Patient Data from Randomized Trials (American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2016) Systematic review Major publications in critical care pharmacotherapy literature in 2018 (Journal of critical care, 2019) Clinical trial publication Empiric Antibiotic Therapy in Suspected Sepsis: Impact of Gentamicin-Based Regimens on Incident Renal Failure and Mortality (Open forum infectious diseases, 2025) Clinical trial publication Continuous versus intermittent bolus dosing of beta-lactam antibiotics in a South African multi-disciplinary intensive care unit: A randomized controlled trial (The Journal of infection, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of extended infusion of β-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of febrile neutropenia in haematologic patients (BEATLE): a randomized, multicentre, open-label, superiority clinical trial (Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2025) Clinical trial publication Unraveling the impact of therapeutic drug monitoring via machine learning for patients with sepsis (Cell reports. Medicine, 2024) Clinical trial publication Continuous vs Intermittent β-Lactam Antibiotic Infusions in Critically Ill Patients With Sepsis: The BLING III Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACEBUTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACEBUTOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADENOSINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALBUTEROL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALFUZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINOPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
APOMORPHINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
APRACLONIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
APRACLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARBUTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ARFORMOTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ARFORMOTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASENAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ATIPAMEZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ATROPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETHANIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BISOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BITOLTEROL MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRETYLIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BRIMONIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05127109 — The PASTDUe Nutrition Ecosystem Project (PASTDUe) (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE4 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BRIMONIDINE TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROMOCRIPTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CABERGOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE CITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Hemodynamic Effects of Adding Simvastatin to Carvedilol for Primary Prophylaxis of Variceal Bleeding: A Randomized Controlled Trial (The American journal of gastroenterology, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELIPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLORPROMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01856517 — Upregulation of Alpha-1 Receptors Upon Septic Shock? (TERMINATED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00194974 — Treatment Targets for Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy (WITHDRAWN) PHASE1, PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CLOTRIMAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOBENZAPRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CYPROHEPTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEBRISOQUIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEFIBROTIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DESIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	3 trials 1 Cochrane View evidence Registry trials NCT04876937 — Low-Dose Dexmedetomidine for Delirium Prevention in Mechanically Ventilated Septic Patients (TERMINATED) NA NCT07657715 — Effects of Dexmedetomidine on Sublingual Microcirculation and Vascular Waterfall Phenomenon in Patients With Septic Shock (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT06169475 — Effect of Dexmedetomidine vs Esmolol or Placebo on Cerebral Hemodynamics in Septic Shock (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Dexmedetomidine reduces the inflammation level and morality in adult sepsis: a systemic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials (Frontiers in medicine, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIENESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ENALAPRIL MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES, USP Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ESMOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETOMIDATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FENOLDOPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FENOTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLAVONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLECAINIDE ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FOSLEVODOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANABENZ Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GUANABENZ ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPERIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
INDACATEROL MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ISOETHARINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISTRADEFYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDIOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LANDIOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVALBUTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LEVALBUTEROL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVALBUTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBUNOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LEVOBUNOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVODOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LEVONORDEFRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LISDEXAMFETAMINE DIMESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LOFEXIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LOFEXIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LURASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEFLOQUINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MEPERIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPOLIZUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METAPROTERENOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METAPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METARAMINOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METARAMINOL BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHACHOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHAMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTRIMEPRAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLDOPA ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHYLDOPATE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METIPRANOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METIPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDODRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £55–£75 / 100 tabs (2.5-5mg) · US $18 / 90 tabs (2.5mg, Cost Plus)	—	DGIdb	—
MIDODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £55–£75 / 100 tabs (2.5-5mg) · US $18 / 90 tabs (2.5mg, Cost Plus)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILNACIPRAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MIRABEGRON Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MIRTAZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MODAFINIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MOXISYLYTE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MOXONIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAFTOPIDIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPHAZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NAPHAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEFAZODONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NICOTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 18 Cochrane 12 Meta-analysis 87 Trial pubs 66 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00527007 — External Cooling in Septic Shock Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT03621618 — Clinical Assessment of Arterial Dynamic Elastance in ICU Patients, Dependent on Inotropic or Vasopressor Drugs. (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT02069288 — Effects of Fludrocortisone on Norepinephrine-mean Arterial Pressure Dose-response in Septic Shock (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT02638545 — Hemodynamic Effects of Dexmedetomidine in Septic Shock (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00314704 — Dopamine and Norepinephrine in Shock Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03214913 — Controlled Fluid Resuscitation in Sepsis (UNKNOWN) NA NCT01473498 — Personalized Mean Arterial Pressure Management on Renal Function During Septic Shock (TERMINATED) NA NCT00333593 — Super High-Flux - High Volume Dialysis in Sepsis-Induced Acute Renal Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Current and emerging therapeutic options for refractory septic shock: A systematic review (World journal of critical care medicine, 2025) Cochrane review Prehospital Interventions, Early Detection, and Their Impact on Survival Outcomes in Patients with Sepsis: A Systematic Review (Prehospital emergency care, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and Safety of Landiolol in the Treatment of Tachycardia in Patients With Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Cureus, 2025) Cochrane review Influence of hydrocortisone infusion method on the clinical outcome of patients with septic shock: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of intensive medicine, 2025) Cochrane review The Clinical Utility of Targeted Heart Rate Control in Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials with Trial Sequential Analysis (Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2024) Meta-analysis Comparison of Esmolol Versus Landiolol on Mortality in Adult Patients With Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (Critical care medicine, 2026) Meta-analysis The role of esmolol in sepsis: a meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials (BMC anesthesiology, 2024) Meta-analysis Comparison of Early and Late Norepinephrine Administration in Patients With Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Chest, 2024) Meta-analysis Continuous renal replacement therapy with the adsorptive oXiris filter may be associated with the lower 28-day mortality in sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Critical care (London, England), 2023) Meta-analysis Clinical efficacy and safety of vitamin C in the treatment of septic shock patients: systematic review and meta-analysis (Annals of palliative medicine, 2022) Systematic review Interleukin-6 Removal and Clinical Effects of Oxiris: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Blood purification, 2025) Clinical trial publication The Protective Effect of Vitamin C Targeting Oxidative Stress on Renal Function in Patients with Septic Acute Kidney Injury: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled, Pilot Study (International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORTRIPTYLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Neutropenic sepsis rates in patients receiving bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin chemotherapy using olanzapine and reduced doses of dexamethasone compared to a standard antiemetic regimen (BJU international, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
OLODATEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OLODATEROL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXPRENOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXTRIPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAPAVERINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PERGOLIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENDIMETRAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENTOLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENTOLAMINE MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE POLISTIREX Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PIRBUTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PIRBUTEROL ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRACTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRILOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRONETALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPAFENONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPIOMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT04467762 — Neurocognitive Impairment in Pediatric Patients With Meningoencephalitis and Sepsis-associated Encephalopathy (COMPLETED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPYLHEXEDRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROTOKYLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
QUETIAPINE FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RACEPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAMIPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
REGADENOSON Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
REGADENOSON ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
REMIFENTANIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RILMENIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RITODRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RITODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SALMETEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SALMETEROL XINAFOATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERTINDOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SILODOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUFENTANIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TERAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERBUTALINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TERBUTALINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRAHYDROZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TETRAHYDROZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
THEOPHYLLINE SODIUM GLYCINATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIORIDAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIOTROPIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLAZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TOLAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAZODONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRIFLUOPERAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRIMIPRAMINE MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VIDARABINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VILANTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VILANTEROL TRIFENATATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
XYLAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	21 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
YOHIMBINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	30 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ZIPRASIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AFELIMOMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALBUMIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMOXICILLIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASCORBIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFAZOLIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFIDEROCOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTRIAXONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHLORHEXIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLARITHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLINDAMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CO-TRIMOXAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
COLISTIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EFAVIRENZ	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPAFIPASE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOCALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERITORAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERITORAN TETRASODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERTAPENEM SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GENTAMICIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEPARIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYETHYL STARCH 130/0.4	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK Very low cost OTC/prescription · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRBESARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISONIAZID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAMIVUDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIDOCAINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LINEZOLID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELATONIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEROPENEM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLENE BLUE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOXIFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NELFINAVIR	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITRIC OXIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOGAPENDEKIN ALFA INBAKICEPT	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NYSTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENICILLIN G PROCAINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28–30 tabs · US $4–$8 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPOFOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RESATORVID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RETINOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIFAMPIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM LACTATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THROMBOMODULIN ALFA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THYMALFASIN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIFACOGIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOBRAMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRANEXAMIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ULINASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN E	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDOVUDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAMINOPHEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALIROCUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPICILLIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANAKINRA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK Very low cost · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AVIBACTAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BARICITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCITRIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTAROLINE FOSAMIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DELTIBANT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOBUTAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMAPALUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EVOLOCUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOFIBRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FISETIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FISH OIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £6–£10 / 30 tabs (0.1mg) · US $6 / 30 tabs (0.1mg, Cost Plus)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GRANISETRON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GRANISETRON HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IC14	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON GAMMA-1B	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERLEUKIN-7	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LACTOFERRIN, BOVINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENOGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIPOIC ACID, ALPHA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOPAFANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOLGRAMOSTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MONTELUKAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAFAMOSTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEOSTIGMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGFILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PLASMINOGEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RECOMBINANT HUMAN THROMBOPOIETIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REGRAMOSTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SARGRAMOSTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELENIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELEPRESSIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILYMARIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIVELESTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOYBEAN OIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TALACTOFERRIN ALFA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOCILIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UBIDECARENONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILOBELIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZINC SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCHOLINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN II	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN-II	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANTITHROMBIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BMS-936559	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BQ-123	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAFFEINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CILASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DACOPAFANT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESOXYRIBONUCLEASE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EXENATIDE	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEXOFENADINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK £3–£6 / 30 tabs (120-180mg) · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMATINIB	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOCARNITINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LPS	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEDIUM-CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDAZOLAM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK £55–£75 / 100 tabs (2.5-5mg) · US $18 / 90 tabs (2.5mg, Cost Plus)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOQUINONE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIVOLUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLIVE OIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONDANSETRON	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENTOLAMINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIMAGEDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIPERACILLIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RACECADOTRIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RANITIDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RELEBACTAM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SALMONELLA TYPHI TY2 VI POLYSACCHARIDE ANTIGEN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAPROPTERIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAPROPTERIN DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TICARCILLIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TILARGININE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TYPHOID VI POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIKACIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIKACIN SULFATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHOTERICIN B	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPICILLIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATAZANAVIR	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AVIBACTAM SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZLOCILLIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZTREONAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEPAFANT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEVACIZUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CASPOFUNGIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFAZOLIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFEPIME	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFOTAXIME	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTAZIDIME	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTOLOZANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTRIAXONE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEPHAPIRIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CILASTATIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CILOSTAZOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLINDAMYCIN PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
COLCHICINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPTOMYCIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESFLURANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROTRECOGIN ALFA (ACTIVATED)	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENFLURANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERYTHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESKETAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETILEFRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETOMIDATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GINKOLIDE B	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HALOTHANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HETASTARCH	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPENEM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOFLURANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVABRADINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £28–£40 / 56 tabs (5mg) · US $28 / 60 tabs (5mg, Cost Plus)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METRONIDAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOXALACTAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBACUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYGEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PARICALCITOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAZUFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENICILLIN G POTASSIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHYSOSTIGMINE SALICYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIPERACILLIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PLATELETS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROCAINE BENZYLPENICILLIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROFLAVINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRIDOXINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
Ro-24-0238	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEVOFLURANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIVELESTAT SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM BICARBONATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEMOCILLIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERLIPRESSIN	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIMETHOPRIM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VANCOMYCIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VANCOMYCIN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VASOPRESSIN	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN B12	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
AFELIMOMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALBUMIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMOXICILLIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASCORBIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFAZOLIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFIDEROCOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTRIAXONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHLORHEXIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIPROFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 3 Cochrane 4 Meta-analysis 52 Trial pubs 33 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02389036 — Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract in Intensive Care Unit Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01431326 — Pharmacokinetics of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (COMPLETED) NCT06537609 — A Platform Trial for Gram Negative Bloodstream Infections (RECRUITING) NA NCT01793012 — Drug Monitoring of Antibiotics in Critical Care Patients (COMPLETED) NCT01670435 — Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of Ciproxan-I.V. in Daily Clinical Practice - Analysis Results From a Post-marketing Surveillance (COMPLETED) NCT05384197 — Enhanced Versus Extended Preoperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis Regimens for Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery in High Infectious Risk Patients (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT06080698 — Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infection Oral Antibiotic Therapy Trial (RECRUITING) NA NCT02240277 — Meropenem and Ciprofloxacin Dosing in Septic Shock (UNKNOWN) Published literature Cochrane review THE EFFECTIVENESS OF METAPHYLAXIS OF NEPHROLITHIASIS DURING PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTRIPSY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND METAANALYSIS (Georgian medical news, 2025) Cochrane review Fluoroquinolones in children with fever and neutropenia: a systematic review of prospective trials (The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2012) Cochrane review Ciprofloxacin use in neonates: a systematic review of the literature (The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2011) Meta-analysis Antimicrobial resistance among clinical Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 isolates: systematic review and meta-analysis (Pathogens and global health, 2023) Meta-analysis The effects of adding quinolones to beta-lactam antibiotics for sepsis (Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2021) Meta-analysis Bacterial pathogens and resistance causing community acquired paediatric bloodstream infections in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2019) Systematic review Global patterns of antibiotic resistance in group B Streptococcus: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Frontiers in microbiology, 2025) Systematic review Standardised treatment protocol for necrotizing otitis externa: retrospective case series and systematic literature review (Journal of global antimicrobial resistance, 2021) Clinical trial publication Comparison of augmented prophylaxis using intra-prostatic antibiotic injection with standard oral prophylaxis in preventing the infectious complications following trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostatic biopsy: a randomized controlled study (International urology and nephrology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Early switch from intravenous to oral antibiotic therapy in patients with cancer who have low-risk neutropenic sepsis: the EASI-SWITCH RCT (Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 2024) Clinical trial publication Comparison of different regimens of short-term antibiotic prophylaxis in transrectal prostate biopsy (The Journal of hospital infection, 2024) Clinical trial publication Prospective Randomized Trial of Antibiotic Prophylaxis Duration for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in Low-Risk Patients (Journal of endourology, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLARITHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLINDAMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CO-TRIMOXAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
COLISTIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EFAVIRENZ	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPAFIPASE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOCALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERITORAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERITORAN TETRASODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERTAPENEM SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GENTAMICIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEPARIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYETHYL STARCH 130/0.4	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK Very low cost OTC/prescription · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRBESARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISONIAZID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAMIVUDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIDOCAINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LINEZOLID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELATONIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEROPENEM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLENE BLUE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOXIFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NELFINAVIR	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITRIC OXIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOGAPENDEKIN ALFA INBAKICEPT	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NYSTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENICILLIN G PROCAINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28–30 tabs · US $4–$8 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPOFOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RESATORVID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RETINOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIFAMPIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM LACTATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULBACTAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	6 trials 5 Cochrane 4 Meta-analysis 15 Trial pubs 7 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07004049 — Optimising TREATment for Severe Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT03894046 — Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Sulbactam-ETX2514 in the Treatment of Patients With Infections Caused by Acinetobacter Baumannii-calcoaceticus Complex (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04724044 — Anti-inflammatory Action of Oral Clarithromycin in Community-acquired Pneumonia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07601711 — Sulbactam-Durlobactam in CRAB Infection: A Real-World Cohort Study (RECRUITING) NCT06440304 — Therapeutic Options for CRAB (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT06294600 — Clarithromycin Treatment to Prevent Sepsis Progression in CAP (REACT) (RECRUITING) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review The Role of Combination Antibiotic Therapy in Combatting Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infections: A Systematic Review of Randomised Control Trials (Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2026) Cochrane review Determining the optimal antibiotic regimen for chorioamnionitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 2021) Cochrane review Effect on perinatal outcome of prophylactic antibiotics in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2020) Cochrane review Antibiotic regimens for management of intra-amniotic infection (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014) Cochrane review Antibiotics for meconium-stained amniotic fluid in labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014) Systematic review Hemoptysis caused by Parvimonas micra: case report and literature review (Frontiers in public health, 2023) Clinical trial publication The clinical and paraclinical effectiveness of four-hour infusion vs. half-hour infusion of high-dose ampicillin-sulbactam in treatment of critically ill patients with sepsis or septic shock: An assessor-blinded randomized clinical trial (Journal of critical care, 2023) Clinical trial publication A Non-inferiority Pilot Study Comparing the Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Generic Wide-spectrum Antibiotic Use in Septic Oncology Patients (Drug research, 2015) Clinical trial publication Detection of interleukin-6 in maternal plasma predicts neonatal and infectious complications in preterm premature rupture of membranes (American journal of perinatology, 2001) Clinical trial publication A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial of ampicillin-sulbactam for preterm premature rupture of membranes in women receiving antenatal corticosteroid therapy (American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1997) Clinical trial publication Latency period after preterm premature rupture of membranes: a comparison of ampicillin with and without sulbactam (Obstetrics and gynecology, 1995) Randomized controlled trial Randomised study of prophylactic parenteral sulbactam/ampicillin and cephazolin in biliary surgery: significant benefit in jaundiced patients (The Journal of hospital infection, 1989) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THROMBOMODULIN ALFA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THYMALFASIN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIFACOGIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOBRAMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRANEXAMIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ULINASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN E	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDOVUDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAMINOPHEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALIROCUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPICILLIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANAKINRA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK Very low cost · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AVIBACTAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BARICITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCITRIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTAROLINE FOSAMIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DELTIBANT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOBUTAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMAPALUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	1 trials 38 Trial pubs 8 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05033808 — Epirubicin for the Treatment of Sepsis & Septic Shock (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication A Randomized Phase II Study of Sequential Eribulin Versus Paclitaxel Followed by FAC/FEC as Neoadjuvant Therapy in Patients with Operable HER2-Negative Breast Cancer (The oncologist, 2021) Clinical trial publication Neoadjuvant cisplatin and fluorouracil versus epirubicin, cisplatin, and capecitabine followed by resection in patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (UK MRC OE05): an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial (The Lancet. Oncology, 2017) Clinical trial publication Nab-paclitaxel versus solvent-based paclitaxel in neoadjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer (GeparSepto-GBG 69): a randomised, phase 3 trial (The Lancet. Oncology, 2016) Clinical trial publication A randomised pilot Phase II study of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) or epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (EC) given 2 weekly with pegfilgrastim (accelerated) vs 3 weekly (standard) for women with early breast cancer (British journal of cancer, 2009) Clinical trial publication Bortezomib in combination with epirubicin, dexamethasone and thalidomide is a highly effective regimen in the treatment of multiple myeloma: a single-center experience (International journal of hematology, 2009) Randomized controlled trial Treatment of patients with advanced or bulky Hodgkin disease with a 12-week doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine-like chemotherapy regimen followed by extended-field, full-dose radiotherapy: long-term results of the Groupe Ouest et Est des Leucémies et Autres Maladies de Sang H90-A/B Multicenter Randomized Trial (Cancer, 2002) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EVOLOCUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOFIBRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FISETIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FISH OIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £6–£10 / 30 tabs (0.1mg) · US $6 / 30 tabs (0.1mg, Cost Plus)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GRANISETRON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GRANISETRON HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IC14	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON GAMMA-1B	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERLEUKIN-7	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LACTOFERRIN, BOVINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENOGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIPOIC ACID, ALPHA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOPAFANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOLGRAMOSTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MONTELUKAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAFAMOSTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEOSTIGMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGFILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PLASMINOGEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RECOMBINANT HUMAN THROMBOPOIETIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REGRAMOSTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SARGRAMOSTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELENIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELEPRESSIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILYMARIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIVELESTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOYBEAN OIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TALACTOFERRIN ALFA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOCILIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UBIDECARENONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILOBELIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZINC SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCHOLINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN II	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN-II	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANTITHROMBIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BMS-936559	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BQ-123	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAFFEINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CILASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DACOPAFANT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESOXYRIBONUCLEASE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EXENATIDE	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEXOFENADINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK £3–£6 / 30 tabs (120-180mg) · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMATINIB	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOCARNITINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LPS	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEDIUM-CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDAZOLAM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	UK £55–£75 / 100 tabs (2.5-5mg) · US $18 / 90 tabs (2.5mg, Cost Plus)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOQUINONE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIVOLUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLIVE OIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONDANSETRON	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENTOLAMINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIMAGEDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIPERACILLIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RACECADOTRIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RANITIDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RELEBACTAM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SALMONELLA TYPHI TY2 VI POLYSACCHARIDE ANTIGEN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAPROPTERIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAPROPTERIN DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 5 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 25 Trial pubs 15 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06977165 — Investigating the Impact of Sepsis Phenotypes on Antibiotic Treatment in Patients With Severe Pneumonia and Sepsis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NCT03671967 — PipEracillin Tazobactam Versus mERoPENem for Treatment of Bloodstream Infections Caused by Cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (PETERPEN) (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT01431326 — Pharmacokinetics of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (COMPLETED) NCT03108690 — Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Continuous Infusion of Beta-lactam Antibiotics in Patients With Bacteraemia (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 NCT02820987 — PK/PD of Extended-infusion Meropenem, Piperacillin-tazobactam and Cefepime in the Early Phase of Septic Shock (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07575009 — Continuous Antibiotic Infusion In Children (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT05981079 — Model-based Dose Versus Empirical Dose of Piperacillin/Tazobactam in Preterm Neonates With Late-onset Sepsis. (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT05971979 — Therapeutic Drug Monitoring - Targeting IMproved Effectiveness (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review Role of antibiotic prophylaxis in liver transplant patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a systematic review and meta-analysis (EClinicalMedicine, 2025) Cochrane review Risk factors for vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis (British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2022) Cochrane review Infective endocarditis by Enterobacter cloacae: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy), 2022) Cochrane review Antibiotic regimens for early-onset neonatal sepsis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2021) Cochrane review Piperacillin/tazobactam vs carbapenems for patients with bacterial infection: Protocol for a systematic review (Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2019) Meta-analysis Continuous versus Intermittent β-Lactam Infusion in Severe Sepsis. A Meta-analysis of Individual Patient Data from Randomized Trials (American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2016) Systematic review Major publications in critical care pharmacotherapy literature in 2018 (Journal of critical care, 2019) Clinical trial publication Empiric Antibiotic Therapy in Suspected Sepsis: Impact of Gentamicin-Based Regimens on Incident Renal Failure and Mortality (Open forum infectious diseases, 2025) Clinical trial publication Continuous versus intermittent bolus dosing of beta-lactam antibiotics in a South African multi-disciplinary intensive care unit: A randomized controlled trial (The Journal of infection, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of extended infusion of β-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of febrile neutropenia in haematologic patients (BEATLE): a randomized, multicentre, open-label, superiority clinical trial (Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2025) Clinical trial publication Unraveling the impact of therapeutic drug monitoring via machine learning for patients with sepsis (Cell reports. Medicine, 2024) Clinical trial publication Continuous vs Intermittent β-Lactam Antibiotic Infusions in Critically Ill Patients With Sepsis: The BLING III Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TICARCILLIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TILARGININE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TYPHOID VI POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIKACIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIKACIN SULFATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHOTERICIN B	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPICILLIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATAZANAVIR	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AVIBACTAM SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZLOCILLIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZTREONAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEPAFANT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEVACIZUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CASPOFUNGIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFAZOLIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFEPIME	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFOTAXIME	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTAZIDIME	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTOLOZANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTRIAXONE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEPHAPIRIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CILASTATIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CILOSTAZOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLINDAMYCIN PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
COLCHICINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPTOMYCIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESFLURANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROTRECOGIN ALFA (ACTIVATED)	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENFLURANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERYTHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESKETAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETILEFRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETOMIDATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GINKOLIDE B	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HALOTHANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HETASTARCH	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPENEM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOFLURANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVABRADINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £28–£40 / 56 tabs (5mg) · US $28 / 60 tabs (5mg, Cost Plus)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METRONIDAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOXALACTAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBACUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYGEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PARICALCITOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAZUFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENICILLIN G POTASSIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHYSOSTIGMINE SALICYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIPERACILLIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PLATELETS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROCAINE BENZYLPENICILLIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROFLAVINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRIDOXINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
Ro-24-0238	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEVOFLURANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIVELESTAT SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM BICARBONATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEMOCILLIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERLIPRESSIN	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIMETHOPRIM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VANCOMYCIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VANCOMYCIN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VASOPRESSIN	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN B12	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACEBUTOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACEBUTOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADENOSINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALBUTEROL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALFUZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINOPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
APOMORPHINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
APRACLONIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
APRACLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARBUTAMINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ARFORMOTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ARFORMOTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASENAPINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ATIPAMEZOLE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ATROPINE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETHANIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BISOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BITOLTEROL MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRETYLIUM Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BRIMONIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05127109 — The PASTDUe Nutrition Ecosystem Project (PASTDUe) (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE4 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BRIMONIDINE TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROMOCRIPTINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CABERGOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE CITRATE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Hemodynamic Effects of Adding Simvastatin to Carvedilol for Primary Prophylaxis of Variceal Bleeding: A Randomized Controlled Trial (The American journal of gastroenterology, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELIPROLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLORPROMAZINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 3 Cochrane 4 Meta-analysis 52 Trial pubs 33 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02389036 — Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract in Intensive Care Unit Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01431326 — Pharmacokinetics of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (COMPLETED) NCT06537609 — A Platform Trial for Gram Negative Bloodstream Infections (RECRUITING) NA NCT01793012 — Drug Monitoring of Antibiotics in Critical Care Patients (COMPLETED) NCT01670435 — Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of Ciproxan-I.V. in Daily Clinical Practice - Analysis Results From a Post-marketing Surveillance (COMPLETED) NCT05384197 — Enhanced Versus Extended Preoperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis Regimens for Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery in High Infectious Risk Patients (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT06080698 — Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infection Oral Antibiotic Therapy Trial (RECRUITING) NA NCT02240277 — Meropenem and Ciprofloxacin Dosing in Septic Shock (UNKNOWN) Published literature Cochrane review THE EFFECTIVENESS OF METAPHYLAXIS OF NEPHROLITHIASIS DURING PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTRIPSY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND METAANALYSIS (Georgian medical news, 2025) Cochrane review Fluoroquinolones in children with fever and neutropenia: a systematic review of prospective trials (The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2012) Cochrane review Ciprofloxacin use in neonates: a systematic review of the literature (The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2011) Meta-analysis Antimicrobial resistance among clinical Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 isolates: systematic review and meta-analysis (Pathogens and global health, 2023) Meta-analysis The effects of adding quinolones to beta-lactam antibiotics for sepsis (Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2021) Meta-analysis Bacterial pathogens and resistance causing community acquired paediatric bloodstream infections in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2019) Systematic review Global patterns of antibiotic resistance in group B Streptococcus: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Frontiers in microbiology, 2025) Systematic review Standardised treatment protocol for necrotizing otitis externa: retrospective case series and systematic literature review (Journal of global antimicrobial resistance, 2021) Clinical trial publication Comparison of augmented prophylaxis using intra-prostatic antibiotic injection with standard oral prophylaxis in preventing the infectious complications following trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostatic biopsy: a randomized controlled study (International urology and nephrology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Early switch from intravenous to oral antibiotic therapy in patients with cancer who have low-risk neutropenic sepsis: the EASI-SWITCH RCT (Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 2024) Clinical trial publication Comparison of different regimens of short-term antibiotic prophylaxis in transrectal prostate biopsy (The Journal of hospital infection, 2024) Clinical trial publication Prospective Randomized Trial of Antibiotic Prophylaxis Duration for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in Low-Risk Patients (Journal of endourology, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01856517 — Upregulation of Alpha-1 Receptors Upon Septic Shock? (TERMINATED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00194974 — Treatment Targets for Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy (WITHDRAWN) PHASE1, PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CLOTRIMAZOLE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOZAPINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOBENZAPRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CYPROHEPTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEBRISOQUIN Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEFIBROTIDE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DESIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	3 trials 1 Cochrane View evidence Registry trials NCT04876937 — Low-Dose Dexmedetomidine for Delirium Prevention in Mechanically Ventilated Septic Patients (TERMINATED) NA NCT07657715 — Effects of Dexmedetomidine on Sublingual Microcirculation and Vascular Waterfall Phenomenon in Patients With Septic Shock (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT06169475 — Effect of Dexmedetomidine vs Esmolol or Placebo on Cerebral Hemodynamics in Septic Shock (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Dexmedetomidine reduces the inflammation level and morality in adult sepsis: a systemic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials (Frontiers in medicine, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIENESTROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ENALAPRIL MALEATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	1 trials 38 Trial pubs 8 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05033808 — Epirubicin for the Treatment of Sepsis & Septic Shock (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication A Randomized Phase II Study of Sequential Eribulin Versus Paclitaxel Followed by FAC/FEC as Neoadjuvant Therapy in Patients with Operable HER2-Negative Breast Cancer (The oncologist, 2021) Clinical trial publication Neoadjuvant cisplatin and fluorouracil versus epirubicin, cisplatin, and capecitabine followed by resection in patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (UK MRC OE05): an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial (The Lancet. Oncology, 2017) Clinical trial publication Nab-paclitaxel versus solvent-based paclitaxel in neoadjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer (GeparSepto-GBG 69): a randomised, phase 3 trial (The Lancet. Oncology, 2016) Clinical trial publication A randomised pilot Phase II study of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) or epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (EC) given 2 weekly with pegfilgrastim (accelerated) vs 3 weekly (standard) for women with early breast cancer (British journal of cancer, 2009) Clinical trial publication Bortezomib in combination with epirubicin, dexamethasone and thalidomide is a highly effective regimen in the treatment of multiple myeloma: a single-center experience (International journal of hematology, 2009) Randomized controlled trial Treatment of patients with advanced or bulky Hodgkin disease with a 12-week doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine-like chemotherapy regimen followed by extended-field, full-dose radiotherapy: long-term results of the Groupe Ouest et Est des Leucémies et Autres Maladies de Sang H90-A/B Multicenter Randomized Trial (Cancer, 2002) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES, USP Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ESMOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETOMIDATE Repurposing via ADRA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FENOLDOPAM Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FENOTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLAVONE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLECAINIDE ACETATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FOSLEVODOPA Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANABENZ Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GUANABENZ ACETATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPERIDONE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
INDACATEROL MALEATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ISOETHARINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISTRADEFYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDIOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LANDIOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVALBUTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LEVALBUTEROL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVALBUTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBUNOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LEVOBUNOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVODOPA Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LEVONORDEFRIN Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LISDEXAMFETAMINE DIMESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LOFEXIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LOFEXIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LURASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEFLOQUINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MEPERIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPOLIZUMAB Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METAPROTERENOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METAPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METARAMINOL Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METARAMINOL BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHACHOLINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHAMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTRIMEPRAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLDOPA ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METHYLDOPATE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METIPRANOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METIPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDODRINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £55–£75 / 100 tabs (2.5-5mg) · US $18 / 90 tabs (2.5mg, Cost Plus)	—	DGIdb	—
MIDODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £55–£75 / 100 tabs (2.5-5mg) · US $18 / 90 tabs (2.5mg, Cost Plus)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILNACIPRAN Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MIRABEGRON Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MIRTAZAPINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MODAFINIL Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MOXISYLYTE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MOXONIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAFTOPIDIL Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPHAZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NAPHAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEFAZODONE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NICOTINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEDIPINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 18 Cochrane 12 Meta-analysis 87 Trial pubs 66 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00527007 — External Cooling in Septic Shock Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT03621618 — Clinical Assessment of Arterial Dynamic Elastance in ICU Patients, Dependent on Inotropic or Vasopressor Drugs. (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT02069288 — Effects of Fludrocortisone on Norepinephrine-mean Arterial Pressure Dose-response in Septic Shock (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT02638545 — Hemodynamic Effects of Dexmedetomidine in Septic Shock (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00314704 — Dopamine and Norepinephrine in Shock Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03214913 — Controlled Fluid Resuscitation in Sepsis (UNKNOWN) NA NCT01473498 — Personalized Mean Arterial Pressure Management on Renal Function During Septic Shock (TERMINATED) NA NCT00333593 — Super High-Flux - High Volume Dialysis in Sepsis-Induced Acute Renal Failure (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Current and emerging therapeutic options for refractory septic shock: A systematic review (World journal of critical care medicine, 2025) Cochrane review Prehospital Interventions, Early Detection, and Their Impact on Survival Outcomes in Patients with Sepsis: A Systematic Review (Prehospital emergency care, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and Safety of Landiolol in the Treatment of Tachycardia in Patients With Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Cureus, 2025) Cochrane review Influence of hydrocortisone infusion method on the clinical outcome of patients with septic shock: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of intensive medicine, 2025) Cochrane review The Clinical Utility of Targeted Heart Rate Control in Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials with Trial Sequential Analysis (Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2024) Meta-analysis Comparison of Esmolol Versus Landiolol on Mortality in Adult Patients With Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (Critical care medicine, 2026) Meta-analysis The role of esmolol in sepsis: a meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials (BMC anesthesiology, 2024) Meta-analysis Comparison of Early and Late Norepinephrine Administration in Patients With Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Chest, 2024) Meta-analysis Continuous renal replacement therapy with the adsorptive oXiris filter may be associated with the lower 28-day mortality in sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Critical care (London, England), 2023) Meta-analysis Clinical efficacy and safety of vitamin C in the treatment of septic shock patients: systematic review and meta-analysis (Annals of palliative medicine, 2022) Systematic review Interleukin-6 Removal and Clinical Effects of Oxiris: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Blood purification, 2025) Clinical trial publication The Protective Effect of Vitamin C Targeting Oxidative Stress on Renal Function in Patients with Septic Acute Kidney Injury: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled, Pilot Study (International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORTRIPTYLINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Neutropenic sepsis rates in patients receiving bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin chemotherapy using olanzapine and reduced doses of dexamethasone compared to a standard antiemetic regimen (BJU international, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
OLODATEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OLODATEROL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXPRENOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXPRENOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXTRIPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAPAVERINE Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PERGOLIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENDIMETRAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENTOLAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENTOLAMINE MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE POLISTIREX Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PIRBUTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PIRBUTEROL ACETATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRACTOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRILOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROMAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRONETALOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPAFENONE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPIOMAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT04467762 — Neurocognitive Impairment in Pediatric Patients With Meningoencephalitis and Sepsis-associated Encephalopathy (COMPLETED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPYLHEXEDRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROTOKYLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
QUETIAPINE FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RACEPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAMIPRIL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
REGADENOSON Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
REGADENOSON ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
REMIFENTANIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RILMENIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RITODRINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RITODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SALMETEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SALMETEROL XINAFOATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERTINDOLE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SILODOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUFENTANIL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	6 trials 5 Cochrane 4 Meta-analysis 15 Trial pubs 7 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07004049 — Optimising TREATment for Severe Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT03894046 — Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Sulbactam-ETX2514 in the Treatment of Patients With Infections Caused by Acinetobacter Baumannii-calcoaceticus Complex (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04724044 — Anti-inflammatory Action of Oral Clarithromycin in Community-acquired Pneumonia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07601711 — Sulbactam-Durlobactam in CRAB Infection: A Real-World Cohort Study (RECRUITING) NCT06440304 — Therapeutic Options for CRAB (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT06294600 — Clarithromycin Treatment to Prevent Sepsis Progression in CAP (REACT) (RECRUITING) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review The Role of Combination Antibiotic Therapy in Combatting Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infections: A Systematic Review of Randomised Control Trials (Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2026) Cochrane review Determining the optimal antibiotic regimen for chorioamnionitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 2021) Cochrane review Effect on perinatal outcome of prophylactic antibiotics in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2020) Cochrane review Antibiotic regimens for management of intra-amniotic infection (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014) Cochrane review Antibiotics for meconium-stained amniotic fluid in labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014) Systematic review Hemoptysis caused by Parvimonas micra: case report and literature review (Frontiers in public health, 2023) Clinical trial publication The clinical and paraclinical effectiveness of four-hour infusion vs. half-hour infusion of high-dose ampicillin-sulbactam in treatment of critically ill patients with sepsis or septic shock: An assessor-blinded randomized clinical trial (Journal of critical care, 2023) Clinical trial publication A Non-inferiority Pilot Study Comparing the Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Generic Wide-spectrum Antibiotic Use in Septic Oncology Patients (Drug research, 2015) Clinical trial publication Detection of interleukin-6 in maternal plasma predicts neonatal and infectious complications in preterm premature rupture of membranes (American journal of perinatology, 2001) Clinical trial publication A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial of ampicillin-sulbactam for preterm premature rupture of membranes in women receiving antenatal corticosteroid therapy (American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1997) Clinical trial publication Latency period after preterm premature rupture of membranes: a comparison of ampicillin with and without sulbactam (Obstetrics and gynecology, 1995) Randomized controlled trial Randomised study of prophylactic parenteral sulbactam/ampicillin and cephazolin in biliary surgery: significant benefit in jaundiced patients (The Journal of hospital infection, 1989) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 5 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 25 Trial pubs 15 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06977165 — Investigating the Impact of Sepsis Phenotypes on Antibiotic Treatment in Patients With Severe Pneumonia and Sepsis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NCT03671967 — PipEracillin Tazobactam Versus mERoPENem for Treatment of Bloodstream Infections Caused by Cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (PETERPEN) (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT01431326 — Pharmacokinetics of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (COMPLETED) NCT03108690 — Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Continuous Infusion of Beta-lactam Antibiotics in Patients With Bacteraemia (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 NCT02820987 — PK/PD of Extended-infusion Meropenem, Piperacillin-tazobactam and Cefepime in the Early Phase of Septic Shock (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07575009 — Continuous Antibiotic Infusion In Children (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT05981079 — Model-based Dose Versus Empirical Dose of Piperacillin/Tazobactam in Preterm Neonates With Late-onset Sepsis. (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT05971979 — Therapeutic Drug Monitoring - Targeting IMproved Effectiveness (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review Role of antibiotic prophylaxis in liver transplant patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a systematic review and meta-analysis (EClinicalMedicine, 2025) Cochrane review Risk factors for vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis (British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2022) Cochrane review Infective endocarditis by Enterobacter cloacae: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy), 2022) Cochrane review Antibiotic regimens for early-onset neonatal sepsis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2021) Cochrane review Piperacillin/tazobactam vs carbapenems for patients with bacterial infection: Protocol for a systematic review (Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2019) Meta-analysis Continuous versus Intermittent β-Lactam Infusion in Severe Sepsis. A Meta-analysis of Individual Patient Data from Randomized Trials (American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2016) Systematic review Major publications in critical care pharmacotherapy literature in 2018 (Journal of critical care, 2019) Clinical trial publication Empiric Antibiotic Therapy in Suspected Sepsis: Impact of Gentamicin-Based Regimens on Incident Renal Failure and Mortality (Open forum infectious diseases, 2025) Clinical trial publication Continuous versus intermittent bolus dosing of beta-lactam antibiotics in a South African multi-disciplinary intensive care unit: A randomized controlled trial (The Journal of infection, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of extended infusion of β-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of febrile neutropenia in haematologic patients (BEATLE): a randomized, multicentre, open-label, superiority clinical trial (Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2025) Clinical trial publication Unraveling the impact of therapeutic drug monitoring via machine learning for patients with sepsis (Cell reports. Medicine, 2024) Clinical trial publication Continuous vs Intermittent β-Lactam Antibiotic Infusions in Critically Ill Patients With Sepsis: The BLING III Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERAZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TERAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERBUTALINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TERBUTALINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRAHYDROZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TETRAHYDROZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
THEOPHYLLINE SODIUM GLYCINATE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIORIDAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL MALEATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIOTROPIUM Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLAZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TOLAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAZODONE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRIFLUOPERAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TRIMIPRAMINE MALEATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VIDARABINE Repurposing via ADORA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VILANTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VILANTEROL TRIFENATATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
XYLAZINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	21 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
YOHIMBINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	30 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ZIPRASIDONE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

123 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Vitamin C Natural product Cochrane review A systematic review on the role of high-dose vitamin C in trauma patien… Cochrane review Current and emerging therapeutic options for refractory septic shock: A… Cochrane review The effect of vitamin supplementation on neurodevelopmental and clinica…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	20	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 30 Cochrane 33 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT02734147 — High Dose Intravenous Ascorbic Acid in Severe Sepsis (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT04039815 — Vitamin C, Vitamin B1 and Steroid in Sepsis (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT03540628 — Thiamine, Vitamin C and Hydrocortisone in the Treatment of Septic Shock (COMPLETED) NA NCT03338569 — Vitamin C and Septic Shock (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT04160676 — Therapy With Hydrocortisone, Ascorbic Acid, Thamine in Patients With Sepsis (COMPLETED) NA NCT03333278 — The Vitamin C, Hydrocortisone and Thiamine in Patients With Septic Shock Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03680274 — Lessening Organ Dysfunction With VITamin C (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04197115 — Vitamin C, Thiamine, Cyanocobalamine, Pyridoxine and Hydrocortisone in Sepsis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review A systematic review on the role of high-dose vitamin C in trauma patients (BMJ military health, 2026) Cochrane review Current and emerging therapeutic options for refractory septic shock: A systematic review (World journal of critical care medicine, 2025) Cochrane review The effect of vitamin supplementation on neurodevelopmental and clinical outcomes in very low birth weight and very preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PloS one, 2025) Cochrane review Evaluation of Parenteral Vitamin C's Effectiveness in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal (Cureus, 2024) Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of antioxidant therapies for sepsis and septic shock in the intensive care unit: A frequentist network meta-analysis (Heliyon, 2024) Systematic review Monotherapy or combinations? Intravenous vitamin C in sepsis and septic shock: An umbrella review of 31 systematic reviews (PloS one, 2026) Systematic review Clinical benefits and risks of high-dose intravenous vitamin C: a systematic review (Journal of medicine and life, 2026) Systematic review Efficacy of dietary supplements on mortality and clinical outcomes in adults with sepsis and septic shock: A systematic review and network meta-analysis (Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2024) Systematic review Therapeutic Role of HAT Therapy in Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Current medicinal chemistry, 2025) Clinical trial publication The Protective Effect of Vitamin C Targeting Oxidative Stress on Renal Function in Patients with Septic Acute Kidney Injury: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled, Pilot Study (International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition, 2026) Clinical trial publication Role of vitamin C infusion in postoperative mechanically ventilated neonates with sepsis: a randomized controlled trial (European journal of pediatrics, 2025) Clinical trial publication The combined effect of statin and vitamin C in patients with pulmonary septic shock: a single-center, double-blind clinical trial (BMC infectious diseases, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Melatonin Natural product Cochrane review Efficacy of melatonin as adjunctive therapy for sepsis: A meta-analysis… Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of antioxidant therapies for sepsis and septic sho… Cochrane review The role of melatonin as an adjuvant in the treatment of COVID-19: A sy…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 5 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 11 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01858909 — Efficacy of Melatonin in Patients With Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT06191523 — The Effect of Melatonin as an Adjuvant Therapy for Preterm Neonates With Sepsis (COMPLETED) NA NCT01724424 — Melatonin in Healthy Volunteers (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT03295162 — Effects of Melatonin as a Novel Antioxidant and Free Radicals Scavenger in Neonatal Sepsis (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT02304224 — the Relationship of the Use of Eye Masks and Outcomes of Patients With Sepsis in Intensive Care Unit (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03557229 — Clinical Trial of Antioxidant Therapy in Patients With Septic Shock (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT04063332 — Functionality of Endogenous Biological Clock in Sepsis (UNKNOWN) NCT06156059 — Oral Bedtime Melatonin in Critically Ill Patients (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy of melatonin as adjunctive therapy for sepsis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Complementary therapies in medicine, 2025) Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of antioxidant therapies for sepsis and septic shock in the intensive care unit: A frequentist network meta-analysis (Heliyon, 2024) Cochrane review The role of melatonin as an adjuvant in the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review (Heliyon, 2022) Cochrane review Use of melatonin as adjunctive therapy in neonatal sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Complementary therapies in medicine, 2018) Cochrane review Melatonin for the promotion of sleep in adults in the intensive care unit (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018) Meta-analysis Adjuvant therapy in neonatal sepsis to prevent mortality - A systematic review and network meta-analysis (Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine, 2022) Systematic review Melatonin Use in Hospitalized Children for Non-Anesthetic Indications: A Systematic Review (Pharmacotherapy, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Early Oral Melatonin Supplementation Supports White Matter Maturation in Preterm Infants: Neuroprotective Insights of an Antioxidant Molecule (Journal of pineal research, 2026) Randomized controlled trial Melatonin does not reduce delirium severity in hospitalized older adults: Results of a randomized placebo-controlled trial (Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2024) Randomized controlled trial A phase II, single-center, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial to explore the efficacy and safety of intravenous melatonin in surgical patients with severe sepsis admitted to the intensive care unit (Journal of pineal research, 2023) Randomized controlled trial Dose assessment of melatonin in sepsis (DAMSEL2) study: Pharmacokinetics of two doses of oral melatonin in patients with sepsis (Journal of pineal research, 2022) Randomized controlled trial The Effect of Melatonin on Thrombosis, Sepsis and Mortality Rate in COVID-19 Patients (International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
L-Carnitine Natural product Cochrane review The supplementation of L-carnitine in critically ill patients with seps… Cochrane review The Effect of L-Carnitine on Mortality Rate in Septic Patients: A Syste… Clinical trial publication The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on inflammation, oxidative s…	Amino acid	Phase III	Moderate	17	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	4 trials 2 Cochrane 6 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01193777 — L-Carnitine Administration in Early Sepsis (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT01665092 — Rapid Administration of Carnitine in sEpsis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00592488 — Acetyl-L-Carnitine in the Treatment of Septic Shock (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT02664753 — L-carnitine as an Adjunct Treatment for Septic Shock Patients With Acute Kidney Injury (TERMINATED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review The supplementation of L-carnitine in critically ill patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (European journal of medical research, 2024) Cochrane review The Effect of L-Carnitine on Mortality Rate in Septic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Randomized Clinical Trials (Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets, 2021) Clinical trial publication The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and clinical outcomes in critically Ill patients with sepsis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial (Nutrition journal, 2024) Clinical trial publication Untargeted Metabolomics Differentiates l-Carnitine Treated Septic Shock 1-Year Survivors and Nonsurvivors (Journal of proteome research, 2019) Clinical trial publication Pharmacometabolomics of l-carnitine treatment response phenotypes in patients with septic shock (Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2015) Clinical trial publication Preliminary safety and efficacy of L-carnitine infusion for the treatment of vasopressor-dependent septic shock: a randomized control trial (JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, 2014) Clinical trial publication Effect of L-carnitine on oxidative stress and platelet activation after major surgery (Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2011) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin C Natural product Cochrane review A systematic review on the role of high-dose vitamin C in trauma patien… Cochrane review Current and emerging therapeutic options for refractory septic shock: A… Cochrane review The effect of vitamin supplementation on neurodevelopmental and clinica…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 30 Cochrane 33 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT02734147 — High Dose Intravenous Ascorbic Acid in Severe Sepsis (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT04039815 — Vitamin C, Vitamin B1 and Steroid in Sepsis (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT03540628 — Thiamine, Vitamin C and Hydrocortisone in the Treatment of Septic Shock (COMPLETED) NA NCT03338569 — Vitamin C and Septic Shock (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT04160676 — Therapy With Hydrocortisone, Ascorbic Acid, Thamine in Patients With Sepsis (COMPLETED) NA NCT03333278 — The Vitamin C, Hydrocortisone and Thiamine in Patients With Septic Shock Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03680274 — Lessening Organ Dysfunction With VITamin C (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04197115 — Vitamin C, Thiamine, Cyanocobalamine, Pyridoxine and Hydrocortisone in Sepsis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review A systematic review on the role of high-dose vitamin C in trauma patients (BMJ military health, 2026) Cochrane review Current and emerging therapeutic options for refractory septic shock: A systematic review (World journal of critical care medicine, 2025) Cochrane review The effect of vitamin supplementation on neurodevelopmental and clinical outcomes in very low birth weight and very preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PloS one, 2025) Cochrane review Evaluation of Parenteral Vitamin C's Effectiveness in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal (Cureus, 2024) Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of antioxidant therapies for sepsis and septic shock in the intensive care unit: A frequentist network meta-analysis (Heliyon, 2024) Systematic review Monotherapy or combinations? Intravenous vitamin C in sepsis and septic shock: An umbrella review of 31 systematic reviews (PloS one, 2026) Systematic review Clinical benefits and risks of high-dose intravenous vitamin C: a systematic review (Journal of medicine and life, 2026) Systematic review Efficacy of dietary supplements on mortality and clinical outcomes in adults with sepsis and septic shock: A systematic review and network meta-analysis (Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2024) Systematic review Therapeutic Role of HAT Therapy in Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Current medicinal chemistry, 2025) Clinical trial publication The Protective Effect of Vitamin C Targeting Oxidative Stress on Renal Function in Patients with Septic Acute Kidney Injury: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled, Pilot Study (International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition, 2026) Clinical trial publication Role of vitamin C infusion in postoperative mechanically ventilated neonates with sepsis: a randomized controlled trial (European journal of pediatrics, 2025) Clinical trial publication The combined effect of statin and vitamin C in patients with pulmonary septic shock: a single-center, double-blind clinical trial (BMC infectious diseases, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin D3 Natural product Clinical trial publication High-dose vitamin D versus placebo to prevent complications in COVID-19… Clinical trial publication Mediators in Preterm Infants With Late-onset Sepsis: A Randomized Contr… Meta Analysis, Review The role and efficacy of vitamin C in sepsis.	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01812681 — Cord Blood 25(oh)-Vitamin D Level in Preterm Infants and Associated Morbidities (COMPLETED) NCT02019836 — Comparison of Maternal and Neonatal Vitamin D Levels in Term Neonates With and Without Early Onset Sepsis (COMPLETED) NCT01636232 — Vitamin D and Critically Ill Patients (COMPLETED) NCT06209268 — The Impact of Selective Vitamin D Receptor Activation on Clinical Outcomes in Septic Patients (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT05659173 — Vitamin D Deficiency With Selected Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism in Gestational Hypertension (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NCT02920593 — A Randomized Control Trial of Vitamin D Prophylaxis in the Prevention of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT02147327 — Effects of Cord Blood 25-hydroxy-vitamin D Level on Early Neonatal Morbidities (COMPLETED) NCT05244018 — Outcome of High Dose Vitamin D on Prognosis of Sepsis Requiring Mechanical Ventilation (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication High-dose vitamin D versus placebo to prevent complications in COVID-19 patients: Multicentre randomized controlled clinical trial (PloS one, 2022) Clinical trial publication Mediators in Preterm Infants With Late-onset Sepsis: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Glutamine Natural product Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of different single drugs to prevent necrotizing e… Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of antioxidant therapies for sepsis and septic sho… Cochrane review Assessment of food supplements for the prevention of necrotizing entero…	Amino acid	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 9 Cochrane 7 Meta-analysis 35 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05186480 — Evaluation of the Effect of Immune Modulating Enteral Nutrition Formula (UNKNOWN) NA NCT00133978 — Trial of Glutamine and Antioxidant Supplementation in Critically Ill Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT00395161 — The CRISIS Prevention Study (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT01576003 — Enteral Glutamine in Reducing Bloodstream Infections in Short Bowel Syndrome Infants (COMPLETED) NA NCT03048994 — Glutamine Supplementation in Critically Ill Patients With Severe Sepsis (COMPLETED) NA NCT01263041 — Effect of L-arginine and Glutamine on Preterm (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00005775 — Glutamine Supplementation to Prevent Death or Infection in Extremely Premature Infants (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01367223 — Modulation of Systemic Inflammatory Response in Critically Ill Children After Glutamine Supplementation (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of different single drugs to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: an update systematic review and network meta-analysis (Frontiers in nutrition, 2024) Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of antioxidant therapies for sepsis and septic shock in the intensive care unit: A frequentist network meta-analysis (Heliyon, 2024) Cochrane review Assessment of food supplements for the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates: A systematic review and network meta-analysis (Computers in biology and medicine, 2023) Cochrane review Amino acids for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Scientific reports, 2022) Cochrane review Efficacy of alanyl glutamine in nutritional support therapy for patients with sepsis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis (Medicine, 2021) Meta-analysis Nutritional interventions in patients with burn injury: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomised clinical trials (The British journal of nutrition, 2024) Meta-analysis Are omega-3 fatty acids safe and effective in acute pancreatitis or sepsis? A systematic review and meta-analysis (Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2020) Meta-analysis Immunonutrition in critically ill patients: a systematic review and analysis of the literature (Intensive care medicine, 2008) Randomized controlled trial Clinical effect of Changweishu on gastrointestinal dysfunction in patients with sepsis (The Journal of international medical research, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Electroacupuncture Improves Intestinal Dysfunction in Septic Patients: A Randomised Controlled Trial (BioMed research international, 2018) Randomized controlled trial Interaction Between 2 Nutraceutical Treatments and Host Immune Status in the Pediatric Critical Illness Stress-Induced Immune Suppression Comparative Effectiveness Trial (JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, 2017) Randomized controlled trial Glutamine effects on heat shock protein 70 and interleukines 6 and 10: Randomized trial of glutamine supplementation versus standard parenteral nutrition in critically ill children (Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Zinc Natural product Meta-analysis Enteral Zinc Supplementation in Preterm or Low Birth Weight Infants: A… Meta-analysis Interventions to prevent spontaneous preterm birth in women with single… Meta-analysis Zinc Supplementation and the Prevention and Treatment of Sepsis in Youn…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 6 Meta-analysis 19 Trial pubs 19 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05366595 — Zinc Supplementation in Pediatric Sepsis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT06556511 — Efficacy Of Zinc Towards The Outcome on Children With Sepsis (COMPLETED) NA NCT00133978 — Trial of Glutamine and Antioxidant Supplementation in Critically Ill Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT02130388 — The Impact of Zinc Supplementation on Innate Immunity and Patient Safety in Sepsis (TERMINATED) NA NCT00395161 — The CRISIS Prevention Study (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT00495690 — Impact of Daily Zinc Supplementation to Infants Born With Low Birth Weight on Death and Severe Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT05112406 — Early Diagnostic Biomarkers of Sepsis (UNKNOWN) NCT01328509 — Zinc and Inflammation in Sepsis (COMPLETED) Published literature Meta-analysis Enteral Zinc Supplementation in Preterm or Low Birth Weight Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (Pediatrics, 2022) Meta-analysis Interventions to prevent spontaneous preterm birth in women with singleton pregnancy who are at high risk: systematic review and network meta-analysis (BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2022) Meta-analysis Zinc Supplementation and the Prevention and Treatment of Sepsis in Young Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Neonatology, 2022) Meta-analysis Effect of zinc supplementation on mortality in under 5-year children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (European journal of nutrition, 2022) Meta-analysis Enteral zinc supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2021) Systematic review Efficacy of zinc supplementation for neonatal sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 2019) Clinical trial publication Zinc as adjunct treatment for clinical severe infection in young infants: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in India and Nepal (PLoS medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Zinc Supplementation in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial (American journal of perinatology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Zinc Supplementation in Preterm Neonates with Late-Onset Sepsis: Is It Beneficial? (American journal of perinatology, 2022) Clinical trial publication Short Term Oral Zinc Supplementation among Babies with Neonatal Sepsis for Reducing Mortality and Improving Outcome - A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial (Indian journal of pediatrics, 2018) Clinical trial publication Zinc as an adjunct treatment for reducing case fatality due to clinical severe infection in young infants: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (BMC pharmacology & toxicology, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Natural product Cochrane review The Use of Hydrocortisone, Ascorbic Acid and Thiamine in Patients with… Clinical trial publication Thiamine for Renal Protection in Septic Shock (TRPSS): A Randomized, Pl… Meta Analysis, Review The role and efficacy of vitamin C in sepsis.	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04039815 — Vitamin C, Vitamin B1 and Steroid in Sepsis (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT03540628 — Thiamine, Vitamin C and Hydrocortisone in the Treatment of Septic Shock (COMPLETED) NA NCT04160676 — Therapy With Hydrocortisone, Ascorbic Acid, Thamine in Patients With Sepsis (COMPLETED) NA NCT03333278 — The Vitamin C, Hydrocortisone and Thiamine in Patients With Septic Shock Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT04197115 — Vitamin C, Thiamine, Cyanocobalamine, Pyridoxine and Hydrocortisone in Sepsis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03649009 — Thiamine As An Adjuvant Therapy For Hyperlactatemia In Septic Shock Patients (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03649633 — Vitamin C, Steroids, and Thiamine, and Cerebral Autoregulation and Functional Outcome in Septic Shock (TERMINATED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT04111822 — Pilot Study on the Use of Hydrocortisone, Vitamin c and Tiamine in Patient With Sepsis and Septic Shock (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review The Use of Hydrocortisone, Ascorbic Acid and Thiamine in Patients with Sepsis and Septic Shock - A Systematic Review (Journal of pharmacy practice, 2023) Clinical trial publication Thiamine for Renal Protection in Septic Shock (TRPSS): A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Clinical Trial (American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Vitamin D3 Natural product Clinical trial publication High-dose vitamin D versus placebo to prevent complications in COVID-19… Clinical trial publication Mediators in Preterm Infants With Late-onset Sepsis: A Randomized Contr… Human Study Association of vitamin D deficiency with an increased risk of late-onse…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01812681 — Cord Blood 25(oh)-Vitamin D Level in Preterm Infants and Associated Morbidities (COMPLETED) NCT02019836 — Comparison of Maternal and Neonatal Vitamin D Levels in Term Neonates With and Without Early Onset Sepsis (COMPLETED) NCT01636232 — Vitamin D and Critically Ill Patients (COMPLETED) NCT06209268 — The Impact of Selective Vitamin D Receptor Activation on Clinical Outcomes in Septic Patients (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT05659173 — Vitamin D Deficiency With Selected Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism in Gestational Hypertension (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NCT02920593 — A Randomized Control Trial of Vitamin D Prophylaxis in the Prevention of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT02147327 — Effects of Cord Blood 25-hydroxy-vitamin D Level on Early Neonatal Morbidities (COMPLETED) NCT05244018 — Outcome of High Dose Vitamin D on Prognosis of Sepsis Requiring Mechanical Ventilation (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication High-dose vitamin D versus placebo to prevent complications in COVID-19 patients: Multicentre randomized controlled clinical trial (PloS one, 2022) Clinical trial publication Mediators in Preterm Infants With Late-onset Sepsis: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Cochrane review Immunonutrition Decreases Postoperative Complications in Gastrointestin… Cochrane review Effect and safety of nutritional supplements on clinical outcomes in pa… Cochrane review The efficacy and acceptability of anti-inflammatory omega-3 polyunsatur…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	6 trials 13 Cochrane 14 Meta-analysis 12 Trial pubs 11 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00772096 — Septic Encephalopathy and Late Cognitive Dysfunction (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03388450 — Omega-3 Fatty Acid for Critically Ill Patients. (COMPLETED) NA NCT00142220 — The Benefit of Adding Fish Oil to the Nutrition of Critically Ill Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00634075 — Clinical Assessment of Fish Oil-based Lipid Emulsion Infusions in Critical Patients With Severe Sepsis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01049529 — Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid on the Inflammatory Response and Clinical Outcomes From Surgical Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00329680 — The Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) and Antioxidants in the Treatment of Sepsis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Immunonutrition Decreases Postoperative Complications in Gastrointestinal Cancer-A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2026) Cochrane review Effect and safety of nutritional supplements on clinical outcomes in patients with acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Nutrition journal, 2026) Cochrane review The efficacy and acceptability of anti-inflammatory omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements in sepsis management: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids, 2024) Cochrane review Mendelian Randomization Analysis Reveals Causal Associations of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids with Sepsis and Mortality Risk (Infectious diseases and therapy, 2023) Cochrane review Nutritional Support with Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Burn Patients: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Nutrients, 2022) Meta-analysis Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on hyper-inflammatory response and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis (Intensive & critical care nursing, 2026) Meta-analysis Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in solid organ transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 2025) Meta-analysis Omega-3 fatty acids in parenteral nutrition - A systematic review with network meta-analysis on clinical outcomes (Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2023) Clinical trial publication Treatment of delirium in intensive care patients with sepsis using daily intravenous infusions with omega-3 fatty acids (International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2025) Clinical trial publication [Parenteral supplementation with EPA/DHA omega-3 fatty acids improves recovery prognosis in critically ill patients] (Nutricion hospitalaria, 2023) Clinical trial publication Omega-3 fatty acid lipid emulsions are safe and effective in reducing endotoxemia and sepsis in acute-on-chronic liver failure: An open-label randomized controlled trial (Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 2021) Clinical trial publication The effect of omega-3 supplementation on pregnancy outcomes by smoking status (American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Garlic Natural product Animal Study Allicin ameliorates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Animal Study Allicin may ameliorate sepsis-induced acute lung injury in mice by enha… Animal Study Black garlic extract could be promising nutraceutical or medicinal agen…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	12 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Vitamin E Natural product Cochrane review The effect of vitamin supplementation on neurodevelopmental and clinica… Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of antioxidant therapies for sepsis and septic sho… Cochrane review What is the appropriate intravenous dose of vitamin E for very-low-birt…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	4 trials 5 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 16 Trial pubs 15 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00133978 — Trial of Glutamine and Antioxidant Supplementation in Critically Ill Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT03876704 — Effects of Fat-soluble Vitamins Supplementation on Common Complications and Neural Development in Very Low Birth Weight Infants (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT04029675 — High Dose of Vitamin C on Mechanically Ventilated Septic Patients in Intensive Care Unit (COMPLETED) NA NCT03557229 — Clinical Trial of Antioxidant Therapy in Patients With Septic Shock (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review The effect of vitamin supplementation on neurodevelopmental and clinical outcomes in very low birth weight and very preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PloS one, 2025) Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of antioxidant therapies for sepsis and septic shock in the intensive care unit: A frequentist network meta-analysis (Heliyon, 2024) Cochrane review What is the appropriate intravenous dose of vitamin E for very-low-birth-weight infants? (Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 2004) Cochrane review Vitamin E supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2003) Cochrane review Vitamin E supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2003) Clinical trial publication Usefulness of Antioxidants as Adjuvant Therapy for Septic Shock: A Randomized Clinical Trial (Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 2020) Clinical trial publication Antioxidative system in the erythrocytes of preterm neonates with sepsis: the effects of vitamin E supplementation (Annals of clinical biochemistry, 2014) Clinical trial publication Fish Oil (SMOFlipid) and olive oil lipid (Clinoleic) in very preterm neonates (Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2014) Clinical trial publication Does vitamin C and vitamin E supplementation prolong the latency period before delivery following the preterm premature rupture of membranes? A randomized controlled study (American journal of perinatology, 2014) Clinical trial publication Tolerability and efficacy of a low-volume enteral supplement containing key nutrients in the critically ill (Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2011) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
N-Acetylcysteine Natural product Cochrane review Fenoldopam for preventing and treating acute kidney injury Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of antioxidant therapies for sepsis and septic sho… Cochrane review The effects of antioxidant supplementation on short-term mortality in s…	Amino acid	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 trials 6 Cochrane 4 Meta-analysis 12 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07380347 — Effect of N-acetylcysteine as Adjunct Therapy on the Clinical Outcome of Neonatal Sepsis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT07273071 — Individualized Multiplex Pathophysiological Treatment of Severe Acute Infections: N-Acetylcysteine (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT03557229 — Clinical Trial of Antioxidant Therapy in Patients With Septic Shock (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Fenoldopam for preventing and treating acute kidney injury (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2024) Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of antioxidant therapies for sepsis and septic shock in the intensive care unit: A frequentist network meta-analysis (Heliyon, 2024) Cochrane review The effects of antioxidant supplementation on short-term mortality in sepsis patients (Heliyon, 2024) Cochrane review Amino acids for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Scientific reports, 2022) Cochrane review Systemic interventions for treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and SJS/TEN overlap syndrome (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2022) Meta-analysis N-acetylcysteine for sepsis and systemic inflammatory response in adults (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2012) Randomized controlled trial Usefulness of Antioxidants as Adjuvant Therapy for Septic Shock: A Randomized Clinical Trial (Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 2020) Randomized controlled trial Clinical Trial Assessment of Intermittent and Continuous Infusion Dose of N-Acetylcysteine on Redox Status of the Body in Patients with Sepsis Admitted to the ICU (Journal of intensive care medicine, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Effects of N-acetylcysteine on microalbuminuria and organ failure in acute severe sepsis: results of a pilot study (Chest, 2005) Randomized controlled trial The effect of N-acetylcysteine on nuclear factor-kappa B activation, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in patients with sepsis (Critical care medicine, 2003) Randomized controlled trial Lack of effect of prophylactic N-acetylcysteine on postoperative organ dysfunction following major abdominal tumour surgery: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial (Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2003) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Ginger Natural product Meta-analysis Therapeutic potential of plant-derived small extracellular vesicles in… Systematic review Therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action of ginger and its bioactiv… Animal Study, Human In Vitro Zingerone could be a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of vario…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Meta-analysis Therapeutic potential of plant-derived small extracellular vesicles in sepsis: A network meta-analysis (Pharmacological research, 2025) Systematic review Therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action of ginger and its bioactive components on inflammatory response, oxidative stress, the immune system, and organ failure in sepsis: a comprehensive systematic review (Nutrition reviews, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Olive Oil Natural product Meta-analysis Omega-3 fatty acids in parenteral nutrition - A systematic review with… Randomized controlled trial [Docosahexaenoic acid benefits on growth and body composition of septic… Randomized controlled trial Effects of mixed oil emulsion on short-term clinical outcomes in premat…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 trials 1 Meta-analysis 10 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04711564 — The Effects of Different Lipid Emulsions on the Adipokines in Critically Ill Patients With Sepsis (COMPLETED) NCT04717037 — Olive Oil Massage Effect for Reduction of Preterm Sepsis (OMEPS) (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01943409 — Intravenous Nutrition in Hospitalized Patients: Comparison of Two Oils (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Meta-analysis Omega-3 fatty acids in parenteral nutrition - A systematic review with network meta-analysis on clinical outcomes (Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2023) Randomized controlled trial [Docosahexaenoic acid benefits on growth and body composition of septic neonates. Randomized trial] (Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 2025) Randomized controlled trial Effects of mixed oil emulsion on short-term clinical outcomes in premature infants: A prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial (European journal of clinical nutrition, 2023) Randomized controlled trial Effect of oral olive oil on healing of 10-20% total body surface area burn wounds in hospitalized patients (Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries, 2015) Randomized controlled trial Fish Oil (SMOFlipid) and olive oil lipid (Clinoleic) in very preterm neonates (Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2014) Randomized controlled trial Influence of parenteral nutrition delivery system on the development of bloodstream infections in critically ill patients: an international, multicenter, prospective, open-label, controlled study--EPICOS study (JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, 2012) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
L-Carnitine Natural product Cochrane review The supplementation of L-carnitine in critically ill patients with seps… Cochrane review The Effect of L-Carnitine on Mortality Rate in Septic Patients: A Syste… Clinical trial publication The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on inflammation, oxidative s…	Amino acid	Phase III	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	4 trials 2 Cochrane 6 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01193777 — L-Carnitine Administration in Early Sepsis (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT01665092 — Rapid Administration of Carnitine in sEpsis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00592488 — Acetyl-L-Carnitine in the Treatment of Septic Shock (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT02664753 — L-carnitine as an Adjunct Treatment for Septic Shock Patients With Acute Kidney Injury (TERMINATED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review The supplementation of L-carnitine in critically ill patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (European journal of medical research, 2024) Cochrane review The Effect of L-Carnitine on Mortality Rate in Septic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Randomized Clinical Trials (Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets, 2021) Clinical trial publication The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and clinical outcomes in critically Ill patients with sepsis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial (Nutrition journal, 2024) Clinical trial publication Untargeted Metabolomics Differentiates l-Carnitine Treated Septic Shock 1-Year Survivors and Nonsurvivors (Journal of proteome research, 2019) Clinical trial publication Pharmacometabolomics of l-carnitine treatment response phenotypes in patients with septic shock (Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2015) Clinical trial publication Preliminary safety and efficacy of L-carnitine infusion for the treatment of vasopressor-dependent septic shock: a randomized control trial (JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, 2014) Clinical trial publication Effect of L-carnitine on oxidative stress and platelet activation after major surgery (Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2011) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Melatonin Natural product Cochrane review Efficacy of melatonin as adjunctive therapy for sepsis: A meta-analysis… Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of antioxidant therapies for sepsis and septic sho… Cochrane review The role of melatonin as an adjuvant in the treatment of COVID-19: A sy…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 5 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 11 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01858909 — Efficacy of Melatonin in Patients With Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT06191523 — The Effect of Melatonin as an Adjuvant Therapy for Preterm Neonates With Sepsis (COMPLETED) NA NCT01724424 — Melatonin in Healthy Volunteers (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT03295162 — Effects of Melatonin as a Novel Antioxidant and Free Radicals Scavenger in Neonatal Sepsis (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT02304224 — the Relationship of the Use of Eye Masks and Outcomes of Patients With Sepsis in Intensive Care Unit (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03557229 — Clinical Trial of Antioxidant Therapy in Patients With Septic Shock (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT04063332 — Functionality of Endogenous Biological Clock in Sepsis (UNKNOWN) NCT06156059 — Oral Bedtime Melatonin in Critically Ill Patients (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy of melatonin as adjunctive therapy for sepsis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Complementary therapies in medicine, 2025) Cochrane review Comparative efficacy of antioxidant therapies for sepsis and septic shock in the intensive care unit: A frequentist network meta-analysis (Heliyon, 2024) Cochrane review The role of melatonin as an adjuvant in the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review (Heliyon, 2022) Cochrane review Use of melatonin as adjunctive therapy in neonatal sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Complementary therapies in medicine, 2018) Cochrane review Melatonin for the promotion of sleep in adults in the intensive care unit (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018) Meta-analysis Adjuvant therapy in neonatal sepsis to prevent mortality - A systematic review and network meta-analysis (Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine, 2022) Systematic review Melatonin Use in Hospitalized Children for Non-Anesthetic Indications: A Systematic Review (Pharmacotherapy, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Early Oral Melatonin Supplementation Supports White Matter Maturation in Preterm Infants: Neuroprotective Insights of an Antioxidant Molecule (Journal of pineal research, 2026) Randomized controlled trial Melatonin does not reduce delirium severity in hospitalized older adults: Results of a randomized placebo-controlled trial (Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2024) Randomized controlled trial A phase II, single-center, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial to explore the efficacy and safety of intravenous melatonin in surgical patients with severe sepsis admitted to the intensive care unit (Journal of pineal research, 2023) Randomized controlled trial Dose assessment of melatonin in sepsis (DAMSEL2) study: Pharmacokinetics of two doses of oral melatonin in patients with sepsis (Journal of pineal research, 2022) Randomized controlled trial The Effect of Melatonin on Thrombosis, Sepsis and Mortality Rate in COVID-19 Patients (International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Probiotics Natural product Cochrane review Progress on the correlation between sepsis and gut microbiota: a narrat… Cochrane review Personalizing Nutritional Therapy in Pediatric Oncology: The Role of Gu… Cochrane review Beneficial Impacts of pre- and Postoperative Probiotics/Synbiotics Supp…	Probiotic	Approved	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 75 Cochrane 63 Meta-analysis 50 Trial pubs 49 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00835874 — Probiotic Administartion to Mothers of Preterm Infants to Prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Sepsis (TERMINATED) NA NCT06563609 — Combined Rehabilitation and Nutritional Support vs. Standard Care in In-Hospital Endocarditis Treatment (TERMINATED) NA NCT00518596 — Prevention of Infection in Indian Neonates - Phase II Probiotics Study (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00727363 — Prophylactic Probiotics in Premature Infants (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT02021253 — Influence of Probiotics Administration Before Liver Resection in Liver Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT02073214 — Effects of Oral Probiotic Supplementation on the Clinical Status of Very-low-birth-weight Preterm Neonates. (COMPLETED) NA NCT07144475 — Comparison of Probiotic Effects on the Outcomes of Patients After Colorectal Cancer Surgery (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05180201 — SEPSIS: L. Plantarum Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Progress on the correlation between sepsis and gut microbiota: a narrative review (Frontiers in microbiology, 2026) Cochrane review Personalizing Nutritional Therapy in Pediatric Oncology: The Role of Gut Microbiome Profiling and Metabolomics in Mitigating Mucositis and Enhancing Immune Response to Chemotherapy (Children (Basel, Switzerland), 2026) Cochrane review Beneficial Impacts of pre- and Postoperative Probiotics/Synbiotics Supplementation in Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Surgeries: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis (Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins, 2025) Cochrane review Probiotic supplementation - does it prevent or cause neonatal sepsis? (Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine, 2025) Cochrane review Probiotics for preventing neonatal sepsis in preterm neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis for clinical practice (Epidemiology and health, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effects of fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotics on the gut microbiome in antibiotic-treated septic patients: A pilot randomized controlled trial (Virulence, 2026) Clinical trial publication The role of probiotics in nutritional intake and clinical outcomes of critically Ill children with severe sepsis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Scientific reports, 2026) Clinical trial publication Effect of probiotics on intestinal permeability in critically ill children with sepsis: preliminary results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (European journal of nutrition, 2025) Clinical trial publication Assessment of the role of probiotics in prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonates (European journal of pediatrics, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effects of a live versus heat-inactivated probiotic Bifidobacterium spp in preterm infants: a randomised clinical trial (Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Egcg Natural product Animal Study Angelica sinensis protects mice against lethal endotoxemia and sepsis. Animal Study C. sinensis can improve the dysfunction of gut barrier in septic rats b…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	24 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Curcumin Natural product Cochrane review Exploring the effects of phenolic compounds to reduce intestinal damage… Clinical trial publication Therapeutic effects of curcumin and piperine combination in critically… Clinical trial publication Nano-curcumin supplementation in critically ill patients with sepsis: a…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 1 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07436130 — Curcumin in Critically Ill Patients With Sepsis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT03329781 — ENDOCUR - Modulation of Endotoxaemia Via Curcumin Intake in Healthy Overweight Adults (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Exploring the effects of phenolic compounds to reduce intestinal damage and improve the intestinal barrier integrity: A systematic review of in vivo animal studies (Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2021) Clinical trial publication Therapeutic effects of curcumin and piperine combination in critically ill patients with sepsis: a randomized double-blind controlled trial (Trials, 2025) Clinical trial publication Nano-curcumin supplementation in critically ill patients with sepsis: a randomized clinical trial investigating the inflammatory biomarkers, oxidative stress indices, endothelial function, clinical outcomes and nutritional status (Food & function, 2022) Clinical trial publication Does nano-curcumin supplementation improve hematological indices in critically ill patients with sepsis? A randomized controlled clinical trial (Journal of food biochemistry, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Berberine Natural product Animal Study Berberine atenuates neonatal sepsis in mice Animal Study Berberine attenuates sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction by upregulating… Animal Study Berberine can improve myocardial injury and cardiac function in sepsis.	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Human Study Coenzyme Q10 improves the survival and reduces inflammatory markers in… Human Study Plasma CoQ10 levels could be increased in patients with severe sepsis o… Human Study Serum coenzyme Q10 levels are decreased in critically-Ill septic patien…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Lactobacillus Natural product Human Study Introduction of probiotics for preterm infants in NZ has been associate… Human Study A large proportion of neonatal sepsis in developing countries could be… Human Study Probiotics can be used to prevent necrotising enterocolitis and nosocom…	Probiotic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Selenium Natural product Meta Analysis Selenium supplementation may reduce the risk of sepsis in preterm infan… Human Study Immune function testing in sepsis patients receiving sodium selenite.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Andrographis Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Andrographolide attenuates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Animal Study Andrographolide attenuates inflammation due to intra-abdominal sepsis.	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Resveratrol Natural product A comprehensive insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of a… Exploring the effects of phenolic compounds to reduce intestinal damage…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Niacin Natural product Meta Analysis, Review The role and efficacy of vitamin C in sepsis. Meta Analysis Evidence is stronger than you think: a meta-analysis of vitamin C use i… Meta Analysis, Review The administration of intravenous vitamin C may lead to vasopressor spa…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Reishi Natural product Animal Study Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides protect against sepsis-induced cardia…	Mushroom	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Cannabidiol Natural product Animal Study Cannabidiol effect on long-term brain alterations in septic rats. Animal Study Cannabidiol suppresses cytokine storm and protects against cardiac and…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	2	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Ginkgo Biloba Natural product Ginkgolide A targets forkhead box O1 to protect against lipopolysacchar… Ginkgolic acid promotes inflammation and macrophage apoptosis via SUMOy… Evidence that Ginkgo Biloba could use in the influenza and coronavirus…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	2	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Tamsulosin Natural product A novel predictive method for URS and laser lithotripsy using machine l… The affinity and selectivity of α-adrenoceptor antagonists, antidepress…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Terazosin Natural product Virtual Screening against Phosphoglycerate Kinase 1 in Quest of Novel A… Terazosin activates Pgk1 and Hsp90 to promote stress resistance	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Yohimbine Natural product Animal Study Berberine in combination with yohimbine therapy attenuates neutrophil t…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Indoramin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Phentolamine Natural product [Efficacy and prognosis of phentolamine in the treatment of patients wi…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Prazosin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Cgs-15943 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Clonidine Natural product Alpha2 agonists for sedation to produce better outcomes for adults with… Dexmedetomidine- or Clonidine-Based Sedation Compared With Propofol in… The effect of dexmedetomidine and clonidine on the inflammatory respons…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Apraclonidine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Doxazosin Natural product The affinity and selectivity of α-adrenoceptor antagonists, antidepress…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Mianserin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Akuammigine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Rauwolscine Natural product Norepinephrine-induced hepatocellular dysfunction in early sepsis is me… Urethan anesthesia protects rats against lethal endotoxemia and reduces…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Corynantheine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Oxymetazoline Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Desmopressin Natural product An Unusual Case of Lithium-Induced Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Challenging case of hypernatraemia in infancy A case of Lemierre's syndrome causing panhypopituitarism, cavernous sin…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Neca Natural product Adenosine A2A Receptor Activation Alleviated Disease of Mice with Syste…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Zm-241385 Natural product Alkaline phosphatase protects against renal inflammation through dephos… Involvement of adenosine in the antiinflammatory action of ketamine	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
8-PHENYL Theophylline Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Atipamezole Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Vancomycin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Desglymidodrine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Phenylpropanolamine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Dexniguldipine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Niguldipine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Alprenolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Betaxolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Carteolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Propranolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Atosiban Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nelivaptan Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Tolvaptan Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-1-hydroxy-3-phenyl-propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-hexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-mercapto-propylidene]amino]-5-guanidino-1-hydroxy-pentylidene]amino]-5-guanidino-1-hydroxy-pentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-imino-pentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propylidene]amino]-5-guanidino-1-hydroxy-pentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-hexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-hexylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-pentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-ethylidene]amino]propanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]-hydroxy-methylene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxy-propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methyl-pentylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxy-butylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-mercapto-propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-methyl-butylidene]amino]-5-guanidino-1-hydroxy-pentylidene]amino]-5-guanidino-1-hydroxy-pentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-propylidene]amino]-3-phenyl-propionic acid Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Hydroxysafflor yellow A mitigates sepsis-induced pulmonary and intestin… Animal Study Hydroxytyrosol ameliorates oxidative challenge and inflammatory respons…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
(2S)-2-aminopropionic acid Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Ethanol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Water Natural product Animal Study Anti-inflammatory effects of deuterium-depleted water plus Rosa damasce…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
(3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-methyloltetrahydropyran-2,3,4,5-tetrol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
(2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Hydrogen: Molecular Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Hydrogen gas therapy: A promising approach for sepsis management post-b… Animal Study, In Vitro Study Molecular hydrogen protects mice against polymicrobial sepsis. Animal Study APOA2: new target for molecular hydrogen therapy in sepsis-related lung…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Flavonoids Natural product Animal Study Ameliorative effect of gossypin against acute lung injury in experiment… Animal Study Anti-inflammatory activities of isorhamnetin-3-O-galactoside against HM… Animal Study Astilbin alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Ginsenosides Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Emodin Natural product Animal Study Aloe-emodin suppresses oxidative stress and inflammation.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Lactoferrin Natural product Meta Analysis Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for preventing sepsis and necrotizi… Human Study Bovine lactoferrin supplementation prevents late-onset sepsis in very l… Human Study Bovine lactoferrin supplementation protects against late-onset sepsis i…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Sophora Flavescens Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Luteolin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Artesunate Natural product Meta Analysis, Review The efficacy of artesunate in animal models of sepsis. Animal Study Artesunate ameliorates sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Animal Study Artesunate reduces sepsis-mediated acute lung injury in a SIRT1-depende…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Vitamin C: Intravenous Natural product Meta Analysis, Review The administration of intravenous vitamin C may lead to vasopressor spa… Human Study Intravenous ascorbic acid infusion was safe and well tolerated in this… Human Study Intravenous vitamin C of ≥ 5 days was significantly associated with dec…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Thiamine (B-1) Natural product Human Study Hydrocortisone, vitamin C and thiamine for the treatment of sepsis and… Human Study Level 1 and 2 evidence supports the use of thiamine, vitamin C, and vit… Human Study Thiamine deficiency in sepsis may be associated with ICU-mortality.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Astragaloside Natural product Animal Study Astragaloside exerts its protective effect against sepsis-induced acute… Animal Study Astragaloside IV attenuates polymicrobial sepsis-induced cardiac dysfun… Animal Study Astragaloside IV reduces lung injury in lethal sepsis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Safflower Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Hydroxysafflor yellow A mitigates sepsis-induced pulmonary and intestin…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.

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