Schizophrenia — RepurpOS | OpenSourceMedicine

Disease overview

Alterations

156

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

347

Via biomarker

157

Natural agents

Natural products

113

Merged ranked

499

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, PubMed NP, ClinicalTrials.gov NP · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-05

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Spontaneous full remission rare (<10%); after first episode, ~80% relapse within 5 years without maintenance antipsychotic; functional disability accumulates over time; 20% achieve good long-term outcome

Best-intervention remission

Long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs): 30-50% reduction in relapse vs oral antipsychotics (PALIPERIDONE PALMITATE, aripiprazole monthly); clozapine for treatment-resistant: 30-60% response in patients who failed 2 other antipsychotics; critical period intensive early intervention (NAVIGATE program): 3x better employment, 30% less symptom burden at 2 years

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Large — LAIs chronically underused; clozapine for TRS grossly underused; early intervention services reach only a fraction of FEP patients

Primary barrier

practice

Barrier detail: Clozapine is used in only 4% of TRS patients in the US despite clear efficacy (should be ~30%); LAIs offered to only 15-25% of patients despite superior relapse prevention vs oral; stigma and structural barriers delay first treatment by 1-2 years on average; many patients never receive coordinated specialty care

Last SoC change: 2023 — FDA approved xanomeline-trospium (KarXT/Cobenfy) — first non-dopamine-blocking mechanism for schizophrenia in 70 years (muscarinic agonist); 2019 lumateperone approved; 2015 LAI aripiprazole monthly approved; chlorpromazine first antipsychotic 1952; D2 blockade paradigm essentially unchanged since then until 2023

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0005154 · ORPHA: ORPHA:250994

Right to Try Relevance

Eligibility: This disease meets the federal and state right-to-try legal standard (21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-0a and Montana SB 535): it lacks disease-modifying therapy with indication-specific FDA approval. Patients with Schizophrenia may be eligible to access investigational therapies outside of clinical trials under right-to-try frameworks.

Investigational Agents

255

Phase 3: 76, Phase 2: 134, Phase 1: 45

Most Advanced Phase

Phase 3

Highest dev. stage

Gene Targets

156

Actionable

Pipeline Compounds (Top 6)

Darapladib, Fenretinide, (D)-Serine, Acetylcysteine, Amantadine, Artemisinin

Legal Standard: Right-to-try requires the disease lacks "adequate approved therapy for that specific disease" (not symptom-management drugs). This distinction means a disease with antidepressants available still qualifies if no FDA approval exists for THAT disease indication.

View Right-to-Try Compendium

Alterations

156 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
Abnormality of the nervous system	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Bipolar affective disorder	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Cognitive impairment	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Delusion	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Disturbance of facial expression	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
EEG abnormality	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Ectopic kidney	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Flat occiput	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Frontal bossing	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Global developmental delay	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hallucinations	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hyperactivity	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hypertelorism	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Intellectual disability	Functional	Functional test	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Mask-like facies	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Negativism	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Partially duplicated kidney	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Protruding ear	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Psychotic episodes	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Refractory	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Renal agenesis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Schizophrenia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Short proximal phalanx of the 4th toe	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Short stature	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Social and occupational deterioration	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Syndactyly	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
ADRA1A adrenoceptor alpha 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA1B adrenoceptor alpha 1B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA1D adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AKT3 AKT serine/threonine kinase 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AS3MT arsenite methyltransferase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP2A2 ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATXN7 ataxin 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BCL11A BCL11 transcription factor A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BCL11B BCL11 transcription factor B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BNIP3L BCL2 interacting protein 3 like	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
CACNA1C calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1I calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 I	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CALN1 calneuron 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CARMIL1 capping protein regulator and myosin 1 linker 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM1 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM3 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM4 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRNA3 cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 3 subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CMax	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
CPNE1 copine 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CSMD1 CUB and Sushi multiple domains 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CUL3 cullin 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Canadian Occupational Performance Measure- Performance subscale	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Client Satisfaction Questionnaire	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Clinical Global Impression (CGI)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Collaborative Decision Making Approach Measure	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
DPYD dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DRD1 dopamine receptor D1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DRD2 dopamine receptor D2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DRD3 dopamine receptor D3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DRD4 dopamine receptor D4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DRD5 dopamine receptor D5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Decision Skills Checklist	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Decision Skills Questionnaire	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
ESAM endothelial cell adhesion molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FES FES proto-oncogene, tyrosine kinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FUT9 fucosyltransferase 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GDNF glial cell derived neurotrophic factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GGNBP2 gametogenetin binding protein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GPM6A glycoprotein M6A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIA1 glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2A glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRM3 glutamate metabotropic receptor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Goal Attainment Scaling	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
HCN1 hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated potassium channel 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR1A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR1B 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR1D 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR1E 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1E	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR1F 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR2A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR2B 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR2C 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR3A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR3B 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR3C 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR3D 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR3E 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3E	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR4 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR5A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR6 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR7 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IGSF9B immunoglobulin superfamily member 9B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IMMP2L inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ITIH3 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Idiographic problems	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Independent Living Skills Survey	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Interest in adjunctive rehabilitative approaches	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
KCNQ5 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KLF6 KLF transcription factor 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MAD1L1 mitotic arrest deficient 1 like 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MAN2A1 mannosidase alpha class 2A member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MMP16 matrix metallopeptidase 16	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MTHFR methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Maryland Assessment of Recovery in Serious Mental Illness	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Mental health symptoms	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
NCAM1 neural cell adhesion molecule 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NEGR1 neuronal growth regulator 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NMUR2 neuromedin U receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NRGN neurogranin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NRXN1 neurexin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OPRD1 opioid receptor delta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OPRK1 opioid receptor kappa 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OPRM1 opioid receptor mu 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE4B phosphodiesterase 4B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PJA1 praja ring finger ubiquitin ligase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PPP1R16B protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 16B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PRKD1 protein kinase D1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Personal and Social Performance scale	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Problem-Solving Decision-Making Scale for Mental Health	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Qualitative interviews	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Quality of Life Scale	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
RBM12 RNA binding motif protein 12	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RGS6 regulator of G protein signaling 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RTN4R reticulon 4 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SATB2 SATB homeobox 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN1A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SDCCAG8 SHH signaling and ciliogenesis regulator SDCCAG8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SETD1A SET domain containing 1A, histone lysine methyltransferase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SGCD sarcoglycan delta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SHANK3 SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC39A8 solute carrier family 39 member 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC6A3 solute carrier family 6 member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SNAP91 synaptosome associated protein 91	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SNX19 sorting nexin 19	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SORCS3 sortilin related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SPATS2L spermatogenesis associated serine rich 2 like	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Score on rating scale that corresponds to diagnosis: i) HRSD-24; or ii) Y-BOCS; or iii) BPRS	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Service Engagement Scale	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Shared Decision Making Questionnaire for Mental Health	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Shared Decision-Making Coding System	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Situational Motivation Scale for Schizophrenia Research	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Social Skills Performance Assessment	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
TCF4 transcription factor 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
THOC7 THO complex subunit 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TMTC1 transmembrane O-mannosyltransferase targeting cadherins 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TSNARE1 t-SNARE domain containing 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
The concentration of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) used to assess the effectiveness of treatment	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
The concentration of tyrosine receptor kinase B(TRK-B) used to assess the effectiveness of treatment	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
The score of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Tmax	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Treatment attendance	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
VRK2 VRK serine/threonine kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
WSCD2 WSC domain sialate O sulfotransferase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZFPM2 zinc finger protein, FOG family member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZNF536 zinc finger protein 536	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZNF804A zinc finger protein 804A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZSWIM6 zinc finger SWIM-type containing 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets

FDA-Approved Therapies

Phase 4 agents with regulatory approval for this indication

Drug Name	Mechanism	Type
ACETAZOLAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
ALFUZOSIN	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE		Gene-targeted
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
AMPHETAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
ASENAPINE		Gene-targeted
BENZPHETAMINE		Gene-targeted
BETHANIDINE		Gene-targeted
BICALUTAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
CABERGOLINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CAPIVASERTIB		Gene-targeted
CARBACHOL	None	Gene-targeted
CARVEDILOL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CELECOXIB		Gene-targeted
CIPROFLOXACIN	None	Gene-targeted
CLOMIPRAMINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CLOMIPRAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
CLOZAPINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CYPROHEPTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DAPIPRAZOLE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DAPIPRAZOLE HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DEBRISOQUIN		Gene-targeted
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE		Gene-targeted
DIAZEPAM	None	Gene-targeted
DICHLORPHENAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL	None	Gene-targeted
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
DISULFIRAM		Gene-targeted
DOPAMINE		Gene-targeted
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DRONEDARONE		Gene-targeted
DROXIDOPA	agonist	Gene-targeted
EMPAGLIFLOZIN		Gene-targeted
EPHEDRINE		Gene-targeted
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
EPHEDRINE SULFATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
EPINEPHRINE	agonist; agonist	Gene-targeted
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
EPIRUBICIN	None	Gene-targeted
ERGOLOID MESYLATES	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
ERGOLOID MESYLATES, USP		Gene-targeted
ERGOTAMINE		Gene-targeted
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
ETHOXZOLAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
EVEROLIMUS	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
EXAGAMGLOGENE AUTOTEMCEL		Gene-targeted
FLUMAZENIL	None	Gene-targeted
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
ILOPERIDONE		Gene-targeted
IMIPRAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
INDAPAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
INDOMETHACIN	None	Gene-targeted
ISOPROTERENOL		Gene-targeted
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE	None	Gene-targeted
LABETALOL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
LISDEXAMFETAMINE DIMESYLATE		Gene-targeted
MAFENIDE	None	Gene-targeted
MECAMYLAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
MEPHENTERMINE		Gene-targeted
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
METARAMINOL		Gene-targeted
METARAMINOL BITARTRATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
METHAMPHETAMINE		Gene-targeted
METHAZOLAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
METHOTRIMEPRAZINE		Gene-targeted
METHOXAMINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
METHOXAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
METHOXSALEN	None	Gene-targeted
METOPROLOL	None	Gene-targeted
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE		Gene-targeted
MIANSERIN	None	Gene-targeted
MIDODRINE		Gene-targeted
MIDODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
MODAFINIL		Gene-targeted
MOXISYLYTE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
NAFTOPIDIL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
NALIDIXIC ACID	None	Gene-targeted
NAPHAZOLINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
NAPHAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
NEFAZODONE		Gene-targeted
NICOTINE	None	Gene-targeted
NIFEDIPINE		Gene-targeted
NOREPINEPHRINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
NORFLOXACIN	None	Gene-targeted
NORTRIPTYLINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
OFLOXACIN	None	Gene-targeted
OLANZAPINE		Gene-targeted
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
PAPAVERINE		Gene-targeted
PHENDIMETRAZINE		Gene-targeted
PHENOXYBENZAMINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PHENOXYBENZAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PHENTOLAMINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PHENTOLAMINE MESYLATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PHENYLEPHRINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
PHENYLEPHRINE BITARTRATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE		Gene-targeted
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE POLISTIREX	agonist	Gene-targeted
PHENYTOIN	None	Gene-targeted
PRAZOSIN	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PRAZOSIN	None	Gene-targeted
PRAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PROMAZINE		Gene-targeted
PROPIOMAZINE		Gene-targeted
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX		Gene-targeted
QUETIAPINE FUMARATE		Gene-targeted
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP)	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
RISPERIDONE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
SERTINDOLE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
SILODOSIN	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
SIROLIMUS	None	Gene-targeted
SULBACTAM	None	Gene-targeted
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS	None	Gene-targeted
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
TAZOBACTAM	None	Gene-targeted
TERAZOSIN	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
TERAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
TETRAHYDROZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
THIORIDAZINE		Gene-targeted
TOLAZOLINE		Gene-targeted
TOLAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
TRAZODONE		Gene-targeted
TRIFLUOPERAZINE		Gene-targeted
TRIMIPRAMINE MALEATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
TROGLITAZONE	None	Gene-targeted
VEMURAFENIB		Gene-targeted
XYLOMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
ZIPRASIDONE		Gene-targeted

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	1 trials 1 Cochrane View evidence Registry trials NCT04887792 — Acetazolamide for Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia (RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Non-antipsychotic pharmacotherapy of psychogenic polydipsia: A systematic review (Journal of psychosomatic research, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 2 Cochrane 5 Meta-analysis 58 Trial pubs 33 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00166322 — Dopaminergic Neurotransmission in Schizophrenia, Patients at Risk and Healthy Subjects (COMPLETED) NA NCT00922272 — Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of SPD489 in Adults With Schizophrenia and Predominant Negative Symptoms (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03999190 — Imaging Dopamine D2 Agonist Binding Sites in Schizophrenia (WITHDRAWN) NCT05770375 — Tolerability of MDMA in Schizophrenia (RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00208143 — Seroquel Therapy for Substance Use Disorders Comorbid With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01760993 — Long-term Safety of SPD489 When Added to Stable Doses of Antipsychotic Medications in Clinically Stable Adults With Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT02008292 — Acetylcholine, Tobacco Smoking, Genes and Nicotinic Receptors (COMPLETED) NA NCT01760889 — SPD489 Low Dose and High Dose Ranges When Added to Stable Doses of Antipsychotic Medications in Clinically Stable Adults With Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (TERMINATED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Antipsychotics for Amphetamine Psychosis. A Systematic Review (Frontiers in psychiatry, 2019) Cochrane review Treatment for amphetamine psychosis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2001) Meta-analysis Safety of Stimulants Across Patient Populations: A Meta-Analysis (JAMA network open, 2025) Meta-analysis Prodopaminergic Drugs for Treating the Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2019) Meta-analysis Transition of Substance-Induced, Brief, and Atypical Psychoses to Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (Schizophrenia bulletin, 2020) Meta-analysis Systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis of the efficacy, safety, and biological effects of psychostimulants and atomoxetine in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (CNS spectrums, 2019) Meta-analysis Stimulant use disorders in people with psychosis: a meta-analysis of rate and factors affecting variation (The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2015) Systematic review Navigating the challenges of substance use and psychopathology in depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia (Comprehensive psychiatry, 2025) Systematic review Psychostimulant Substitution Therapy for the Treatment of Stimulant Use Disorders in Patients with Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder: A Systematic Review (Journal of dual diagnosis, 2025) Systematic review Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic Treatment in Schizophrenia and Co-occurring Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review (Frontiers in psychiatry, 2021) Clinical trial publication Pharmacologic Augmentation of Computerized Auditory Training in Chronic Psychosis: Preliminary Findings From a Single-Site, Double-Blind Study (Schizophrenia bulletin, 2025) Clinical trial publication The effects of caffeine and d-amphetamine on spatial span task in healthy participants (PloS one, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	1 trials 8 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00455650 — Study of the Effects of Mecamylamine and Varenicline in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Acute effects of mecamylamine and varenicline on cognitive performance in non-smokers with and without schizophrenia (Psychopharmacology, 2014) Clinical trial publication Effects of the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine on ad-lib smoking behavior, topography, and nicotine levels in smokers with and without schizophrenia: a preliminary study (Schizophrenia research, 2009) Clinical trial publication Effects of acute abstinence, reinstatement, and mecamylamine on biochemical and behavioral measures of cigarette smoking in schizophrenia (Schizophrenia research, 2007) Clinical trial publication Neuropsychological deficits in nonsmokers with schizophrenia: effects of a nicotinic antagonist (Schizophrenia research, 2006) Clinical trial publication Muscarinic and nicotinic receptor modulation of object and spatial n-back working memory in humans (Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 2005) Randomized controlled trial Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors synergistically modulate working memory and attention in humans (The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology, 2006) Randomized controlled trial Evidence for synergistic modulation of early information processing by nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in humans (Human psychopharmacology, 2004) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 13 Cochrane 22 Meta-analysis 133 Trial pubs 105 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05301660 — Effect of Nicotine Transdermal Patch on Cognitive Function and Glycolipid Metabolism in Non-smoking Schizophrenia (UNKNOWN) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT00527020 — First Time in Human Study With GSK1018921 (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01010620 — Screening Protocol for Research Participants (COMPLETED) NCT02918630 — E-cigarettes to Promote Smoking Reduction Among Individuals With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT07190352 — Behavioral Impact and Neural Correlates of Network-based Brain Stimulation in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT06389266 — Network-Targeted Neuromodulation for Nicotine Dependence in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT03332966 — Youth Experiences and Health Study (RECRUITING) NCT00135772 — Nicotine and Cotinine Levels in Smokers With Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder - 2 (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review Interventions for smoking cessation in inpatient psychiatry settings (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2026) Cochrane review Smoking cessation for people with severe mental illness: systematic review and network meta-analysis (BMJ medicine, 2026) Cochrane review Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions for People With Schizophrenia and Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (JAMA psychiatry, 2026) Cochrane review Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and network meta-analysis (The lancet. Psychiatry, 2020) Cochrane review Pharmacological and behavioural interventions to promote smoking cessation in adults with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials (BMJ open, 2019) Meta-analysis Effectiveness and safety of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation for smoking cessation: A systematic review and meta-analysis (General hospital psychiatry, 2025) Meta-analysis Effects of acute smoking abstinence among people with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of laboratory studies (Schizophrenia research, 2024) Meta-analysis Testing the causal relationships of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with mental health and substance use disorders: a Mendelian randomisation study (Molecular psychiatry, 2023) Systematic review Values and preferences of patients with severe mental illness regarding smoking cessation interventions: a systematic review with best-fit framework synthesis (BMJ open, 2026) Systematic review Psychiatric comorbidity in substance use disorders, a systematic review of neuro-imaging findings (Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2025) Clinical trial publication Carcinogen reduction in a randomized controlled study comparing e-cigarette provision to assessment only among people with serious mental illness who smoke (Drug and alcohol dependence, 2025) Clinical trial publication Combining neuroimaging and brain stimulation to test alternative causal pathways for nicotine addiction in schizophrenia (Brain stimulation, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALFUZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ASENAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETHANIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CABERGOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAPIVASERTIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 trials 7 Cochrane 9 Meta-analysis 10 Trial pubs 10 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04020588 — Anti-inflammatories and Adolescent Schizophrenia (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00639483 — Efficacy and Safety of Celecoxib as Add-on Therapy to Risperidone Versus Risperidone Alone in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00686140 — A Double-blind and Randomized Trial of Celecoxib Added to Risperidone in Treatment-naive First-episode Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of celecoxib in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Inflammopharmacology, 2025) Cochrane review TLR/mTOR inflammatory signaling pathway: novel insight for the treatment of schizophrenia (Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 2024) Cochrane review Anti-inflammatory medications for the treatment of mental disorders: A scoping review (Brain, behavior, & immunity - health, 2022) Cochrane review An update on the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents for patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis (Psychological medicine, 2019) Cochrane review Adjunctive use of anti-inflammatory drugs for schizophrenia: A meta-analytic investigation of randomized controlled trials (The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2019) Meta-analysis Efficacy and safety of anti-inflammatory drug-assisted treatment of symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis (BMC psychiatry, 2026) Meta-analysis Meta-analysis of genomic variants and gene expression data in schizophrenia suggests the potential need for adjunctive therapeutic interventions for neuropsychiatric disorders (Journal of genetics, 2019) Systematic review Effectiveness and tolerance of anti-inflammatory drugs' add-on therapy in major mental disorders: a systematic qualitative review (Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 2014) Clinical trial publication A double-blind, randomized controlled study of the effects of celecoxib on clinical symptoms and cognitive impairment in patients with drug-naïve first episode schizophrenia: pharmacogenetic impact of cyclooxygenase-2 functional polymorphisms (Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Associations between expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase enzyme and inflammatory cytokines in patients with first-episode drug-naive Schizophrenia (Translational psychiatry, 2021) Clinical trial publication Simvastatin Augmentation for Patients With Early-Phase Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders: A Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial (Schizophrenia bulletin, 2021) Clinical trial publication Celecoxib treatment in an early stage of schizophrenia: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of celecoxib augmentation of amisulpride treatment (Schizophrenia research, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CLOZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 161 Cochrane 206 Meta-analysis 578 Trial pubs 314 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03772951 — The Efficacy of Computerized Cognitive Remediation Therapy for Chronic Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01246232 — Amisulpride Augmentation in Clozapine-unresponsive Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01663077 — Clozapine Plasma Levels and the Relationship to the Genetic Polymorphism in Shizophrenic Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00351000 — Ziprasidone for Clozapine- or Olanzapine-Associated Diabetes Mellitus (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00179231 — Olanzapine Versus Clozapine in Treatment Refractory Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT00000372 — Glycine and D-Cycloserine in Schizophrenia (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT00289861 — Risperidone Augmentation in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00981526 — Telmisartan as an Adjunctive Treatment for Metabolic Problems in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Glucagonlike Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists for Cardiometabolic Risk in Severe Mental Illness: A Narrative Review (Cureus, 2026) Cochrane review Effectiveness of clozapine as a transdiagnostic treatment for aggression: a systematic review (East Asian archives of psychiatry : official journal of the Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists = Dong Ya jing shen ke xue zhi : Xianggang jing shen ke yi xue yuan qi kan, 2026) Cochrane review Next-step treatment for schizophrenia non-responsive to antipsychotics: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (EClinicalMedicine, 2026) Cochrane review Clozapine-Induced Acute Interstitial Nephritis: A Systematic Review (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2026) Cochrane review Underprescription of Clozapine: A Narrative Review Regarding 'Clozaphobia' (Human psychopharmacology, 2026) Meta-analysis Risk factors associated with blood dyscrasia during clozapine treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Psychological medicine, 2026) Meta-analysis High-dose Olanzapine Versus Clozapine in Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Journal of psychiatric practice, 2026) Meta-analysis Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidopaminergic and muscarinic antipsychotics for acute schizophrenia: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials indexed in international English and Chinese databases (Lancet (London, England), 2026) Meta-analysis Clozapine use and COVID-19 risk: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and retrospective cohort evidence (Psychiatry research, 2026) Meta-analysis Autonomic dysfunctions in psychotic disorders, interaction with antipsychotic intervention and treatment resistance: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of psychiatric research, 2026) Systematic review A systematic review on the effects of clozapine on B-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins (Schizophrenia research, 2026) Systematic review Immune System Alterations in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of the Current Evidence and Future Directions (International journal of molecular sciences, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CYPROHEPTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEBRISOQUIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Studies of catecholamine metabolism in schizophrenia/psychosis--I (Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 1993) Clinical trial publication Studies of catecholamine metabolism in schizophrenia/psychosis--II (Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 1993) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOPAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	4 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EMPAGLIFLOZIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials 2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05669742 — Empagliflozin Addition in Modulating Metabolic Disturbances Associated With Olanzapine in Schizophrenia Patients (RECRUITING) PHASE3 Published literature Clinical trial publication Empagliflozin as an Alternative to Metformin for Antipsychotic-Related Weight Gain: Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial (Human psychopharmacology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Effects of Empagliflozin and Lifestyle Intervention on Improving Body Weight and Other Metabolic Parameters in Atypical Antipsychotics-treated Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders-A Double-blind Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial (Schizophrenia bulletin, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 1 Cochrane 7 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01831986 — Pregnenolone and L-theanine Augmentation in the Treatment for Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorders (UNKNOWN) NA NCT00560937 — Pilot Study of Pregnenolone Augmentation Targeting Cognitive Symptoms in Persistently Symptomatic Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT00894842 — Study of a Neurocognition Enhancing Agent in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00615511 — Efficacy of Pregnenolone in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00174889 — Pregnenolone in the Management of Schizophrenia Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00847600 — Pregnenolone Augmentation in the Treatment of Patients With Recent-Onset Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00576095 — Clinical and Biological Characteristics of Psychotic Depression (COMPLETED) NCT00867360 — Treatment of Psychotic Major Depression With Mifepristone (TERMINATED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Clozapine-Induced Cardiovascular Side Effects and Autonomic Dysfunction: A Systematic Review (Frontiers in neuroscience, 2018) Clinical trial publication Acute Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Subjects (Biological psychiatry, 2015) Clinical trial publication Blood biogenic amines during clozapine treatment of early-onset schizophrenia (Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996), 1997) Clinical trial publication Correlated changes in symptoms and neurotransmitter indices during maintenance treatment with clozapine or conventional neuroleptics in adolescents and young adults with schizophrenia (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 1996) Clinical trial publication Suspension therapy in acute schizophrenia. Clinical and neuroendocrine/biochemical effects of abrupt discontinuation of neuroleptic medication (Neuropsychobiology, 1995) Clinical trial publication A multidimensional approach to analysis of cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amines in schizophrenia: I. Comparisons with healthy control subjects and neuroleptic-treated/unmedicated pairs analyses (Psychiatry research, 1994) Randomized controlled trial Stress, depression, and mania: relationship between perceived role of stressful events and clinical and biochemical characteristics (Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1990) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES, USP Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EVEROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EXAGAMGLOGENE AUTOTEMCEL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPERIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	6 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LABETALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01431326 — Pharmacokinetics of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (COMPLETED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISDEXAMFETAMINE DIMESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPHENTERMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METARAMINOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METARAMINOL BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTRIMEPRAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03019887 — Correlation Between Cognitive Function and Relapse of Schizophrenia Regarding Dose Reduction (COMPLETED) NA NCT02374567 — Pharmacovigilance in Gerontopsychiatric Patients (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT02582736 — Antipsychotics and Risk of Hyperglycemic Emergencies (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review Systematic review of antipsychotics for the treatment of hospital-associated delirium in medically or surgically ill patients (The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2006) Systematic review The role of phenothiazine derivatives in autophagy regulation: A systematic review (Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, 2023) Clinical trial publication Antipsychotic and anxiolytic properties of risperidone, haloperidol, and methotrimeprazine in schizophrenic patients (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 1996) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
METHOXAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
METHOXAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDODRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MIDODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MODAFINIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MOXISYLYTE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NAFTOPIDIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPHAZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NAPHAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEFAZODONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Nefazodone in the adjunctive therapy of schizophrenia: an open-label exploratory study (Clinical neuropharmacology, 2000) Clinical trial publication Adjunctive nefazodone in neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients with predominantly negative symptoms: an open prospective pilot study (International clinical psychopharmacology, 1999) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NIFEDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials 3 Cochrane 5 Meta-analysis 35 Trial pubs 20 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00488163 — Pilot Study of Atomoxetine To Enhance COgnition In Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review The effect of second-generation antipsychotics on anxiety/depression in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Schizophrenia research, 2024) Cochrane review Clozapine-Induced Cardiovascular Side Effects and Autonomic Dysfunction: A Systematic Review (Frontiers in neuroscience, 2018) Cochrane review Risks and benefits of bupropion treatment in schizophrenia: a systematic review of the current literature (Clinical neuropharmacology, 2013) Meta-analysis Meta-analysis on the efficacy of the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors reboxetine and atomoxetine for the treatment of schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University, 2023) Meta-analysis Application of antidepressants in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, 2020) Meta-analysis Association of Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase Polymorphisms with Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease and Schizophrenia: Evidence Based on Currently Available Loci (Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology, 2018) Meta-analysis Genetic Association of the Norepinephrine Transporter Gene G1287A Polymorphism with Risk of Schizophrenia: A Case-Control Study and Meta-Analysis (Genetic testing and molecular biomarkers, 2018) Clinical trial publication Heart-rate response to alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor antagonism by antipsychotics (Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society, 2017) Clinical trial publication Duloxetine Add-On to Risperidone for Treatment of Negative Symptoms in Patients with Stable Schizophrenia: Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study (Pharmacopsychiatry, 2016) Clinical trial publication Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of reboxetine and citalopram as adjuncts to atypical antipsychotics for negative symptoms of schizophrenia (The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2014) Clinical trial publication The effect of reboxetine co-administration with olanzapine on metabolic and endocrine profile in schizophrenia patients (Psychopharmacology, 2013) Clinical trial publication Norepinephrine transporter occupancy in the human brain after oral administration of quetiapine XR (The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORTRIPTYLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PAPAVERINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENDIMETRAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENTOLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENTOLAMINE MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE POLISTIREX Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Recent developments in the drug treatment of schizophrenia (The American journal of psychiatry, 1976) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PROPIOMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
QUETIAPINE FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 1 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 26 Trial pubs 19 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01213836 — Compare the Effect on Cognitive Functioning of Two Formulations of Seroquel, Seroquel XR and IR in Patients With Stable Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03568500 — A Trial to Explore Acceptance and Performance of Using a Digital Medicine System With Healthcare Professionals and Adults With Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, or First Episode Psychosis on an Oral Atypical Antipsychotic (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00222495 — A Comparative Study of New Medications for Psychosis in Adolescents (COMPLETED) NA NCT00228462 — Relapse Prevention, RoW: Study to Evaluate Prevention of Relapse in Patients in Stable Chronic Schizophrenia Receiving Either Seroquel or Placebo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00234377 — Seroquel Switching Study: Feasibility of Switching Any Antipsychotic Treatment to Seroquel in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00255515 — Seroquel® Combined With Cognitive Remediation Therapy to Conventional Treatment in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00325689 — Aripiprazole Used as Dual Therapy in the Treatement of Patients With Chronic Stable Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00334035 — Antipsychotic Therapy and First Episode (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Comparative efficacy and safety of Clozapine vs. Quetiapine in schizophrenia and related disorders: An updated systematic review (Psychiatry research, 2025) Meta-analysis Association With Hospitalization and All-Cause Discontinuation Among Patients With Schizophrenia on Clozapine vs Other Oral Second-Generation Antipsychotics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies (JAMA psychiatry, 2019) Meta-analysis Improvement without impairment: a review of clinical data for quetiapine in the treatment of schizophrenia (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2003) Clinical trial publication A 6-week, multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, chlorpromazine-controlled non-inferiorityrandomized phase iiitrial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of quetiapine fumarate (SEROQUEL) extended-release (XR) in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia and acute episodes (Psychiatry research, 2018) Clinical trial publication Treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized, open-label, parallel-group, flexible-dose subgroup analysis of patients treated with extended-release quetiapine fumarate or risperidone (International clinical psychopharmacology, 2015) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of extended-release quetiapine fumarate in youth with bipolar depression: an 8 week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2014) Clinical trial publication Extended-release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR) versus risperidone in the treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia: a randomized, open-label, parallel-group, flexible-dose study (International clinical psychopharmacology, 2014) Clinical trial publication Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of extended-release quetiapine fumarate in Han Chinese patients with schizophrenia (Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SERTINDOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SILODOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TERAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRAHYDROZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIORIDAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TOLAZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TOLAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAZODONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TRIFLUOPERAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TRIMIPRAMINE MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VEMURAFENIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FENRETINIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
(D)-SERINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMANTADINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARTEMISININ	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATOMOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEXAROTENE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIFEPRUNOX	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIFIDOBACTERIUM SPP.	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BITOPERTIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRILAROXAZINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPROPION	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUSPIRONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CREATINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSERINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENCENICLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENCENICLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPLIVANSERIN FUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESCITALOPRAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESKETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESTRADIOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EVENAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EXENATIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUPHENAZINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOLINIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GALANTAMINE HYDROBROMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLYCINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICLEPERTIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDALOPIRDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAMOTRIGINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LB-102	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEUCOVORIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISDEXAMFETAMINE DIMESYLATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LITHIUM CARBONATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LORAZEPAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUMATEPERONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LY404039	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEMANTINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONDANSETRON	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYGEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIMAVANSERIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PITOLISANT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POMAGLUMETAD METHIONIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POMAGLUMETAD METHIONIL ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAMIPEXOLE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRIMETHAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RALOXIFENE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROLUPERIDONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROLUPERIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAMIDORPHAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERTRALINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIAGABINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROPISETRON	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROSPIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROSPIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ULOTARONT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALBENAZINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALPROIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VARENICLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VENLAFAXINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN B12	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
XANOMELINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZICRONAPINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
(+/-)NICOTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
2-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-3-(PYRIDIN-4-YL)-1-(PYRROLIDIN-1-YL)PROPAN-1-ONE, (2R,3S)-	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABT-126	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABT-288	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABT-925	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIMOSTINEL	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APLINDORE FUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AQW051	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARGININE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARMODAFINIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASCORBIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD0328	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BALIPODECT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BL-1020	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRADANICLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPRENORPHINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARNOSINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITICOLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLEMASTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CX516	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DASATINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAVUNETIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESIPRAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEUDEXTROMETHORPHAN HYDROBROMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEUTARSERINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXEFAROXAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROMETHORPHAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIVALPROEX SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DONEPEZIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRINABANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONABINOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELTOPRAZINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMRACLIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERTEBEREL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
F-17464	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FACINICLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FAMOTIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FARAMPATOR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FINGOLIMOD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GALANTAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK239512	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GTS-21	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICOSAPENT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INULIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISPRONICLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
JNJ-37822681	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
JNJ-40411813	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVODOPA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOMEPROMAZINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOSULPIRIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIPOIC ACID, ALPHA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUVADAXISTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MARDEPODECT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTREXATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPHENIDATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRICORILANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK-0249	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK-0777	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK-8189	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MODAFINIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
N-DESMETHYLCLOZAPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPTUMOMAB ESTAFENATOX	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NGX-267	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OCAPERIDONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORG-25935	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OSANETANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OSORESNONTRINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXCARBAZEPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYTOCIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAVINETANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERPHENAZINE 4-AMINOBUTYRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PESAMPATOR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-00217830	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-03463275	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIMAVANSERIN TARTRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIPAMPERONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POZANICLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGNENOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGNENOLONE SUCCINATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUERCETIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINIDINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RALMITARONT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RESVERATROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIMONABANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAPROPTERIN DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SARCOSINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SB-773812	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SECRETIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SGS-742	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SLV-310	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM BENZOATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM BUTYRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM OXYBATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SPG-302	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFORAPHANE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUVECALTAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TALNETANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELMISARTAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIRZEPATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TM30339	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLCAPONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VABICASERIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALACYCLOVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN E	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VORTIOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
WITHANOLIDE D	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZELATRIAZIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISTAROXIME Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABAPERIDONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADOPRAZINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APN1125	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AUT-00206	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AVL-3288	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-8418	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD6280	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABINOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBAMAZEPINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTRIAXONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CROMOLYN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DALZANEMDOR	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIHYDREXIDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GINSENG, ASIAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK-729327	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
JNJ-39393406	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENRISPODUN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVETIRACETAM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LINAGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDOMAFETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOXIFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NATALIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIMODIPINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OCRELIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAPAVERINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-03654746	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-05180999	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PLAZINEMDOR	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASTERONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRECLAMOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REBOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RG7342	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROFLUMILAST	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELEGILINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILTUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOCILIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIHEXYPHENIDYL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRYPTOPHAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VORINOSTAT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZAGOCIGUAT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALLOPURINOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMISULPRIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARIPIPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARIPIPRAZOLE LAUROXIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASENAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASENAPINE MALEATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BELAPERIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENPERIDOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZODIAZEPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZTROPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BERBERINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLONANSERIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BREXPIPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRILAROXAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROMPERIDOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAFFEINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARIPRAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARIPRAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARPHENAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHLORPROMAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOTHIAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOZAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYSTEAMINE BITARTRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPYRIDAMOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIROXIMEL FUMARATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOCONEXENT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROPERIDOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENTACAPONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESZOPICLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FANANSERIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FISH OIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOXETINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUPENTIXOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUSPIRILENE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUVOXAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GADOBENATE DIMEGLUMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GINKGO	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLUTAMIC ACID	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HALOPERIDOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HALOPERIDOL LACTATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPERIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISRADIPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOXAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOXAPINE SUCCINATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUMATEPERONE TOSYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LURASIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LURASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELATONIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MESORIDAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOLINDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOLINDONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NABIXIMOLS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEMONAPRIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE POLACRILEX	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITROGLYCERIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE PAMOATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLSALAZINE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORGANON	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PALBOCICLIB	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PALIPERIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PALIPERIDONE PALMITATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENFLURIDOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERGOLIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERPHENAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIMOZIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIPERACETAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIPOTIAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PNU-282987	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROCHLORPERAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRUCALOPRIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE FUMARATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REMOXIPRIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RILUZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIMCAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RISPERIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SALSALATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAMIDORPHAN L-MALATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SB-222200	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERTINDOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SONEPIPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULPIRIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRABENAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRAHYDROPALMATINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIORIDAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIOTHIXENE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOPIRAMATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIFLUOPERAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIFLUOPERAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIFLUPROMAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ULOTARONT HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VASOPRESSIN	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
(D)-SERINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMANTADINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARTEMISININ	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATOMOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEXAROTENE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIFEPRUNOX	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIFIDOBACTERIUM SPP.	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BITOPERTIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRILAROXAZINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPROPION	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUSPIRONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CREATINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSERINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENCENICLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENCENICLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPLIVANSERIN FUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESCITALOPRAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESKETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESTRADIOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EVENAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EXENATIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUPHENAZINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOLINIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GALANTAMINE HYDROBROMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLYCINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICLEPERTIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDALOPIRDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAMOTRIGINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LB-102	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEUCOVORIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISDEXAMFETAMINE DIMESYLATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LITHIUM CARBONATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LORAZEPAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUMATEPERONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LY404039	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEMANTINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONDANSETRON	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYGEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIMAVANSERIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PITOLISANT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POMAGLUMETAD METHIONIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POMAGLUMETAD METHIONIL ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAMIPEXOLE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRIMETHAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RALOXIFENE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROLUPERIDONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROLUPERIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAMIDORPHAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERTRALINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIAGABINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROPISETRON	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROSPIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROSPIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ULOTARONT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALBENAZINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALPROIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VARENICLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VENLAFAXINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN B12	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
XANOMELINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZICRONAPINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
(+/-)NICOTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
2-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-3-(PYRIDIN-4-YL)-1-(PYRROLIDIN-1-YL)PROPAN-1-ONE, (2R,3S)-	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABT-126	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABT-288	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABT-925	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	8 trials 2 Cochrane 5 Meta-analysis 58 Trial pubs 33 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00166322 — Dopaminergic Neurotransmission in Schizophrenia, Patients at Risk and Healthy Subjects (COMPLETED) NA NCT00922272 — Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of SPD489 in Adults With Schizophrenia and Predominant Negative Symptoms (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03999190 — Imaging Dopamine D2 Agonist Binding Sites in Schizophrenia (WITHDRAWN) NCT05770375 — Tolerability of MDMA in Schizophrenia (RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00208143 — Seroquel Therapy for Substance Use Disorders Comorbid With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01760993 — Long-term Safety of SPD489 When Added to Stable Doses of Antipsychotic Medications in Clinically Stable Adults With Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT02008292 — Acetylcholine, Tobacco Smoking, Genes and Nicotinic Receptors (COMPLETED) NA NCT01760889 — SPD489 Low Dose and High Dose Ranges When Added to Stable Doses of Antipsychotic Medications in Clinically Stable Adults With Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (TERMINATED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Antipsychotics for Amphetamine Psychosis. A Systematic Review (Frontiers in psychiatry, 2019) Cochrane review Treatment for amphetamine psychosis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2001) Meta-analysis Safety of Stimulants Across Patient Populations: A Meta-Analysis (JAMA network open, 2025) Meta-analysis Prodopaminergic Drugs for Treating the Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2019) Meta-analysis Transition of Substance-Induced, Brief, and Atypical Psychoses to Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (Schizophrenia bulletin, 2020) Meta-analysis Systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis of the efficacy, safety, and biological effects of psychostimulants and atomoxetine in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (CNS spectrums, 2019) Meta-analysis Stimulant use disorders in people with psychosis: a meta-analysis of rate and factors affecting variation (The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2015) Systematic review Navigating the challenges of substance use and psychopathology in depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia (Comprehensive psychiatry, 2025) Systematic review Psychostimulant Substitution Therapy for the Treatment of Stimulant Use Disorders in Patients with Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder: A Systematic Review (Journal of dual diagnosis, 2025) Systematic review Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic Treatment in Schizophrenia and Co-occurring Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review (Frontiers in psychiatry, 2021) Clinical trial publication Pharmacologic Augmentation of Computerized Auditory Training in Chronic Psychosis: Preliminary Findings From a Single-Site, Double-Blind Study (Schizophrenia bulletin, 2025) Clinical trial publication The effects of caffeine and d-amphetamine on spatial span task in healthy participants (PloS one, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIMOSTINEL	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APLINDORE FUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AQW051	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARGININE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARMODAFINIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASCORBIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD0328	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BALIPODECT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BL-1020	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRADANICLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPRENORPHINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARNOSINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITICOLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLEMASTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CX516	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DASATINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAVUNETIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESIPRAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEUDEXTROMETHORPHAN HYDROBROMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEUTARSERINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXEFAROXAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROMETHORPHAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIVALPROEX SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DONEPEZIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRINABANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONABINOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELTOPRAZINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMRACLIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERTEBEREL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
F-17464	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FACINICLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FAMOTIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FARAMPATOR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FINGOLIMOD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GALANTAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK239512	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GTS-21	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICOSAPENT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INULIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISPRONICLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
JNJ-37822681	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
JNJ-40411813	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVODOPA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOMEPROMAZINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOSULPIRIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIPOIC ACID, ALPHA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUVADAXISTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MARDEPODECT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTREXATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPHENIDATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRICORILANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK-0249	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK-0777	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK-8189	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MODAFINIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
N-DESMETHYLCLOZAPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPTUMOMAB ESTAFENATOX	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NGX-267	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	8 trials 13 Cochrane 22 Meta-analysis 133 Trial pubs 105 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05301660 — Effect of Nicotine Transdermal Patch on Cognitive Function and Glycolipid Metabolism in Non-smoking Schizophrenia (UNKNOWN) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT00527020 — First Time in Human Study With GSK1018921 (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01010620 — Screening Protocol for Research Participants (COMPLETED) NCT02918630 — E-cigarettes to Promote Smoking Reduction Among Individuals With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT07190352 — Behavioral Impact and Neural Correlates of Network-based Brain Stimulation in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT06389266 — Network-Targeted Neuromodulation for Nicotine Dependence in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT03332966 — Youth Experiences and Health Study (RECRUITING) NCT00135772 — Nicotine and Cotinine Levels in Smokers With Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder - 2 (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review Interventions for smoking cessation in inpatient psychiatry settings (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2026) Cochrane review Smoking cessation for people with severe mental illness: systematic review and network meta-analysis (BMJ medicine, 2026) Cochrane review Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions for People With Schizophrenia and Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (JAMA psychiatry, 2026) Cochrane review Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and network meta-analysis (The lancet. Psychiatry, 2020) Cochrane review Pharmacological and behavioural interventions to promote smoking cessation in adults with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials (BMJ open, 2019) Meta-analysis Effectiveness and safety of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation for smoking cessation: A systematic review and meta-analysis (General hospital psychiatry, 2025) Meta-analysis Effects of acute smoking abstinence among people with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of laboratory studies (Schizophrenia research, 2024) Meta-analysis Testing the causal relationships of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with mental health and substance use disorders: a Mendelian randomisation study (Molecular psychiatry, 2023) Systematic review Values and preferences of patients with severe mental illness regarding smoking cessation interventions: a systematic review with best-fit framework synthesis (BMJ open, 2026) Systematic review Psychiatric comorbidity in substance use disorders, a systematic review of neuro-imaging findings (Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2025) Clinical trial publication Carcinogen reduction in a randomized controlled study comparing e-cigarette provision to assessment only among people with serious mental illness who smoke (Drug and alcohol dependence, 2025) Clinical trial publication Combining neuroimaging and brain stimulation to test alternative causal pathways for nicotine addiction in schizophrenia (Brain stimulation, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OCAPERIDONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORG-25935	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OSANETANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OSORESNONTRINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXCARBAZEPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYTOCIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAVINETANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERPHENAZINE 4-AMINOBUTYRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PESAMPATOR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-00217830	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-03463275	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIMAVANSERIN TARTRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIPAMPERONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POZANICLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGNENOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGNENOLONE SUCCINATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUERCETIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINIDINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RALMITARONT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RESVERATROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIMONABANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAPROPTERIN DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SARCOSINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SB-773812	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SECRETIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SGS-742	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SLV-310	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM BENZOATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM BUTYRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM OXYBATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SPG-302	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFORAPHANE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUVECALTAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TALNETANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELMISARTAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIRZEPATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TM30339	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLCAPONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VABICASERIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALACYCLOVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN E	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VORTIOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
WITHANOLIDE D	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZELATRIAZIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABAPERIDONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	1 trials 1 Cochrane View evidence Registry trials NCT04887792 — Acetazolamide for Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia (RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Non-antipsychotic pharmacotherapy of psychogenic polydipsia: A systematic review (Journal of psychosomatic research, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADOPRAZINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APN1125	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AUT-00206	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AVL-3288	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-8418	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD6280	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABINOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBAMAZEPINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTRIAXONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CROMOLYN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DALZANEMDOR	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIHYDREXIDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GINSENG, ASIAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK-729327	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
JNJ-39393406	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENRISPODUN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVETIRACETAM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LINAGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDOMAFETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOXIFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NATALIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIMODIPINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OCRELIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAPAVERINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-03654746	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-05180999	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PLAZINEMDOR	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASTERONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRECLAMOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REBOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RG7342	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROFLUMILAST	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELEGILINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILTUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOCILIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIHEXYPHENIDYL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRYPTOPHAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VORINOSTAT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZAGOCIGUAT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALLOPURINOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMISULPRIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARIPIPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARIPIPRAZOLE LAUROXIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASENAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASENAPINE MALEATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BELAPERIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENPERIDOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZODIAZEPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZTROPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BERBERINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLONANSERIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BREXPIPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRILAROXAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROMPERIDOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAFFEINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARIPRAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARIPRAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARPHENAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHLORPROMAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOTHIAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOZAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYSTEAMINE BITARTRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPYRIDAMOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIROXIMEL FUMARATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOCONEXENT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROPERIDOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENTACAPONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESZOPICLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FANANSERIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FISH OIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOXETINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUPENTIXOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUSPIRILENE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUVOXAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GADOBENATE DIMEGLUMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GINKGO	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLUTAMIC ACID	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HALOPERIDOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HALOPERIDOL LACTATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPERIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISRADIPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOXAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOXAPINE SUCCINATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUMATEPERONE TOSYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LURASIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LURASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	1 trials 8 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00455650 — Study of the Effects of Mecamylamine and Varenicline in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Acute effects of mecamylamine and varenicline on cognitive performance in non-smokers with and without schizophrenia (Psychopharmacology, 2014) Clinical trial publication Effects of the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine on ad-lib smoking behavior, topography, and nicotine levels in smokers with and without schizophrenia: a preliminary study (Schizophrenia research, 2009) Clinical trial publication Effects of acute abstinence, reinstatement, and mecamylamine on biochemical and behavioral measures of cigarette smoking in schizophrenia (Schizophrenia research, 2007) Clinical trial publication Neuropsychological deficits in nonsmokers with schizophrenia: effects of a nicotinic antagonist (Schizophrenia research, 2006) Clinical trial publication Muscarinic and nicotinic receptor modulation of object and spatial n-back working memory in humans (Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 2005) Randomized controlled trial Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors synergistically modulate working memory and attention in humans (The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology, 2006) Randomized controlled trial Evidence for synergistic modulation of early information processing by nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in humans (Human psychopharmacology, 2004) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELATONIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MESORIDAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOLINDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOLINDONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NABIXIMOLS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEMONAPRIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE POLACRILEX	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITROGLYCERIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE PAMOATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLSALAZINE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORGANON	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PALBOCICLIB	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PALIPERIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PALIPERIDONE PALMITATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENFLURIDOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERGOLIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERPHENAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIMOZIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIPERACETAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIPOTIAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PNU-282987	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROCHLORPERAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRUCALOPRIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE FUMARATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REMOXIPRIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RILUZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIMCAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RISPERIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SALSALATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAMIDORPHAN L-MALATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SB-222200	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERTINDOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SONEPIPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULPIRIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRABENAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRAHYDROPALMATINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIORIDAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIOTHIXENE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOPIRAMATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIFLUOPERAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIFLUOPERAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIFLUPROMAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ULOTARONT HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VASOPRESSIN	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials 1 Cochrane View evidence Registry trials NCT04887792 — Acetazolamide for Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia (RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Non-antipsychotic pharmacotherapy of psychogenic polydipsia: A systematic review (Journal of psychosomatic research, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALFUZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 2 Cochrane 5 Meta-analysis 58 Trial pubs 33 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00166322 — Dopaminergic Neurotransmission in Schizophrenia, Patients at Risk and Healthy Subjects (COMPLETED) NA NCT00922272 — Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of SPD489 in Adults With Schizophrenia and Predominant Negative Symptoms (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03999190 — Imaging Dopamine D2 Agonist Binding Sites in Schizophrenia (WITHDRAWN) NCT05770375 — Tolerability of MDMA in Schizophrenia (RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00208143 — Seroquel Therapy for Substance Use Disorders Comorbid With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01760993 — Long-term Safety of SPD489 When Added to Stable Doses of Antipsychotic Medications in Clinically Stable Adults With Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT02008292 — Acetylcholine, Tobacco Smoking, Genes and Nicotinic Receptors (COMPLETED) NA NCT01760889 — SPD489 Low Dose and High Dose Ranges When Added to Stable Doses of Antipsychotic Medications in Clinically Stable Adults With Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (TERMINATED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Antipsychotics for Amphetamine Psychosis. A Systematic Review (Frontiers in psychiatry, 2019) Cochrane review Treatment for amphetamine psychosis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2001) Meta-analysis Safety of Stimulants Across Patient Populations: A Meta-Analysis (JAMA network open, 2025) Meta-analysis Prodopaminergic Drugs for Treating the Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2019) Meta-analysis Transition of Substance-Induced, Brief, and Atypical Psychoses to Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (Schizophrenia bulletin, 2020) Meta-analysis Systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis of the efficacy, safety, and biological effects of psychostimulants and atomoxetine in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (CNS spectrums, 2019) Meta-analysis Stimulant use disorders in people with psychosis: a meta-analysis of rate and factors affecting variation (The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2015) Systematic review Navigating the challenges of substance use and psychopathology in depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia (Comprehensive psychiatry, 2025) Systematic review Psychostimulant Substitution Therapy for the Treatment of Stimulant Use Disorders in Patients with Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder: A Systematic Review (Journal of dual diagnosis, 2025) Systematic review Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic Treatment in Schizophrenia and Co-occurring Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review (Frontiers in psychiatry, 2021) Clinical trial publication Pharmacologic Augmentation of Computerized Auditory Training in Chronic Psychosis: Preliminary Findings From a Single-Site, Double-Blind Study (Schizophrenia bulletin, 2025) Clinical trial publication The effects of caffeine and d-amphetamine on spatial span task in healthy participants (PloS one, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASENAPINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETHANIDINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CABERGOLINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAPIVASERTIB Repurposing via AKT3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB Repurposing via ATP2A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 trials 7 Cochrane 9 Meta-analysis 10 Trial pubs 10 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04020588 — Anti-inflammatories and Adolescent Schizophrenia (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00639483 — Efficacy and Safety of Celecoxib as Add-on Therapy to Risperidone Versus Risperidone Alone in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00686140 — A Double-blind and Randomized Trial of Celecoxib Added to Risperidone in Treatment-naive First-episode Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of celecoxib in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Inflammopharmacology, 2025) Cochrane review TLR/mTOR inflammatory signaling pathway: novel insight for the treatment of schizophrenia (Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 2024) Cochrane review Anti-inflammatory medications for the treatment of mental disorders: A scoping review (Brain, behavior, & immunity - health, 2022) Cochrane review An update on the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents for patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis (Psychological medicine, 2019) Cochrane review Adjunctive use of anti-inflammatory drugs for schizophrenia: A meta-analytic investigation of randomized controlled trials (The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2019) Meta-analysis Efficacy and safety of anti-inflammatory drug-assisted treatment of symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis (BMC psychiatry, 2026) Meta-analysis Meta-analysis of genomic variants and gene expression data in schizophrenia suggests the potential need for adjunctive therapeutic interventions for neuropsychiatric disorders (Journal of genetics, 2019) Systematic review Effectiveness and tolerance of anti-inflammatory drugs' add-on therapy in major mental disorders: a systematic qualitative review (Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 2014) Clinical trial publication A double-blind, randomized controlled study of the effects of celecoxib on clinical symptoms and cognitive impairment in patients with drug-naïve first episode schizophrenia: pharmacogenetic impact of cyclooxygenase-2 functional polymorphisms (Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Associations between expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase enzyme and inflammatory cytokines in patients with first-episode drug-naive Schizophrenia (Translational psychiatry, 2021) Clinical trial publication Simvastatin Augmentation for Patients With Early-Phase Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders: A Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial (Schizophrenia bulletin, 2021) Clinical trial publication Celecoxib treatment in an early stage of schizophrenia: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of celecoxib augmentation of amisulpride treatment (Schizophrenia research, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CLOZAPINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 161 Cochrane 206 Meta-analysis 578 Trial pubs 314 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03772951 — The Efficacy of Computerized Cognitive Remediation Therapy for Chronic Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01246232 — Amisulpride Augmentation in Clozapine-unresponsive Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01663077 — Clozapine Plasma Levels and the Relationship to the Genetic Polymorphism in Shizophrenic Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00351000 — Ziprasidone for Clozapine- or Olanzapine-Associated Diabetes Mellitus (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00179231 — Olanzapine Versus Clozapine in Treatment Refractory Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT00000372 — Glycine and D-Cycloserine in Schizophrenia (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT00289861 — Risperidone Augmentation in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00981526 — Telmisartan as an Adjunctive Treatment for Metabolic Problems in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Glucagonlike Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists for Cardiometabolic Risk in Severe Mental Illness: A Narrative Review (Cureus, 2026) Cochrane review Effectiveness of clozapine as a transdiagnostic treatment for aggression: a systematic review (East Asian archives of psychiatry : official journal of the Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists = Dong Ya jing shen ke xue zhi : Xianggang jing shen ke yi xue yuan qi kan, 2026) Cochrane review Next-step treatment for schizophrenia non-responsive to antipsychotics: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (EClinicalMedicine, 2026) Cochrane review Clozapine-Induced Acute Interstitial Nephritis: A Systematic Review (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2026) Cochrane review Underprescription of Clozapine: A Narrative Review Regarding 'Clozaphobia' (Human psychopharmacology, 2026) Meta-analysis Risk factors associated with blood dyscrasia during clozapine treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Psychological medicine, 2026) Meta-analysis High-dose Olanzapine Versus Clozapine in Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Journal of psychiatric practice, 2026) Meta-analysis Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidopaminergic and muscarinic antipsychotics for acute schizophrenia: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials indexed in international English and Chinese databases (Lancet (London, England), 2026) Meta-analysis Clozapine use and COVID-19 risk: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and retrospective cohort evidence (Psychiatry research, 2026) Meta-analysis Autonomic dysfunctions in psychotic disorders, interaction with antipsychotic intervention and treatment resistance: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of psychiatric research, 2026) Systematic review A systematic review on the effects of clozapine on B-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins (Schizophrenia research, 2026) Systematic review Immune System Alterations in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of the Current Evidence and Future Directions (International journal of molecular sciences, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CYPROHEPTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEBRISOQUIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Studies of catecholamine metabolism in schizophrenia/psychosis--I (Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 1993) Clinical trial publication Studies of catecholamine metabolism in schizophrenia/psychosis--II (Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 1993) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOPAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	4 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EMPAGLIFLOZIN Repurposing via ATP2A2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials 2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05669742 — Empagliflozin Addition in Modulating Metabolic Disturbances Associated With Olanzapine in Schizophrenia Patients (RECRUITING) PHASE3 Published literature Clinical trial publication Empagliflozin as an Alternative to Metformin for Antipsychotic-Related Weight Gain: Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial (Human psychopharmacology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Effects of Empagliflozin and Lifestyle Intervention on Improving Body Weight and Other Metabolic Parameters in Atypical Antipsychotics-treated Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders-A Double-blind Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial (Schizophrenia bulletin, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 1 Cochrane 7 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01831986 — Pregnenolone and L-theanine Augmentation in the Treatment for Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorders (UNKNOWN) NA NCT00560937 — Pilot Study of Pregnenolone Augmentation Targeting Cognitive Symptoms in Persistently Symptomatic Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT00894842 — Study of a Neurocognition Enhancing Agent in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00615511 — Efficacy of Pregnenolone in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00174889 — Pregnenolone in the Management of Schizophrenia Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00847600 — Pregnenolone Augmentation in the Treatment of Patients With Recent-Onset Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00576095 — Clinical and Biological Characteristics of Psychotic Depression (COMPLETED) NCT00867360 — Treatment of Psychotic Major Depression With Mifepristone (TERMINATED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Clozapine-Induced Cardiovascular Side Effects and Autonomic Dysfunction: A Systematic Review (Frontiers in neuroscience, 2018) Clinical trial publication Acute Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Subjects (Biological psychiatry, 2015) Clinical trial publication Blood biogenic amines during clozapine treatment of early-onset schizophrenia (Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996), 1997) Clinical trial publication Correlated changes in symptoms and neurotransmitter indices during maintenance treatment with clozapine or conventional neuroleptics in adolescents and young adults with schizophrenia (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 1996) Clinical trial publication Suspension therapy in acute schizophrenia. Clinical and neuroendocrine/biochemical effects of abrupt discontinuation of neuroleptic medication (Neuropsychobiology, 1995) Clinical trial publication A multidimensional approach to analysis of cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amines in schizophrenia: I. Comparisons with healthy control subjects and neuroleptic-treated/unmedicated pairs analyses (Psychiatry research, 1994) Randomized controlled trial Stress, depression, and mania: relationship between perceived role of stressful events and clinical and biochemical characteristics (Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1990) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES, USP Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EVEROLIMUS Repurposing via AKT3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EXAGAMGLOGENE AUTOTEMCEL Repurposing via BCL11A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPERIDONE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	6 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LABETALOL Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01431326 — Pharmacokinetics of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (COMPLETED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISDEXAMFETAMINE DIMESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials 8 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00455650 — Study of the Effects of Mecamylamine and Varenicline in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Acute effects of mecamylamine and varenicline on cognitive performance in non-smokers with and without schizophrenia (Psychopharmacology, 2014) Clinical trial publication Effects of the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine on ad-lib smoking behavior, topography, and nicotine levels in smokers with and without schizophrenia: a preliminary study (Schizophrenia research, 2009) Clinical trial publication Effects of acute abstinence, reinstatement, and mecamylamine on biochemical and behavioral measures of cigarette smoking in schizophrenia (Schizophrenia research, 2007) Clinical trial publication Neuropsychological deficits in nonsmokers with schizophrenia: effects of a nicotinic antagonist (Schizophrenia research, 2006) Clinical trial publication Muscarinic and nicotinic receptor modulation of object and spatial n-back working memory in humans (Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 2005) Randomized controlled trial Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors synergistically modulate working memory and attention in humans (The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology, 2006) Randomized controlled trial Evidence for synergistic modulation of early information processing by nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in humans (Human psychopharmacology, 2004) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPHENTERMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METARAMINOL Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METARAMINOL BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTRIMEPRAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03019887 — Correlation Between Cognitive Function and Relapse of Schizophrenia Regarding Dose Reduction (COMPLETED) NA NCT02374567 — Pharmacovigilance in Gerontopsychiatric Patients (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT02582736 — Antipsychotics and Risk of Hyperglycemic Emergencies (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review Systematic review of antipsychotics for the treatment of hospital-associated delirium in medically or surgically ill patients (The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2006) Systematic review The role of phenothiazine derivatives in autophagy regulation: A systematic review (Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, 2023) Clinical trial publication Antipsychotic and anxiolytic properties of risperidone, haloperidol, and methotrimeprazine in schizophrenic patients (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 1996) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
METHOXAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
METHOXAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MIANSERIN Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDODRINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MIDODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MODAFINIL Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MOXISYLYTE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NAFTOPIDIL Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPHAZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NAPHAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEFAZODONE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Nefazodone in the adjunctive therapy of schizophrenia: an open-label exploratory study (Clinical neuropharmacology, 2000) Clinical trial publication Adjunctive nefazodone in neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients with predominantly negative symptoms: an open prospective pilot study (International clinical psychopharmacology, 1999) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NICOTINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 13 Cochrane 22 Meta-analysis 133 Trial pubs 105 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05301660 — Effect of Nicotine Transdermal Patch on Cognitive Function and Glycolipid Metabolism in Non-smoking Schizophrenia (UNKNOWN) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT00527020 — First Time in Human Study With GSK1018921 (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01010620 — Screening Protocol for Research Participants (COMPLETED) NCT02918630 — E-cigarettes to Promote Smoking Reduction Among Individuals With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT07190352 — Behavioral Impact and Neural Correlates of Network-based Brain Stimulation in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT06389266 — Network-Targeted Neuromodulation for Nicotine Dependence in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT03332966 — Youth Experiences and Health Study (RECRUITING) NCT00135772 — Nicotine and Cotinine Levels in Smokers With Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder - 2 (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review Interventions for smoking cessation in inpatient psychiatry settings (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2026) Cochrane review Smoking cessation for people with severe mental illness: systematic review and network meta-analysis (BMJ medicine, 2026) Cochrane review Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions for People With Schizophrenia and Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (JAMA psychiatry, 2026) Cochrane review Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and network meta-analysis (The lancet. Psychiatry, 2020) Cochrane review Pharmacological and behavioural interventions to promote smoking cessation in adults with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials (BMJ open, 2019) Meta-analysis Effectiveness and safety of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation for smoking cessation: A systematic review and meta-analysis (General hospital psychiatry, 2025) Meta-analysis Effects of acute smoking abstinence among people with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of laboratory studies (Schizophrenia research, 2024) Meta-analysis Testing the causal relationships of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with mental health and substance use disorders: a Mendelian randomisation study (Molecular psychiatry, 2023) Systematic review Values and preferences of patients with severe mental illness regarding smoking cessation interventions: a systematic review with best-fit framework synthesis (BMJ open, 2026) Systematic review Psychiatric comorbidity in substance use disorders, a systematic review of neuro-imaging findings (Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2025) Clinical trial publication Carcinogen reduction in a randomized controlled study comparing e-cigarette provision to assessment only among people with serious mental illness who smoke (Drug and alcohol dependence, 2025) Clinical trial publication Combining neuroimaging and brain stimulation to test alternative causal pathways for nicotine addiction in schizophrenia (Brain stimulation, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEDIPINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials 3 Cochrane 5 Meta-analysis 35 Trial pubs 20 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00488163 — Pilot Study of Atomoxetine To Enhance COgnition In Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review The effect of second-generation antipsychotics on anxiety/depression in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Schizophrenia research, 2024) Cochrane review Clozapine-Induced Cardiovascular Side Effects and Autonomic Dysfunction: A Systematic Review (Frontiers in neuroscience, 2018) Cochrane review Risks and benefits of bupropion treatment in schizophrenia: a systematic review of the current literature (Clinical neuropharmacology, 2013) Meta-analysis Meta-analysis on the efficacy of the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors reboxetine and atomoxetine for the treatment of schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University, 2023) Meta-analysis Application of antidepressants in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, 2020) Meta-analysis Association of Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase Polymorphisms with Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease and Schizophrenia: Evidence Based on Currently Available Loci (Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology, 2018) Meta-analysis Genetic Association of the Norepinephrine Transporter Gene G1287A Polymorphism with Risk of Schizophrenia: A Case-Control Study and Meta-Analysis (Genetic testing and molecular biomarkers, 2018) Clinical trial publication Heart-rate response to alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor antagonism by antipsychotics (Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society, 2017) Clinical trial publication Duloxetine Add-On to Risperidone for Treatment of Negative Symptoms in Patients with Stable Schizophrenia: Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study (Pharmacopsychiatry, 2016) Clinical trial publication Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of reboxetine and citalopram as adjuncts to atypical antipsychotics for negative symptoms of schizophrenia (The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2014) Clinical trial publication The effect of reboxetine co-administration with olanzapine on metabolic and endocrine profile in schizophrenia patients (Psychopharmacology, 2013) Clinical trial publication Norepinephrine transporter occupancy in the human brain after oral administration of quetiapine XR (The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORTRIPTYLINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PAPAVERINE Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENDIMETRAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENTOLAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENTOLAMINE MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE POLISTIREX Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROMAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Recent developments in the drug treatment of schizophrenia (The American journal of psychiatry, 1976) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PROPIOMAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
QUETIAPINE FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 1 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 26 Trial pubs 19 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01213836 — Compare the Effect on Cognitive Functioning of Two Formulations of Seroquel, Seroquel XR and IR in Patients With Stable Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03568500 — A Trial to Explore Acceptance and Performance of Using a Digital Medicine System With Healthcare Professionals and Adults With Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, or First Episode Psychosis on an Oral Atypical Antipsychotic (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00222495 — A Comparative Study of New Medications for Psychosis in Adolescents (COMPLETED) NA NCT00228462 — Relapse Prevention, RoW: Study to Evaluate Prevention of Relapse in Patients in Stable Chronic Schizophrenia Receiving Either Seroquel or Placebo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00234377 — Seroquel Switching Study: Feasibility of Switching Any Antipsychotic Treatment to Seroquel in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00255515 — Seroquel® Combined With Cognitive Remediation Therapy to Conventional Treatment in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00325689 — Aripiprazole Used as Dual Therapy in the Treatement of Patients With Chronic Stable Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00334035 — Antipsychotic Therapy and First Episode (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Comparative efficacy and safety of Clozapine vs. Quetiapine in schizophrenia and related disorders: An updated systematic review (Psychiatry research, 2025) Meta-analysis Association With Hospitalization and All-Cause Discontinuation Among Patients With Schizophrenia on Clozapine vs Other Oral Second-Generation Antipsychotics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies (JAMA psychiatry, 2019) Meta-analysis Improvement without impairment: a review of clinical data for quetiapine in the treatment of schizophrenia (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2003) Clinical trial publication A 6-week, multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, chlorpromazine-controlled non-inferiorityrandomized phase iiitrial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of quetiapine fumarate (SEROQUEL) extended-release (XR) in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia and acute episodes (Psychiatry research, 2018) Clinical trial publication Treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized, open-label, parallel-group, flexible-dose subgroup analysis of patients treated with extended-release quetiapine fumarate or risperidone (International clinical psychopharmacology, 2015) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of extended-release quetiapine fumarate in youth with bipolar depression: an 8 week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2014) Clinical trial publication Extended-release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR) versus risperidone in the treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia: a randomized, open-label, parallel-group, flexible-dose study (International clinical psychopharmacology, 2014) Clinical trial publication Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of extended-release quetiapine fumarate in Han Chinese patients with schizophrenia (Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SERTINDOLE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SILODOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULBACTAM Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERAZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TERAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRAHYDROZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIORIDAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TOLAZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TOLAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAZODONE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TRIFLUOPERAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TRIMIPRAMINE MALEATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VEMURAFENIB Repurposing via AKT3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISTAROXIME Repurposing via ATP2A2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

113 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
N-Acetylcysteine Natural product Meta Analysis Evidence supports the notion that N-acetylcysteine may be a useful adju… Human Study N-acetyl cysteine appears to be a safe and moderately effective augment… Human Study N-acetylcysteine has a positive effect on the negative, general psychop…	Amino acid	Approved	Moderate	20	8 trials 9 Cochrane 12 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01506765 — Schizophrenia, Related Troubles and Glutathione: Clinical Trial. Effects of Oral Administration of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) on the Brain Glutathione Level and on the Symptoms of Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01354132 — N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) in Early Phase Schizophrenia Spectrum Psychosis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02335060 — N-acetylcysteine Effects on Tetrahydrocannabinol (TERMINATED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT02483130 — Effect of N-acetylcysteine on Brain Glutamate (COMPLETED) NCT05796401 — Efficiency of a Composite Personalised Care on Functional Outcome in Early Psychosis (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT01232790 — A Pilot Trial of Acute N-Acetylcysteine Effects on Working Memory and Other Cognitive Functions in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT01339858 — The Effect of N-Acetyl Cysteine on Cortical Erosion in Early Stage Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05142735 — Effects of NAC on Symptoms of CHR Patients (RECRUITING) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin B12 Natural product Meta-analysis The efficacy of nutritional supplements for the adjunctive treatment of… Meta-analysis Vitamin B12 and the risk of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis Systematic review Efficacy of B-vitamins and vitamin D therapy in improving depressive an…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	20	8 trials 1 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 5 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01091506 — A Placebo-Controlled Study of Physiologic Effects of L-methylfolate in Schizophrenia Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT05796401 — Efficiency of a Composite Personalised Care on Functional Outcome in Early Psychosis (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT00403247 — Effect of High-Dose B-Complex Vitamins on the Symptoms of Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT03790345 — Vitamin B6 and B12 in the Treatment of Movement Disorders Induced by Antipsychotics (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00611806 — Effectiveness of Vitamin Supplementation in Treating People With Residual Symptoms of Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01724476 — A Trial of Folate With B12 in Patients With Schizophrenia With Residual Symptoms in Ethiopia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02916121 — Potential Intervention Strategy With Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 in Patients With Schizophrenia (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05803447 — Analysis of Parameters Indicating the Intensity of Suicidal Behavior in Psychiatric Patients (COMPLETED) Published literature Meta-analysis The efficacy of nutritional supplements for the adjunctive treatment of schizophrenia in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis (Psychiatry research, 2022) Meta-analysis Vitamin B12 and the risk of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis (Schizophrenia research, 2016) Systematic review Efficacy of B-vitamins and vitamin D therapy in improving depressive and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (Nutritional neuroscience, 2023) Systematic review Nutrient and genetic biomarkers of nutraceutical treatment response in mood and psychotic disorders: a systematic review (Nutritional neuroscience, 2021) Clinical trial publication Folate and vitamin B12 supplementation in patients with schizophrenia and low serum folate level: A 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi, 2026) Clinical trial publication Randomized multicenter investigation of folate plus vitamin B12 supplementation in schizophrenia (JAMA psychiatry, 2013) Clinical trial publication Plasma homocysteine levels in young male patients in the exacerbation and remission phase of schizophrenia (Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 2008) Clinical trial publication High-dose vitamin B6 decreases homocysteine serum levels in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders: a preliminary study (Clinical neuropharmacology, 2007) Clinical trial publication Low essential fatty acid and B-vitamin status in a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia and its response to dietary supplementation (Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids, 2006) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Glycine Natural product Systematic review Glycine transporters in schizophrenia. A new hope or informational nois… Systematic review Rational and Translational Implications of D-Amino Acids for Treatment-… Systematic review New Pharmacological Targets for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Liter…	Amino acid	Phase II	Moderate	20	8 trials 16 Meta-analysis 65 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00575848 — Study of the Effects of Glycine on Symptoms and Memory in Patients With Schizophrenia (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT00988728 — Efficacy & Safety of SCH 900435 in Schizophrenia (Study P06079)(WITHDRAWN) (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT02304432 — Targeting a Genetic Mutation in Glycine Metabolism With D-cycloserine (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT00268749 — Glycine Treatment of Prodromal Symptoms (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00725075 — Adjuvant Treatment With a Glycine Uptake Inhibitor in Participants With Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (P05695) (MK-8435-001) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00322023 — Safety and Effectiveness of D-serine in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00945503 — Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Study to Describe the Relationship Between Plasma Concentrations and Brain Gly-T1 Occupancy of GSK1018921 Over Time. (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00929370 — A Repeat Dose Study With GSK1018921 to Assess Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics in Healthy Volunteers and Patients With Schizophrenia and to Evaluate Its Effect on PK of Midazolam. (TERMINATED) PHASE1 Published literature Systematic review Glycine transporters in schizophrenia. A new hope or informational noise? (Psychiatria polska, 2022) Systematic review Rational and Translational Implications of D-Amino Acids for Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: From Neurobiology to the Clinics (Biomolecules, 2022) Systematic review New Pharmacological Targets for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Literature Review (Current topics in medicinal chemistry, 2021) Randomized controlled trial Efficacy and safety of iclepertin for cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CONNEX programme): results from three phase 3 randomised controlled trials (The lancet. Psychiatry, 2025) Randomized controlled trial Assessing the Effect of Food on the Pharmacokinetics of Iclepertin in Healthy Volunteers: A Phase I, Open-Label, Randomised, Cross-over Trial (European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 2025) Randomized controlled trial Randomized controlled trial of the glycine transporter 1 inhibitor PF-03463275 to enhance cognitive training and neuroplasticity in schizophrenia (Schizophrenia research, 2023) Randomized controlled trial Quantitative electroencephalography parameters as neurophysiological biomarkers of schizophrenia-related deficits: A Phase II substudy of patients treated with iclepertin (BI 425809) (Translational psychiatry, 2022) Randomized controlled trial Efficacy and safety of the novel glycine transporter inhibitor BI 425809 once daily in patients with schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study (The lancet. Psychiatry, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
N-Acetylcysteine Natural product Meta Analysis Evidence supports the notion that N-acetylcysteine may be a useful adju… Human Study N-acetylcysteine has a positive effect on the negative, general psychop… Review Could N-acetylcysteine improve the safety of clozapine?	Amino acid	Approved	Emerging	19	8 trials 9 Cochrane 12 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01506765 — Schizophrenia, Related Troubles and Glutathione: Clinical Trial. Effects of Oral Administration of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) on the Brain Glutathione Level and on the Symptoms of Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01354132 — N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) in Early Phase Schizophrenia Spectrum Psychosis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02335060 — N-acetylcysteine Effects on Tetrahydrocannabinol (TERMINATED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT02483130 — Effect of N-acetylcysteine on Brain Glutamate (COMPLETED) NCT05796401 — Efficiency of a Composite Personalised Care on Functional Outcome in Early Psychosis (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT01232790 — A Pilot Trial of Acute N-Acetylcysteine Effects on Working Memory and Other Cognitive Functions in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT01339858 — The Effect of N-Acetyl Cysteine on Cortical Erosion in Early Stage Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05142735 — Effects of NAC on Symptoms of CHR Patients (RECRUITING) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin B12 Natural product Meta-analysis The efficacy of nutritional supplements for the adjunctive treatment of… Meta-analysis Vitamin B12 and the risk of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis Systematic review Efficacy of B-vitamins and vitamin D therapy in improving depressive an…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	8 trials 1 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 5 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01091506 — A Placebo-Controlled Study of Physiologic Effects of L-methylfolate in Schizophrenia Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT05796401 — Efficiency of a Composite Personalised Care on Functional Outcome in Early Psychosis (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT00403247 — Effect of High-Dose B-Complex Vitamins on the Symptoms of Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT03790345 — Vitamin B6 and B12 in the Treatment of Movement Disorders Induced by Antipsychotics (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00611806 — Effectiveness of Vitamin Supplementation in Treating People With Residual Symptoms of Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01724476 — A Trial of Folate With B12 in Patients With Schizophrenia With Residual Symptoms in Ethiopia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02916121 — Potential Intervention Strategy With Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 in Patients With Schizophrenia (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05803447 — Analysis of Parameters Indicating the Intensity of Suicidal Behavior in Psychiatric Patients (COMPLETED) Published literature Meta-analysis The efficacy of nutritional supplements for the adjunctive treatment of schizophrenia in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis (Psychiatry research, 2022) Meta-analysis Vitamin B12 and the risk of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis (Schizophrenia research, 2016) Systematic review Efficacy of B-vitamins and vitamin D therapy in improving depressive and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (Nutritional neuroscience, 2023) Systematic review Nutrient and genetic biomarkers of nutraceutical treatment response in mood and psychotic disorders: a systematic review (Nutritional neuroscience, 2021) Clinical trial publication Folate and vitamin B12 supplementation in patients with schizophrenia and low serum folate level: A 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi, 2026) Clinical trial publication Randomized multicenter investigation of folate plus vitamin B12 supplementation in schizophrenia (JAMA psychiatry, 2013) Clinical trial publication Plasma homocysteine levels in young male patients in the exacerbation and remission phase of schizophrenia (Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 2008) Clinical trial publication High-dose vitamin B6 decreases homocysteine serum levels in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders: a preliminary study (Clinical neuropharmacology, 2007) Clinical trial publication Low essential fatty acid and B-vitamin status in a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia and its response to dietary supplementation (Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids, 2006) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Glycine Natural product Systematic review Glycine transporters in schizophrenia. A new hope or informational nois… Systematic review Rational and Translational Implications of D-Amino Acids for Treatment-… Systematic review New Pharmacological Targets for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Liter…	Amino acid	Phase II	Emerging	19	8 trials 16 Meta-analysis 65 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00575848 — Study of the Effects of Glycine on Symptoms and Memory in Patients With Schizophrenia (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT00988728 — Efficacy & Safety of SCH 900435 in Schizophrenia (Study P06079)(WITHDRAWN) (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT02304432 — Targeting a Genetic Mutation in Glycine Metabolism With D-cycloserine (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT00268749 — Glycine Treatment of Prodromal Symptoms (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00725075 — Adjuvant Treatment With a Glycine Uptake Inhibitor in Participants With Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (P05695) (MK-8435-001) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00322023 — Safety and Effectiveness of D-serine in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00945503 — Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Study to Describe the Relationship Between Plasma Concentrations and Brain Gly-T1 Occupancy of GSK1018921 Over Time. (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00929370 — A Repeat Dose Study With GSK1018921 to Assess Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics in Healthy Volunteers and Patients With Schizophrenia and to Evaluate Its Effect on PK of Midazolam. (TERMINATED) PHASE1 Published literature Systematic review Glycine transporters in schizophrenia. A new hope or informational noise? (Psychiatria polska, 2022) Systematic review Rational and Translational Implications of D-Amino Acids for Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: From Neurobiology to the Clinics (Biomolecules, 2022) Systematic review New Pharmacological Targets for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Literature Review (Current topics in medicinal chemistry, 2021) Randomized controlled trial Efficacy and safety of iclepertin for cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CONNEX programme): results from three phase 3 randomised controlled trials (The lancet. Psychiatry, 2025) Randomized controlled trial Assessing the Effect of Food on the Pharmacokinetics of Iclepertin in Healthy Volunteers: A Phase I, Open-Label, Randomised, Cross-over Trial (European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 2025) Randomized controlled trial Randomized controlled trial of the glycine transporter 1 inhibitor PF-03463275 to enhance cognitive training and neuroplasticity in schizophrenia (Schizophrenia research, 2023) Randomized controlled trial Quantitative electroencephalography parameters as neurophysiological biomarkers of schizophrenia-related deficits: A Phase II substudy of patients treated with iclepertin (BI 425809) (Translational psychiatry, 2022) Randomized controlled trial Efficacy and safety of the novel glycine transporter inhibitor BI 425809 once daily in patients with schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study (The lancet. Psychiatry, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Folate Natural product Cochrane review Is there a causal link between folate status and schizophrenia? Evidenc… Cochrane review The potential use of folate and its derivatives in treating psychiatric… Cochrane review Dietary supplements for preventing postnatal depression	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	8 trials 3 Cochrane 15 Meta-analysis 8 Trial pubs 6 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01091506 — A Placebo-Controlled Study of Physiologic Effects of L-methylfolate in Schizophrenia Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT01263080 — Evaluation of Mirtazapine and Folic Acid for Schizophrenia: (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00249288 — Folate Supplementation in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05796401 — Efficiency of a Composite Personalised Care on Functional Outcome in Early Psychosis (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT00403247 — Effect of High-Dose B-Complex Vitamins on the Symptoms of Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT00611806 — Effectiveness of Vitamin Supplementation in Treating People With Residual Symptoms of Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01724476 — A Trial of Folate With B12 in Patients With Schizophrenia With Residual Symptoms in Ethiopia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02916121 — Potential Intervention Strategy With Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 in Patients With Schizophrenia (UNKNOWN) NA Published literature Cochrane review Is there a causal link between folate status and schizophrenia? Evidence from genetic association studies (Nutritional neuroscience, 2025) Cochrane review The potential use of folate and its derivatives in treating psychiatric disorders: A systematic review (Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2022) Cochrane review Dietary supplements for preventing postnatal depression (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013) Meta-analysis Causal relationship between B vitamins and neuropsychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2025) Meta-analysis Comparison of Serum Folate between Schizophrenic Patients and Healthy Controls in Chinese Han Adult Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening, 2023) Meta-analysis The efficacy of nutritional supplements for the adjunctive treatment of schizophrenia in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis (Psychiatry research, 2022) Meta-analysis Adjunctive folate for major mental disorders: A systematic review (Journal of affective disorders, 2020) Clinical trial publication Folate and vitamin B12 supplementation in patients with schizophrenia and low serum folate level: A 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi, 2026) Clinical trial publication Biochemical, physiological and clinical effects of l-methylfolate in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial (Molecular psychiatry, 2018) Clinical trial publication Randomized multicenter investigation of folate plus vitamin B12 supplementation in schizophrenia (JAMA psychiatry, 2013) Clinical trial publication Folate supplementation in schizophrenia: a possible role for MTHFR genotype (Schizophrenia research, 2011) Clinical trial publication Plasma homocysteine levels in young male patients in the exacerbation and remission phase of schizophrenia (Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Vitamin D3 Natural product Systematic review The Health Effects of Vitamin D and Probiotic Co-Supplementation: A Sys… Clinical trial publication High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in pregnancy and risk of neurodeve… Clinical trial publication Clinical and metabolic response to vitamin D plus probiotic in schizoph…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	8 trials 2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01169142 — Study of Vitamin D in the Severely Mentally Ill (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03101319 — Role of Vitamin D Supplementation in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT03284294 — Influence of Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum BDNF Level and Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT02197286 — Targeted Vitamin D Treatment of Schizophrenia-Associated Hyperprolinemia (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT02281162 — The Influence of Vitamin D on Atypical Antipsychotic-induced Weight Gain (COMPLETED) NCT01004354 — Vitamin D Supplementation in Psychiatric Illnesses (COMPLETED) NA NCT05803447 — Analysis of Parameters Indicating the Intensity of Suicidal Behavior in Psychiatric Patients (COMPLETED) NCT01759485 — Vitamin D for Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Systematic review The Health Effects of Vitamin D and Probiotic Co-Supplementation: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (Nutrients, 2020) Clinical trial publication High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in pregnancy and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the children at age 10: A randomized clinical trial (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2024) Clinical trial publication Clinical and metabolic response to vitamin D plus probiotic in schizophrenia patients (BMC psychiatry, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Ashwagandha Natural product Systematic review A systematic review of the clinical use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagan… Systematic review Herbal medicines in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: 10-year upd… Randomized controlled trial Effects of a standardized extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) o…	Ayurvedic	Phase III	Moderate	17	5 trials 1 Meta-analysis 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06235177 — Psychoneuromentalism Disorder: A Medical Condition That Affects People With Psychological Impairments From Health Issues (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT07541157 — Effect of Ashwagandha as Adjunct Therapy on BDNF and Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT03437668 — Adjunctive Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) for Persistent Symptoms in People With Schizophrenia (TERMINATED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT07575516 — Effectiveness of Ashwagandha in Schizophrenia Patients on Risperidone (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01793935 — Withania Somnifera: an Immunomodulator and Anti-inflammatory Agent for Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Systematic review A systematic review of the clinical use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) to ameliorate cognitive dysfunction (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2020) Systematic review Herbal medicines in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: 10-year updated review (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2018) Randomized controlled trial Effects of a standardized extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on depression and anxiety symptoms in persons with schizophrenia participating in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial (Annals of clinical psychiatry : official journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 2019) Randomized controlled trial Adjunctive Use of a Standardized Extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) to Treat Symptom Exacerbation in Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study (The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
L-Theanine Natural product Human Study L-Theanine adjunct to risperidone in the treatment of chronic schizophr…	Amino acid	Phase III	Moderate	17	2 trials 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00372151 — L-Theanine in the Management of Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01831986 — Pregnenolone and L-theanine Augmentation in the Treatment for Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorders (UNKNOWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Chromium Natural product Systematic review Beyond the Mind-Serum Trace Element Levels in Schizophrenic Patients: A… Systematic review Trace elements in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	17	1 RCT View evidence Published literature Systematic review Beyond the Mind-Serum Trace Element Levels in Schizophrenic Patients: A Systematic Review (International journal of molecular sciences, 2020) Systematic review Trace elements in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 39 studies (N = 5151 participants) (Nutrition reviews, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Creatine Natural product Meta-analysis Greater Choline-Containing Compounds and Myo-inositol in Treatment-Resi… Meta-analysis Meta-analytic evidence of elevated choline, reduced N-acetylaspartate,… Meta-analysis Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nu…	Amino acid	Phase III	Moderate	17	3 trials 1 Cochrane 7 Meta-analysis 24 Trial pubs 9 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06558201 — Open Label Extension Study of NCT06221852 (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) NA NCT00140192 — Creatine Treatment in Psychiatric Disorders (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT06221852 — Ketogenic and Nutritional Interventions for First Episode Bipolar Disorder (RECRUITING) NA Published literature Meta-analysis Greater Choline-Containing Compounds and Myo-inositol in Treatment-Resistant Versus Responsive Schizophrenia: A (1)H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Meta-analysis (Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging, 2024) Meta-analysis Meta-analytic evidence of elevated choline, reduced N-acetylaspartate, and normal creatine in schizophrenia and their moderation by measurement quality, echo time, and medication status (NeuroImage. Clinical, 2023) Meta-analysis Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals: The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Taskforce (The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry, 2022) Meta-analysis Association of Age, Antipsychotic Medication, and Symptom Severity in Schizophrenia With Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Brain Glutamate Level: A Mega-analysis of Individual Participant-Level Data (JAMA psychiatry, 2021) Meta-analysis Metabolite abnormalities in psychosis risk: A meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies (Asian journal of psychiatry, 2020) Systematic review Discovery of biological markers for schizophrenia based on metabolomics: a systematic review (Frontiers in psychiatry, 2025) Systematic review Metabolomics in patients with psychosis: A systematic review (American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, 2018) Systematic review Neurometabolite levels in antipsychotic-naïve/free patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of (1)H-MRS studies (Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 2018) Systematic review Neurometabolites in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder - a systematic review and meta-analysis (Psychiatry research, 2012) Clinical trial publication Randomized double-blind inpatient study of a gluten-free diet for negative symptoms in people with schizophrenia (Schizophrenia research, 2026) Clinical trial publication Effect of single dose N-acetylcysteine administration on resting state functional connectivity in schizophrenia (Psychopharmacology, 2020) Clinical trial publication Supplementation of Antipsychotic Treatment with the Amino Acid Sarcosine Influences Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Parameters in Left Frontal White Matter in Patients with Schizophrenia (Nutrients, 2015) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Curcumin Natural product Cochrane review Effect of Curcumin Supplementation on Schizophrenia Treatment: A System… Cochrane review Curcumin and Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review of the Effects of… Cochrane review Curcumin intervention for cognitive function in different types of peop…	Food compound	Approved	Emerging	16	5 trials 3 Cochrane 4 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01875822 — Open-label Study of Curcumin C-3 Complex in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT02298985 — Curcumin Addition to Antipsychotic Treatment in Chronic Schizophrenia Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02476708 — A Pilot Trial of Curcumin Effects on Cognition in Schizophrenia (TERMINATED) NA NCT07523256 — Effect of Curcumin Add-On Therapy on Quality of Life and IL-1β Levels in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT02104752 — Curcumin as a Novel Treatment to Improve Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Effect of Curcumin Supplementation on Schizophrenia Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (The Psychiatric quarterly, 2026) Cochrane review Curcumin and Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Curcumin on Adults With and Without Neurocognitive Disorders (Cureus, 2024) Cochrane review Curcumin intervention for cognitive function in different types of people: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2019) Clinical trial publication Pilot Trial of Adjunctive Curcumin for Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression in Youth: Focus on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Curcumin as Add-On to Antipsychotic Treatment in Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study (Clinical neuropharmacology, 2019) Clinical trial publication Effects of Curcumin on Cognitive Functioning and Inflammatory State in Schizophrenia: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2019) Clinical trial publication The effects of curcumin on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cognition in schizophrenia: A randomized controlled study (Schizophrenia research, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Ashwagandha Natural product Systematic review A systematic review of the clinical use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagan… Systematic review Herbal medicines in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: 10-year upd… Randomized controlled trial Effects of a standardized extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) o…	Ayurvedic	Phase III	Emerging	16	5 trials 1 Meta-analysis 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06235177 — Psychoneuromentalism Disorder: A Medical Condition That Affects People With Psychological Impairments From Health Issues (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT07541157 — Effect of Ashwagandha as Adjunct Therapy on BDNF and Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT03437668 — Adjunctive Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) for Persistent Symptoms in People With Schizophrenia (TERMINATED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT07575516 — Effectiveness of Ashwagandha in Schizophrenia Patients on Risperidone (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01793935 — Withania Somnifera: an Immunomodulator and Anti-inflammatory Agent for Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Systematic review A systematic review of the clinical use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) to ameliorate cognitive dysfunction (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2020) Systematic review Herbal medicines in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: 10-year updated review (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2018) Randomized controlled trial Effects of a standardized extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on depression and anxiety symptoms in persons with schizophrenia participating in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial (Annals of clinical psychiatry : official journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 2019) Randomized controlled trial Adjunctive Use of a Standardized Extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) to Treat Symptom Exacerbation in Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study (The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Creatine Natural product Meta-analysis Greater Choline-Containing Compounds and Myo-inositol in Treatment-Resi… Meta-analysis Meta-analytic evidence of elevated choline, reduced N-acetylaspartate,… Meta-analysis Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nu…	Amino acid	Phase III	Emerging	16	3 trials 1 Cochrane 7 Meta-analysis 24 Trial pubs 9 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06558201 — Open Label Extension Study of NCT06221852 (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) NA NCT00140192 — Creatine Treatment in Psychiatric Disorders (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT06221852 — Ketogenic and Nutritional Interventions for First Episode Bipolar Disorder (RECRUITING) NA Published literature Meta-analysis Greater Choline-Containing Compounds and Myo-inositol in Treatment-Resistant Versus Responsive Schizophrenia: A (1)H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Meta-analysis (Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging, 2024) Meta-analysis Meta-analytic evidence of elevated choline, reduced N-acetylaspartate, and normal creatine in schizophrenia and their moderation by measurement quality, echo time, and medication status (NeuroImage. Clinical, 2023) Meta-analysis Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals: The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Taskforce (The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry, 2022) Meta-analysis Association of Age, Antipsychotic Medication, and Symptom Severity in Schizophrenia With Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Brain Glutamate Level: A Mega-analysis of Individual Participant-Level Data (JAMA psychiatry, 2021) Meta-analysis Metabolite abnormalities in psychosis risk: A meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies (Asian journal of psychiatry, 2020) Systematic review Discovery of biological markers for schizophrenia based on metabolomics: a systematic review (Frontiers in psychiatry, 2025) Systematic review Metabolomics in patients with psychosis: A systematic review (American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, 2018) Systematic review Neurometabolite levels in antipsychotic-naïve/free patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of (1)H-MRS studies (Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 2018) Systematic review Neurometabolites in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder - a systematic review and meta-analysis (Psychiatry research, 2012) Clinical trial publication Randomized double-blind inpatient study of a gluten-free diet for negative symptoms in people with schizophrenia (Schizophrenia research, 2026) Clinical trial publication Effect of single dose N-acetylcysteine administration on resting state functional connectivity in schizophrenia (Psychopharmacology, 2020) Clinical trial publication Supplementation of Antipsychotic Treatment with the Amino Acid Sarcosine Influences Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Parameters in Left Frontal White Matter in Patients with Schizophrenia (Nutrients, 2015) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Sulforaphane Natural product Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of sulforaphane in schizophrenia: a systematic revi… Human Study Supplementation therapy of sulforaphane rich broccoli sprout extract ma…	Food compound	Phase II	Emerging	16	6 trials 1 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03451734 — Optimizing and Individualizing the Pharmacological Treatment of First-episode Schizophrenic Patients (COMPLETED) NCT07652866 — Mechanisms of Sulforaphane Supplementation in Alleviating Negative Symptoms and Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT04521868 — A 6-month Study to Evaluate Sulforaphane Effects in Schizophrenia Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02880462 — A 6-month Study to Evaluate Sulforaphane add-on Effects in Treatment of Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01716858 — An Open Study of Sulforaphane-rich Broccoli Sprout Extract in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02810964 — Sulforaphane to Reduce Symptoms of Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of sulforaphane in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (BMC psychiatry, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
L-Theanine Natural product Human Study L-Theanine adjunct to risperidone in the treatment of chronic schizophr…	Amino acid	Phase III	Emerging	13	2 trials 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00372151 — L-Theanine in the Management of Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01831986 — Pregnenolone and L-theanine Augmentation in the Treatment for Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorders (UNKNOWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Ginkgo Biloba Natural product Cochrane review Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761® for the treatment of various diseas… Cochrane review Augmentation Strategies for Clozapine-Resistant Patients with Schizophr… Cochrane review Augmentation strategies for clozapine refractory schizophrenia: A syste…	Botanical	Phase III	Moderate	12	3 trials 8 Cochrane 6 Meta-analysis 9 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT00672373 — Extract of Ginkgo Biloba and Tardive Dyskinesia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01524380 — Ginkgo Biloba Extract for Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT05258123 — Ginkgo Biloba Extract in the Treatment of Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761® for the treatment of various diseases: Overview of systematic reviews (Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2025) Cochrane review Augmentation Strategies for Clozapine-Resistant Patients with Schizophrenia (Current pharmaceutical design, 2020) Cochrane review Augmentation strategies for clozapine refractory schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis (The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2018) Cochrane review Herbal medicines in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: 10-year updated review (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2018) Cochrane review Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018) Clinical trial publication Ginkgo biloba for Tardive Dyskinesia and Plasma MnSOD Activity: Association with MnSOD Ala-9Val Variant: A Randomized, Double-blind Trial (Current neuropharmacology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and its Val66Met gene polymorphism predict tardive dyskinesia treatment response to Ginkgo biloba (Biological psychiatry, 2012) Clinical trial publication Extract of Ginkgo biloba treatment for tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2011) Clinical trial publication A placebo-controlled study of extract of ginkgo biloba added to clozapine in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (International clinical psychopharmacology, 2008) Clinical trial publication The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract added to haloperidol on peripheral T cell subsets in drug-free schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Psychopharmacology, 2006) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Psyllium Natural product A pilot feasibility study of nurse-led psyllium supplementation for met…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT06789471 — The Effects of Psyllium Seed on Body Weight and Metabolic Syndrome Indicators in Patients with Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT05528146 — Effects of Psyllium on Constipation in Schizo-phrenic: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Certain vitamin and mineral supplements may reduce psychiatric symptoms… Human Study Co-administration of probiotics and vitamin D has beneficial effects on… Human Study Observations support a potential role of vitamin D deficiency in mediat…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	10	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01091506 — A Placebo-Controlled Study of Physiologic Effects of L-methylfolate in Schizophrenia Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT01263080 — Evaluation of Mirtazapine and Folic Acid for Schizophrenia: (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00249288 — Folate Supplementation in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05796401 — Efficiency of a Composite Personalised Care on Functional Outcome in Early Psychosis (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT00403247 — Effect of High-Dose B-Complex Vitamins on the Symptoms of Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT00611806 — Effectiveness of Vitamin Supplementation in Treating People With Residual Symptoms of Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01724476 — A Trial of Folate With B12 in Patients With Schizophrenia With Residual Symptoms in Ethiopia (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02916121 — Potential Intervention Strategy With Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 in Patients With Schizophrenia (UNKNOWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Cannabidiol (CBD) Natural product Animal Study Cannabidiol attenuates behavioral changes in a rodent model of schizoph… Animal Study Cannabidiol attenuates MK-80-induced cognitive smptoms of schizophrenia… Animal Study Cannabidiol exhibits anxiolytic-like effects and antipsychotic-like eff…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	10	—	Examine.com	Examine.com
L-Tyrosine Natural product L-tyrosine pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia: preliminary data	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	10	—	Examine.com	Examine.com
Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) Natural product Human Study "North American ginseng extract, improves working memory in schizo… Human Study Effect of Korean folk music intervention on schizophrenia inpatients.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	10	—	Examine.com	Examine.com
Vitamin D3 Natural product Systematic review The Health Effects of Vitamin D and Probiotic Co-Supplementation: A Sys… Clinical trial publication High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in pregnancy and risk of neurodeve… Clinical trial publication Clinical and metabolic response to vitamin D plus probiotic in schizoph…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	8 trials 2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01169142 — Study of Vitamin D in the Severely Mentally Ill (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03101319 — Role of Vitamin D Supplementation in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT03284294 — Influence of Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum BDNF Level and Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT02197286 — Targeted Vitamin D Treatment of Schizophrenia-Associated Hyperprolinemia (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT02281162 — The Influence of Vitamin D on Atypical Antipsychotic-induced Weight Gain (COMPLETED) NCT01004354 — Vitamin D Supplementation in Psychiatric Illnesses (COMPLETED) NA NCT05803447 — Analysis of Parameters Indicating the Intensity of Suicidal Behavior in Psychiatric Patients (COMPLETED) NCT01759485 — Vitamin D for Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Systematic review The Health Effects of Vitamin D and Probiotic Co-Supplementation: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (Nutrients, 2020) Clinical trial publication High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in pregnancy and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the children at age 10: A randomized clinical trial (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2024) Clinical trial publication Clinical and metabolic response to vitamin D plus probiotic in schizophrenia patients (BMC psychiatry, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Human Study Essential Fatty Acid supplementation significantly effects psychopathol… Human Study Omega-3 fatty acids have beneficial effects on triglyceride metabolism… Human Study Omega-3 fatty acids may be useful in the prevention and treatment of sc…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	—		PubChem
Vitamin C Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Certain vitamin and mineral supplements may reduce psychiatric symptoms… Human Study Co-administration of probiotics and vitamin D has beneficial effects on… Human Study Observations support a potential role of vitamin D deficiency in mediat…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	—		PubChem
Zinc Natural product Animal Study Prenatal zinc supplementation attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced beh…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	—		PubChem
D-Serine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Moderate	10	—	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
2-(methylamino)acetic Acid Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Moderate	10	—	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Moderate	10	—	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Chromium Natural product Systematic review Beyond the Mind-Serum Trace Element Levels in Schizophrenic Patients: A… Systematic review Trace elements in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 RCT View evidence Published literature Systematic review Beyond the Mind-Serum Trace Element Levels in Schizophrenic Patients: A Systematic Review (International journal of molecular sciences, 2020) Systematic review Trace elements in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 39 studies (N = 5151 participants) (Nutrition reviews, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Probiotics Natural product Human Study Co-administration of probiotics and vitamin D has beneficial effects on… Human Study Prebiotic OEI selectively increased the level of plasma butyrate in peo…	Probiotic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Bacopa Natural product Animal Study Brahmi could be a new frontier of restoration and prevention of cogniti… Animal Study Brahmi could be a new frontier of restoration and prevention of cogniti… Animal Study Brahmi could be a novel neuroprotective agent for the prevention of cog…	Ayurvedic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		—
Berberine Natural product Human Study Berberine improves negative symptoms and cognitive function in patients… Human Study Findings suggest that berberine is effective in attenuating antipsychot… Human Study Improvement of adjunctive berberine treatment on negative symptoms in p…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		PubChem
Alpha-Lipoic Acid Natural product Human Study Alpha-lipoic acid as adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia. Human Study Alpha-lipoic acid can improve plasma adiponectin levels and may play a… Human Study Alpha-lipoic acid could prove useful as adjunctive therapy for schizoph…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		PubChem
Curcumin Natural product Cochrane review Effect of Curcumin Supplementation on Schizophrenia Treatment: A System… Cochrane review Curcumin and Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review of the Effects of… Cochrane review Curcumin intervention for cognitive function in different types of peop…	Food compound	Approved	Emerging	7	5 trials 3 Cochrane 4 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01875822 — Open-label Study of Curcumin C-3 Complex in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT02298985 — Curcumin Addition to Antipsychotic Treatment in Chronic Schizophrenia Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02476708 — A Pilot Trial of Curcumin Effects on Cognition in Schizophrenia (TERMINATED) NA NCT07523256 — Effect of Curcumin Add-On Therapy on Quality of Life and IL-1β Levels in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) NA NCT02104752 — Curcumin as a Novel Treatment to Improve Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Effect of Curcumin Supplementation on Schizophrenia Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (The Psychiatric quarterly, 2026) Cochrane review Curcumin and Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Curcumin on Adults With and Without Neurocognitive Disorders (Cureus, 2024) Cochrane review Curcumin intervention for cognitive function in different types of people: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2019) Clinical trial publication Pilot Trial of Adjunctive Curcumin for Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression in Youth: Focus on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Curcumin as Add-On to Antipsychotic Treatment in Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study (Clinical neuropharmacology, 2019) Clinical trial publication Effects of Curcumin on Cognitive Functioning and Inflammatory State in Schizophrenia: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2019) Clinical trial publication The effects of curcumin on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cognition in schizophrenia: A randomized controlled study (Schizophrenia research, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Resveratrol Natural product Human Study Resveratrol adjunct therapy for negative symptoms in patients with stab… Animal Study Administration of resveratrol at doses used in this study produced anxi… Animal Study Resveratrol plays neuroprotective role on ketamine-induced schizophreni…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		PubChem
Melatonin Natural product Human Study Bergamot polyphenolic fraction administration may be proposed as a pote… Human Study DHEA supplementation may improve the negative, depressive and anxiety s… Human Study Essential Fatty Acid supplementation significantly effects psychopathol…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		PubChem
Niacin Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Certain vitamin and mineral supplements may reduce psychiatric symptoms… Human Study Co-administration of probiotics and vitamin D has beneficial effects on… Human Study Observations support a potential role of vitamin D deficiency in mediat…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		PubChem
Sulforaphane Natural product Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of sulforaphane in schizophrenia: a systematic revi… Human Study Supplementation therapy of sulforaphane rich broccoli sprout extract ma…	Food compound	Phase II	Emerging	7	6 trials 1 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03451734 — Optimizing and Individualizing the Pharmacological Treatment of First-episode Schizophrenic Patients (COMPLETED) NCT07652866 — Mechanisms of Sulforaphane Supplementation in Alleviating Negative Symptoms and Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT04521868 — A 6-month Study to Evaluate Sulforaphane Effects in Schizophrenia Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02880462 — A 6-month Study to Evaluate Sulforaphane add-on Effects in Treatment of Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01716858 — An Open Study of Sulforaphane-rich Broccoli Sprout Extract in Patients With Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02810964 — Sulforaphane to Reduce Symptoms of Schizophrenia (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of sulforaphane in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (BMC psychiatry, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Spirulina Natural product Animal Study Spirulina can be used as a therapy for preventive or therapeutic measur… Animal Study Spirulina platensis reduces the schizophrenic-like symptoms.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		—
Astragalus Natural product Animal Study Anti-anxiety and antidepressant-like effects of astragaloside IV and sa…	TCM herb	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		—
Saffron Natural product Animal Study Crocin has exerted neuroprotective effects in the rat model of MK-801-e…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		PubChem
Silymarin Natural product Animal Study Effective action of silymarin against ketamine-induced schizophrenia.	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		PubChem
Andrographis Natural product Animal Study These results suggested that andrographolide improved oxidative stress…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		PubChem
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product No Effect of Coenzyme Q10 on Cognitive Function, Psychological Symptoms… Genome-wide association study of serum coenzyme Q10 levels identifies s…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		PubChem
Black Seed Oil Natural product Novel therapeutic approaches of natural oil from black seeds and its un… Differential protection of black-seed oil on econucleotidase, cholinest…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		PubChem
Egcg Natural product Epigallocatechin-3-gallate conjugated with selenium nanoparticles preve… Plant-derived polyphenolic compounds for managing schizophrenia: mechan… Neuroreceptor Inhibition by Clozapine Triggers Mitohormesis and Metabol…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		PubChem
Cannabidiol Natural product Human Study These findings suggest that CBD has beneficial effects in patients with… Animal Study Cannabidiol attenuates behavioral changes in a rodent model of schizoph… Animal Study Cannabidiol attenuates MK-80-induced cognitive smptoms of schizophrenia…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	2	—		PubChem
Tamsulosin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Terazosin Natural product A successful treatment strategy for clozapine-induced parotid swelling:… Ventral striatal noradrenergic mechanisms contribute to sensorimotor ga…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
D-Serine Natural product Astrocytes mediate the pro-cognitive value of α7nAChRs and of α7nAChR-t… Blood levels of D-aspartate oxidase, D-amino acid oxidase, serine racem… D-serine: A Multitalented Neuromodulator in Brain Function, Systemic Ho…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
2-(methylamino)acetic Acid Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Staurosporine Natural product Design and development of potent roflumilast analogues targeting PDE-4B… Apoptotic markers in cultured fibroblasts correlate with brain metaboli… Increased susceptibility to apoptosis in cultured fibroblasts from anti…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Gsk-690693 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Ruboxistaurin Natural product Synthesis and Characterization of the Selective, Reversible PKC(β) Inhi… Protein Kinase C β: a New Target Therapy to Prevent the Long-Term Atypi…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Paxilline Natural product The antipsychotic aripiprazole induces peripheral antinociceptive effec…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nifedipine Natural product Nifedipine May Be an Inhibitor of Clozapine Metabolism as Seen in 5 Pat… Calcium channel blockers for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia Calcium channel blockers for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nitrendipine Natural product Antischizophrenic drugs of the diphenylbutylpiperidine type act as calc…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Verapamil Natural product Calcium channel blockers for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia Calcium channel blockers for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia Calcium channel blockers for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Methscopolamine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Himbacine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Carbachol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Arecoline Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Atropine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Oxotremorine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Muscarine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
1-[(3S,8S,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]ethanone Natural product Human Study Pathological schizophrenia is associated with increased blood levels of…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-amino-2-keto-pyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxy-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxy-phosphoryl] 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate Natural product Human Study Pathological schizophrenia is associated with increased blood levels of…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-chromone Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Icariin Natural product Animal Study Effects of icariin on alleviating schizophrenia-like symptoms. Animal Study Function and mechanism exploring of icariin in schizophrenia through ne…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Flavonoids Natural product Animal Study Function and mechanism exploring of icariin in schizophrenia through ne… Animal Study Nano-hesperetin attenuates ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like symptoms.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Cannabinoids Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Tetrahdrocannabivarin has therapeutic potential for ameliorating some o… Review A review of the many benefits of cannabinoids in health and disease.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Polyphenols Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Huperzine Natural product Meta Analysis, Review This review suggests that adjunctive huperzine A is an effective choice…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Ginseng (American) Natural product Human Study "North American ginseng extract, improves working memory in schizo…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Palmitoylethanolamide Natural product Human Study Adjuvant palmitoylethanolamide therapy with risperidone improves negati…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Apple Cider Vinegar Natural product Human Study Apple vinegar lowers the constipation problems faced by patients with s…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Bergamot Orange Natural product Human Study Bergamot polyphenolic fraction administration may be proposed as a pote…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.