Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)

Disease overview

Alterations

183

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

118

Via biomarker

304

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

421

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, Examine.com, disease_db_100 · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-06

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Without treatment, median survival from diagnosis 2.8 years (pre-modern-therapy era); with current therapy 5-year survival ~50-60%; spontaneous remission essentially unknown

Best-intervention remission

Triple upfront combination therapy (ambrisentan + tadalafil + selexipag): 41% reduction in clinical failure events (TRITON trial); macitentan + tadalafil initial combination: 41% risk reduction (AMBITION); lung transplantation: 50-60% 5-year survival

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Large — most patients still receive sequential monotherapy or dual therapy rather than upfront triple therapy

Primary barrier

practice/access

Barrier detail: Upfront combination therapy evidence is robust but drug costs (selexipag alone ~$150K/year) limit access; PAH is often missed or delayed in diagnosis (mean 2-year diagnostic delay); most patients are not treated at PAH expert centres where combination protocols are standard

Last SoC change: 2024 — sotatercept (Winrevair, activin signalling inhibitor) FDA approved — first new mechanism in 15 years; 2017 selexipag approved; upfront dual combination established 2015 (AMBITION); prostacyclin pathway drugs since 1995 (epoprostenol)

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0015924 · ORPHA: ORPHA:275777

Alterations

Showing 80 of 183 · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
Abnormal pulmonary interstitial morphology	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormal thrombosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormally loud pulmonic component of the second heart sound	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Alveolar septal thickening	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Angina pectoris	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Antinuclear antibody positivity	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Apnea	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Arterial intimal fibrosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Atrial fibrillation	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Atrial flutter	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Atrial septal defect	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Atrioventricular block	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Autism	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Bronchial artery dilatation	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Bronchiolitis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Cardiac arrest	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Chest pain	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Chest tightness	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Chronic pulmonary obstruction	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Complete right bundle branch block	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Congestive heart failure	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Cough	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Cyanosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Decreased DLCO	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Dyspnea	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Easy fatigability	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Elevated circulating NT-proBNP concentration	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Elevated pulmonary artery pressure	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Elevated right atrial pressure	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Epistaxis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Exertional dyspnea	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Failure to thrive	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Fatigue	Functional	Functional test	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
First degree atrioventricular block	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Ground-glass opacification	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hemoptysis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hemosiderin-laden macrophages in bronchoalveolar fluid	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hypercoagulability	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hypertension	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hypothyroidism	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hypoxemia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Incomplete right bundle branch block	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Increased pulmonary vascular resistance	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Interrupted inferior vena cava with azygous continuation	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Left Isomerism	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Left ventricular systolic dysfunction	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Leukemia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Muscle weakness	Functional	Functional test	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Obstructive sleep apnea	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Patent ductus arteriosus	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Patent foramen ovale	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Persistent patent ductus venosus	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Premature birth	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pulmonary arterial hypertension	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pulmonary arterial hypertension with lack of acute response to NO challenge	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pulmonary arterial hypertension with positive acute response to NO challenge	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pulmonary arterial medial hypertrophy	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pulmonary artery vasoconstriction	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pulmonary aterial intimal fibrosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pulmonic stenosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Reduced systolic function	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Respiratory insufficiency	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Right atrial enlargement	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Right axis deviation	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Right ventricular dilatation	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Right ventricular failure	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Right ventricular hypertrophy	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Stroke	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Syncope	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Telangiectasia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Ventricular septal defect	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
ABCC8 ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ABL1 ABL proto-oncogene 1, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ACE2 angiotensin converting enzyme 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ACVRL1 activin A receptor like type 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA1 adenosine A1 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
SIROLIMUS	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02587325 — Phase 1/1b Study With Nab-sirolimus for Patients With Severe Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (COMPLETED) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETOHEXAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACYCLOVIR Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ADENOSINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALBUTEROL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALFUZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINOPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARFORMOTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ARFORMOTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASCIMINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASCIMINIB HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASCORBIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASENAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASPIRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK Very low cost · US Very low cost	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AXITINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AZACITIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETHANIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BITOLTEROL MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLINATUMOMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BOSUTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BOSUTINIB MONOHYDRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUSULFAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CABERGOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CABOZANTINIB S-MALATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE CITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	7 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01723371 — Beta Blockers for Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Children (WITHDRAWN) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT02120339 — Carvedilol PAH A Pilot Study of Efficacy and Safety (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT01568645 — Imatinib and Carvedilol for High Blood Pressure in the Lungs in Adults With Sickle Cell Disease (WITHDRAWN) PHASE1 NCT00240656 — Spironolactone Combined With Captopril and Carvedilol for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT02507011 — Beta-blockers in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT01586156 — PAHTCH Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Treatment With Carvedilol for Heart Failure (Carvedilol) (COMPLETED) NA NCT00964678 — Pilot Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Carvedilol in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Treatment of group I pulmonary arterial hypertension with carvedilol is safe (American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CELIPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CHLORPROPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOTRIMAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Sources	Links
ALBUTEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AV-101	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BARDOXOLONE METHYL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BERAPROST	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOPROSTENOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESUBERAPROST	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESUBERAPROST SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMATINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMATINIB MESYLATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELATONIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILRINONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RALINEPAG	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RANOLAZINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSUVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERALUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£8 / 4–8 tabs (generic) · US $5–$15 / 10-30 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SITAXENTAN SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TREPROSTINIL DIOLAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TREPROSTINIL PALMITIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TREPROSTINIL SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VARDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
2-METHOXYESTRADIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANASTROZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APABETALONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK Very low cost · US Very low cost	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZBROMARONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BQ-123	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CICLETANINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CXA-10	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENRASENTAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FAMOTIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£4 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30–60 tabs (Cost Plus)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FRESPACIGUAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FULVESTRANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLUTAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via AQP1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETOHEXAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACYCLOVIR Repurposing via ABL1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ADENOSINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE Repurposing via ABL1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALBUTEROL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALFUZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINOPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARFORMOTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ARFORMOTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASCIMINIB Repurposing via BCR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASCIMINIB HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via BCR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASCORBIC ACID Repurposing via AQP1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASENAPINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASPIRIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK Very low cost · US Very low cost	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AXITINIB Repurposing via ABL1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AZACITIDINE Repurposing via ABL1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETHANIDINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BITOLTEROL MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLINATUMOMAB Repurposing via BCR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BOSUTINIB Repurposing via BCR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BOSUTINIB MONOHYDRATE Repurposing via BCR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUSULFAN Repurposing via BCR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CABERGOLINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CABOZANTINIB S-MALATE Repurposing via ABL1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE CITRATE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	7 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01723371 — Beta Blockers for Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Children (WITHDRAWN) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT02120339 — Carvedilol PAH A Pilot Study of Efficacy and Safety (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT01568645 — Imatinib and Carvedilol for High Blood Pressure in the Lungs in Adults With Sickle Cell Disease (WITHDRAWN) PHASE1 NCT00240656 — Spironolactone Combined With Captopril and Carvedilol for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT02507011 — Beta-blockers in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT01586156 — PAHTCH Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Treatment With Carvedilol for Heart Failure (Carvedilol) (COMPLETED) NA NCT00964678 — Pilot Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Carvedilol in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Treatment of group I pulmonary arterial hypertension with carvedilol is safe (American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—

Natural Products

77 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Links
Vitamin C Natural product Human: Case Report Vitamin C deficiency-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Animal Study Vitamin C may have a therapeutic role in ameliorating pulmonary hyperte… Review Going to altitude? Bring your vitamins!	Nutraceutical	Phase I	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02966665 — : Vascular Function in Health and Disease (RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT03451266 — Effects of Vitamin C Administration on Extravascular Lung Water in Patients With Severe Features of Preeclampsia (COMPLETED) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Garlic Natural product Animal Study Allicin in garlic protects against coronary endothelial dysfunction and… Animal Study Allicin may be an alternative in treating pulmonary arterial hypertensi… Animal Study Anti-inflammatory effect of allicin associated with fibrosis in pulmona…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Animal Study, Human In Vitro These findings indicate that DHA activates PASMC KCa channels leading t… Animal Study Eicosapentaenoic acid may have a therapeutic role in attenuating pulmon…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT04031508 — Effect of a Parenteral Emulsion With Omega3 on Neonates With PPHN and CDH (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE2 NCT02966899 — Reversal of Right Ventricular Steatosis in Pulmonary Hypertension (WITHDRAWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Folate Natural product Animal Study Folic acid and d-ribose partially prevent right ventricular hypertrophy…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	4 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT07353827 — FOLFOX-HAIC Combined With Donafenib and Pucotenlimab as First-Line Treatment for Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT06648525 — Adebrelimab Combined with Irinotecan Liposomes, 5-FU, CF ± Lenvatinib As First-line Treatment for Advanced ICC (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT03269110 — Folic Acid Clinical Trial: Follow up of Children (FACT 4 Child) (COMPLETED) NCT07328919 — Efficacy and Safety of TT-00420 (Tinengotinib) Tablets Versus Chemotherapy in Patients With Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Harboring FGFR2 Fusions/Rearrangements or Mutations (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
N-Acetylcysteine Natural product Animal Study N-acetylcysteine inhibits hypoxic pulmonary hypertension most effective…	Amino acid	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT04081012 — N-acetyl Cysteine in Post-reperfusion Pulmonary Injury in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension. (UNKNOWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
L-Arginine Natural product Animal Study L-arginine ameliorates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Animal Study L-arginine compares favorably with calcium channel blockers in the trea… Animal Study L-arginine has a protective effect against hypoxia-induced pulmonary hy…	Amino acid	Approved	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01317134 — Endothelial Function in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (COMPLETED) NA NCT00000623 — Thalassemia (Cooley's Anemia) Clinical Research Network (TCRN) (COMPLETED) NCT00327080 — Sildenafil to Treat HIV-Associated Pulmonary Hypertension (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT02966665 — : Vascular Function in Health and Disease (RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT03649932 — Enteral L Citrulline Supplementation in Preterm Infants - Safety, Efficacy and Dosing (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT05439460 — Management of Acute Pulmonary Hypertensive Crisis in Children With Known Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03402191 — L-arginine Versus Sildenafil in Children With Beta Thalassemia Associated With Pulmonary Hypertension (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01142219 — L-Arginine and Sickle Cell Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Resveratrol Natural product Systematic review Dose-related Effects of Resveratrol in Different Models of Pulmonary Ar… Animal Study Cannabidiol alleviates right ventricular fibrosis by inhibiting the tra… Animal Study Resveratrol attenuated pulmonary arterial remodeling, decreased pulmona…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	19 pubs View evidence Published literature Systematic review Dose-related Effects of Resveratrol in Different Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Systematic Review (Current cardiology reviews, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Saffron Natural product Animal Study Crocin inhibits neutrophil migration and activation to treat hypoxic pu… Animal Study Crocin may play a protective role in MCT-induced PAH rats by alleviatin… Animal Study Crocin's role in modulating MMP2/TIMP1 and mitigating hypoxia-indu…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
L-Citrulline Natural product Cochrane review Current and Future Treatments for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in… Clinical trial publication Oral l-citrulline malate in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial… Human Study Efficacy of citrulline supplementation to decrease the risk of pulmonar…	Amino acid	Phase III	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	5 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT05636397 — Safety and PK-PD Study of Oral L-CIT in Preterm Infants With BPD±PH and NEC (RECRUITING) NA NCT00335244 — Intravenous L-Citrulline to Treat Children Undergoing Heart Bypass Surgery (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03542812 — L-citrulline and Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (TERMINATED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT03649932 — Enteral L Citrulline Supplementation in Preterm Infants - Safety, Efficacy and Dosing (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01683981 — Exercise Capacity and Quality of Life in Patients With PPH Receiving Short Term Oral L-Citrulline Malate (UNKNOWN) EARLY_PHASE1 Published literature Cochrane review Current and Future Treatments for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in the Newborn (Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 2018) Clinical trial publication Oral l-citrulline malate in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and Eisenmenger Syndrome: a clinical trial (Journal of cardiology, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Grape Seed Extract Natural product Animal Study Grape seed proanthocyanidin reverses pulmonary vascular remodeling in m… Animal Study Grape seed procyanidin suppresses inflammation caused by cigarette smok…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Melatonin Natural product Clinical trial publication Melatonin effects on the left ventricular function in neonates with per… Human Study Efficacy of citrulline supplementation to decrease the risk of pulmonar… Human Study Iron supplementation has a beneficial effect on hypoxic pulmonary hyper…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07090720 — Melatonin Effects on the Left Ventricular Function in Neonates With Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension (COMPLETED) NA NCT06685679 — Melatonin for Pulmonary Hypertension in Full Term Neonates (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Clinical trial publication Melatonin effects on the left ventricular function in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension (European journal of pediatrics, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Sulforaphane Natural product Animal Study Sulforaphane alleviated vascular remodeling in hypoxic pulmonary hypert… Animal Study Sulforaphane prevents right ventricular injury and reduces pulmonary va…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Iron Natural product Systematic review Efficacy of iron replacement in pulmonary hypertension: A systematic re… Human Study Iron supplementation has a beneficial effect on hypoxic pulmonary hyper… Human Study Efficacy of citrulline supplementation to decrease the risk of pulmonar…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 3 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01847352 — Iron Status and Hypoxic Pulmonary Vascular Responses (COMPLETED) NA NCT04086537 — BMPR2 Mutations and Iron Metabolism in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (COMPLETED) NCT00960921 — Study of the Effects of Iron on Lung Blood Pressure at High Altitude (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT00000623 — Thalassemia (Cooley's Anemia) Clinical Research Network (TCRN) (COMPLETED) NCT01623492 — Eisenmenger Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (COMPLETED) NCT07359599 — The Impact of IV Iron on Exercise Capacity and Quality of Life in Pulmonary Hypertension (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00952302 — Study of the Effects of Iron Levels on the Lungs at High Altitude (COMPLETED) NA NCT02594917 — Genetic and Environmental Determinants That Control Metabolism in Pulmonary Hypertension (COMPLETED) Published literature Systematic review Efficacy of iron replacement in pulmonary hypertension: A systematic review (Nutrition and health, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Echinacea Natural product Animal Study Echinacoside prevents hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by regulating the…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Ashwagandha Natural product Animal Study A multi-herbal product called Protandim prevents fibrosis and capillary…	Ayurvedic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Bacopa Natural product Animal Study A multi-herbal product called Protandim prevents fibrosis and capillary…	Ayurvedic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Egcg Natural product Animal Study A multi-herbal product called Protandim prevents fibrosis and capillary…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Silymarin Natural product Animal Study A multi-herbal product called Protandim prevents fibrosis and capillary…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Turmeric Natural product Animal Study A multi-herbal product called Protandim prevents fibrosis and capillary… Animal Study Curcumin can decrease pulmonary arterial pressure, improve pulmonary ve…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Andrographis Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Andrographolide attenuates established pulmonary hypertension.	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Astragalus Natural product Animal Study Astragalus appears to have an inhibitory effect on hypoxic pulmonary hy…	TCM herb	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Berberine Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Berberine attenuates pulmonary arterial hypertension.	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Ginseng Natural product Animal Study Panax notoginseng saponins improve monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arte…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Cannabidiol Natural product Animal Study Cannabidiol alleviates right ventricular fibrosis by inhibiting the tra… Animal Study Cannabidiol ameliorates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in… Animal Study Cannabidiol may prevent the development of congestive hepatopathy secon…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	2	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Ginkgo Biloba Natural product Animal Study Effects of ginkgolide B on isobaric hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Animal Study Gingko biloba reduces hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and right ventricu…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	2	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Astragaloside Natural product Animal Study Astragaloside IV attenuates hypoxia‑induced pulmonary vascular remodeli… Animal Study, In Vitro Study Astragaloside IV attenuates inflammatory response mediated by NLRP-3/ca… Animal Study Astragaloside IV blocks monocrotaline‑induced pulmonary arterial hypert…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Ginsenosides Natural product Animal Study Ginsenoside Rb1 is a promising candidate for pulmonary hypertension pre… Animal Study Ginsenoside Rg1 alleviates vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced pulmo… Animal Study Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hyperten…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Hydrogen: Molecular Natural product Human: Case Report Molecular hydrogen therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus-associated… Human: Case Report Molecular hydrogen therapy in Sjögren's syndrome with pulmonary ar… Animal Study H2 administration in pregnant women with diagnosed fetal CDH might be a…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Dhea (Dehydroepiandrosterone) Natural product Animal Study Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) prevents and reverses chronic hypoxic pul… Animal Study Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate reduces chronic hypoxic pulmonary hyper… Animal Study Dehydroepiandrosterone upregulates inhibits hypoxic pulmonary hypertens…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Sophora Flavescens Natural product Animal Study Oxymatrine prevents the development of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary… In Vitro Study Matrine alleviates hypoxia-induced inflammation and pulmonary vascular… In Vitro Study Oxymatrine prevents hypoxia- and monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypert…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Puerarin Natural product Animal Study Puerarin has the therapeutic effect on the pulmonary hypertension and a… Animal Study Puerarin prevents progression of experimental hypoxia-induced pulmonary… Animal Study The isoflavone puerarin improves pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Polyphenols Natural product Human In Vitro Polyphenol antioxidant treatment may provide an adjunctive action to al… Animal Study Effects of apple polyphenols on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary vascula… Animal Study Salidroside ameliorates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypert…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Paeoniflorin Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Paeoniflorin attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypert… Animal Study Paeoniflorin ameliorates chronic hypoxia/SU5416-induced pulmonary arter…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Wogonin Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Wogonin may be a promising treatment against pulmonary hypertension. In Vitro Study Mechanistic insight into the enhanced anti-pulmonary hypertension effic…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Natural product Animal Study 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid ameliorates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induce… Animal Study 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid improves pulmonary hypertension.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Antioxidant Formulas Natural product Animal Study Antioxidant treatment attenuates pulmonary arterial hypertension-induce… Animal Study Antioxidants attenuate chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Human In Vitro Polyphenol antioxidant treatment may provide an adjunctive action to al…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Apple Polyphenols Natural product Animal Study Apple polyphenol relieves hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertensi… Animal Study Effects of apple polyphenols on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary vascula…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Caffeic acid phenethyl ester rescues pulmonary arterial hypertension. Animal Study CAPE may represent a potential therapeutic candidate in PAH-related car…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Chrysin Natural product Animal Study Chrysin alleviates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. In Vitro Study Chrysin alleviates chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Genistein Natural product Animal Study Genistein attenuates low temperature induced pulmonary hypertension in… Animal Study Genistein, a phytoestrogen, attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Formononetin Natural product Animal Study Inhibitory effects of formononetin on the monocrotaline‑induced pulmona… Review Effect of formononetin on progressive pulmonary pathologies: multitarge…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Magnolol Natural product Animal Study Magnolol ameliorates pneumonectomy and monocrotaline-induced pulmonary… In Vitro Study Magnolol alleviates hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling throu…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Nobiletin Natural product Animal Study Nobiletin alleviates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension by inhibiti… Animal Study Nobiletin attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertens…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Plumbagin Natural product Animal Study Plumbagin improves pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial… In Vitro Study Plumbagin reverses proliferation and resistance to apoptosis in experim…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Red Sage Natural product Animal Study Red sage (764-3) prevents right ventricular collagen deposition induced… Animal Study Red sage extract may have therapeutic activity in reducing hypoxia-indu…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Tanshinone Iia Natural product Animal Study Tanshinone IIA attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension via modulating… Animal Study Treatment with tanshinone IIA can improve MCT-induced pulmonary hyperte…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Flavonoids Natural product In Vitro Study Baicalin attenuated the abnormal proliferation of HPASMCs through suppr… In Vitro Study Protective effect of baicalin against pulmonary arterial hypertension v…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Safflower Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Safflower alleviates pulmonary arterial hypertension.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
2-Methoxyestradiol Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study 2-Methoxyestradiol attenuates chronic-intermittent-hypoxia-induced pulm…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Protandim Natural product Animal Study A multi-herbal product called Protandim prevents fibrosis and capillary…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Apigenin Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Apigenin attenuates pulmonary hypertension.	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Blueberry Natural product Animal Study Blueberry extract decreases oxidative stress and improves functional pa…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Capsaicin Natural product Animal Study Capsaicin pretreatment attenuates chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertensio…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Celastrol Natural product Animal Study Celastrol attenuates the remodeling of pulmonary vascular and right ven…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Cyanidin 3-glucoside Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Cyanidin‑3‑O‑β‑glucoside protects against pulmonary artery hypertension… Animal Study Grape seed proanthocyanidin reverses pulmonary vascular remodeling in m… Animal Study Grape seed procyanidin suppresses inflammation caused by cigarette smok…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Salvia Miltiorrhiza Natural product Animal Study Danshensu might be suitable for clinical treatment of early-stage hypox…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
D-Ribose Natural product Animal Study Folic acid and d-ribose partially prevent right ventricular hypertrophy…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Hydrogen Water Natural product Human: Case Report Molecular hydrogen therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus-associated… Human: Case Report Molecular hydrogen therapy in Sjögren's syndrome with pulmonary ar… Animal Study H2 administration in pregnant women with diagnosed fetal CDH might be a…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Isoliquiritigenin Natural product Animal Study Isoliquiritigenin attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertensi…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Isoquercitrin Natural product Animal Study Isoquercitrin protects against pulmonary hypertension	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Kaempferol Natural product Animal Study Kaempferol ameliorates pulmonary vascular remodeling in chronic hypoxia…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Luteolin Natural product Animal Study Luteolin ameliorates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Citrus Naringin Natural product Animal Study Naringin ameliorates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertens…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Poria Cocos Natural product Animal Study Pachymic acid ameliorates pulmonary hypertension.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Paeonol Natural product Animal Study Paeonol represents a potential novel therapeutic approach for the treat…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Phloretin Natural product Animal Study Phloretin supplementation during PAH may mitigate PAH-associated physio…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Beet Natural product Animal Study Preventive effects of nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation on mo…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Punicalagin Natural product Animal Study Punicalagin prevents hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Xanthohumol Natural product Animal Study Regular consumption of xanthohumol through fortified beer modulates maj…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Shikonin Natural product Animal Study Shikonin improved experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension hemodyna…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Ligustrazine Natural product Animal Study Tetramethylpyrazine is a promising treatment of pulmonary hypertension.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Isoflavones Natural product Animal Study The isoflavone puerarin improves pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Holy Basil Natural product Animal Study The present study demonstrates that Ocimum sanctum has therapeutic abil…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Honokiol Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study The results revealed that honokiol can alleviate autophagy and pulmonar…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Urolithin a Natural product Animal Study Urolithin A protects against hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Betaine Natural product Animal Study Vasodilatory effects of betaine on isolated rat pulmonary artery rings.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Baicalein Natural product In Vitro Study Baicalin attenuated the abnormal proliferation of HPASMCs through suppr…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.