Osteoporosis

Disease overview

Alterations

122

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Trial outcome measures (T)

Direct drugs

Via biomarker

137

Natural agents

Natural products

100

Merged ranked

221

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, OSMF Chronic Disease Review, PubMed MeSH, PubMed Literature · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-10-15

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Bone density decline of 1-3%/year in postmenopausal women without treatment; fracture risk increases exponentially with T-score decline; no spontaneous remission

Best-intervention remission

Bisphosphonates: 40-50% reduction in vertebral fractures, 20-40% hip fracture reduction; romosozumab (anti-sclerostin): 73% vertebral fracture reduction at 12 months (ARCH trial); abaloparatide/teriparatide (anabolic): BMD increase 9-12% at lumbar spine over 18 months

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Very large — post-fracture care gap is stark: only 20-30% of patients with fragility fracture receive osteoporosis treatment within 1 year

Primary barrier

practice/framing

Barrier detail: The 'post-fracture care gap' is one of the most documented practice failures in medicine; the majority of fragility fracture patients leave hospital without osteoporosis diagnosis or treatment; fracture liaison services (FLS) fix this but are not universally implemented; anabolic therapies (romosozumab, teriparatide) drastically underused vs anti-resorptives

Last SoC change: 2023 — NOF/ASBMR guidelines recommend anabolic therapy first-line in very high-risk patients (T-score <-3.0 or prior hip/vertebral fracture); romosozumab approved 2019; 2016 GIOP guidelines updated; bisphosphonates standard since mid-1990s

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0005298 · MESH: D010024 · UMLS_CUI: C0029456

Alterations

122 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional). Molecular rows are Open Targets gene–disease associations (evidence column = OT association score), not measured levels; phenotypes are HPO terms annotated directly to this disease (Monarch); type T rows are outcome measures used in completed ClinicalTrials.gov studies, not alterations of the disease.

Hide alterations without a value (no direction or frequency)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
LRP5 LDL receptor related protein 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.79	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC34A1 solute carrier family 34 member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.77	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PLS3 plastin 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.75	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNFSF11 TNF superfamily member 11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.74	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ESR1 estrogen receptor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.73	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL1A1 collagen type I alpha 1 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.70	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL1A2 collagen type I alpha 2 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.68	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
WNT1 Wnt family member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.65	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NHERF1 NHERF family PDZ scaffold protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.64	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SOST sclerostin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.63	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CALCR calcitonin receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.63	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
VDR vitamin D receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.62	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTH1R parathyroid hormone 1 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.62	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ESR2 estrogen receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FDPS farnesyl diphosphate synthase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SPP1 secreted phosphoprotein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.56	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNFRSF11A TNF receptor superfamily member 11a	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.55	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COPB2 coat protein complex I subunit beta 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.54	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
WNT16 Wnt family member 16	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.54	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RSPO3 R-spondin 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.51	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNFRSF11B TNF receptor superfamily member 11b	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.50	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SH2B3 SH2B adaptor protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.50	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AR androgen receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.49	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FAM3C FAM3 metabolism regulating signaling molecule C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.47	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
WLS Wnt ligand secretion mediator	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.47	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AQP1 aquaporin 1 (Colton blood group)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.47	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CYP19A1 cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.46	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PGR progesterone receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.44	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CCDC170 coiled-coil domain containing 170	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.44	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC1A3 solute carrier family 1 member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.44	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SOX6 SRY-box transcription factor 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.43	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SETD4 SET domain containing 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LGR4 leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CTSK cathepsin K	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
JAG1 jagged canonical Notch ligand 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EN1 engrailed homeobox 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.38	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
WNT11 Wnt family member 11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.37	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BMP4 bone morphogenetic protein 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CTNNB1 catenin beta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CCR1 C-C motif chemokine receptor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NCAM1 neural cell adhesion molecule 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.34	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SORT1 sortilin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.34	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FGFRL1 fibroblast growth factor receptor like 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.34	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IFITM5 interferon induced transmembrane protein 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.34	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC34A3 solute carrier family 34 member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.34	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
QTMAN queuosine-tRNA mannosyltransferase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.34	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GHR growth hormone receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.33	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDK9 cyclin dependent kinase 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.33	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MIR2861 microRNA 2861	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.33	Open Targets	Ensembl Open Targets
CRELD2 CRELD disulfide isomerase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.32	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COLEC10 collectin subfamily member 10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.32	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GUCY1A1 guanylate cyclase 1 soluble subunit alpha 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.32	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GUCY1A2 guanylate cyclase 1 soluble subunit alpha 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.32	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GUCY1B1 guanylate cyclase 1 soluble subunit beta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.32	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HOXC6 homeobox C6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.32	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TMEM135 transmembrane protein 135	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.31	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RHPN2 rhophilin Rho GTPase binding protein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.31	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
UGT8 UDP glycosyltransferase 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.30	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CASR calcium sensing receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.30	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP2B1 ATPase plasma membrane Ca2+ transporting 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.30	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDZRN4 PDZ domain containing ring finger 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.30	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CCR3 C-C motif chemokine receptor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.29	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NFATC1 nuclear factor of activated T cells 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.29	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GALNT3 polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.29	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ALDH7A1 aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.29	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GLDN gliomedin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CFAP97D1 CFAP97 domain containing 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CBR1 carbonyl reductase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SOX4 SRY-box transcription factor 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EYA4 EYA transcriptional coactivator and phosphatase 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EML6 EMAP like 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DPP4 dipeptidyl peptidase 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
VTI1A vesicle transport through interaction with t-SNAREs 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SEM1 SEM1 26S proteasome subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
STK39 serine/threonine kinase 39	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SRC SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IDUA alpha-L-iduronidase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FMN2 formin 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OFD1 OFD1 centriole and centriolar satellite protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZBTB40 zinc finger and BTB domain containing 40	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RPS6KA5 ribosomal protein S6 kinase A5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HMGA2 high mobility group AT-hook 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.25	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TLE3 TLE family member 3, transcriptional corepressor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.24	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HDAC5 histone deacetylase 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.24	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDC5L cell division cycle 5 like	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.23	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KREMEN1 kringle containing transmembrane protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.23	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
WNT4 Wnt family member 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.23	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MBL2 mannose binding lectin 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.22	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AXIN1 axin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.22	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DKK1 dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.22	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC25A13 solute carrier family 25 member 13	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.21	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DDN dendrin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.21	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
STX19 syntaxin 19	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.20	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FOXC2 forkhead box C2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.20	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MEPE matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.19	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
P4HA2 prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.18	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PPP6R3 protein phosphatase 6 regulatory subunit 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.18	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
STARD3NL STARD3 N-terminal like	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.18	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PLET1 placenta expressed transcript 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.18	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FOXL1 forkhead box L1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.18	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Osteoporosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	HPO annotation	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Assessment of school absenteeism	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Berg balance scale (BBS)	Trial outcome measure	Clinical scale	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Bone mineral density	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change in Lumbar Spine Areal Bone Mineral Density (BMD)	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change in body composition	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Kyphosis angle	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Pain	Trial outcome measure	Clinical scale	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Percent change in BMD, as measured by DXA, at the lumbar spine (L1-L4) and total hip, trochanter and femoral neck	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Photographic measurements	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Rate of participants with Change of Height	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Rate of participants with Change of Weight	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Spinal curvatures	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
The change in the mean Bone Mineral Density of the two randomized groups	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
The presence or not of cerebral vasculopathy	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
The presence or not of impaired cardiac function and / or cardiac anatomy related to sickle cell disease	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Value change of F-S-C hemoglobin	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Value change of serum 25-OH vitamin D	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Value change of serum C Reactive Protein value	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Value change of serum Lactate DeHydrogenase value	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Value change of serum folate	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Value change of serum iron and ferritin	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

From opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease — Herbal and nutraceutical interventions for osteoporosis: a review of effects on bone mineral density. Candidates for further study, not approved treatments.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
CHEMBL1042	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1116	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1200539	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1200980	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1201649	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1237023	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL135	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1364	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1622	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1654	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2107874	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2110563	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL3301581	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL3989569	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL4303669	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL525610	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL675	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIROLIMUS	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT07191353 — Resistance Training and Rapamycin to Enhance Bone Formation in Postmenopausal Women (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT06065852 — National Registry of Rare Kidney Diseases (RECRUITING) Published literature Clinical trial publication Use of alendronate sodium (Fosamax) to ameliorate osteoporosis in renal transplant patients: a case-control study (PloS one, 2012) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACEBUTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACEBUTOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AFLIBERCEPT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARBUTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETHANIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BISOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRETYLIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELIPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOBUTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DULOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ESMOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLECAINIDE ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FOSLEVODOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LABETALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDIOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LANDIOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBUNOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LEVOBUNOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METIPRANOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METIPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRABEGRON Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXPRENOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENBUTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRACTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRONETALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPAFENONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RACEPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RANIBIZUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SALMETEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUFENTANIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERBUTALINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CHEMBL1007	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL103	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1200496	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1200675	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1444	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1536	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1550	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1601669	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2103774	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2106119	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2106615	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2108078	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL259223	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL319144	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL328190	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL3545415	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL3989767	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL4297608	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL449317	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL46740	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL481611	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL717	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL730	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL81	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL846	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL870	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL923	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL997	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOPIDOGREL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TICAGRELOR	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK Very low cost · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1198855	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1200934	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1201359	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1201549	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1742993	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2105731	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2108465	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2109070	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL226267	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL242341	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL371064	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL44	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL605525	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL691	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL8145	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CHEMBL:CHEMBL401844 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FD6 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	—	DGIdb	—
NKY80 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1201718	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL157101	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL297453	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL3989857	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL4639024	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL5095382	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL834	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLIXIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
Calcium + Vitamin D OSMF review	Supplement	Preclinical	Emerging	30	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 17 Cochrane 14 Meta-analysis 49 Trial pubs 37 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05060406 — A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of LY06006 in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis at High Risk for Fracture (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT00321932 — Zoledronic Acid in Preventing Osteoporosis in Patients Undergoing Donor Stem Cell Transplant (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00824993 — Prevention of Osteoporosis in Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00887354 — A Study That Will Compare the Effect of Two Drugs on Participants With Low Bone Mass and a Recent Hip Fracture (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02629341 — Functional Yogurt Powder Effect on Bone Health Biomarkers (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01857154 — A Study of Changes in Bone Mineral Density as a Function of Consuming Two Different Forms of Calcium Carbonate (UNKNOWN) NA NCT00271713 — Impact of Oral Ibandronate 150 mg Monthly on Structural Properties of Bone in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis (SPIMOS-3D) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00054418 — Risedronate in Preventing Bone Loss in Premenopausal Women Receiving Chemotherapy for Primary Breast Cancer (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Effects of Combined Exercise and Calcium/Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Nutrients, 2025) Cochrane review Risk factors for osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a meta-analysis (Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 2026) Cochrane review Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2024) Cochrane review Risedronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2022) Cochrane review Impact of magnesium on bone health in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Bone, 2022) Meta-analysis Clinical presentation, risk factors and management of pregnancy-associated osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 2025) Meta-analysis Anti-osteoporotic drug efficacy for periprosthetic bone loss after total hip arthroplasty: A systematic review and network meta-analysis (Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association, 2025) Meta-analysis Comparative Effectiveness of Therapeutic Interventions in Pregnancy and Lactation-Associated Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2024) Clinical trial publication One versus 2 years of alendronate following denosumab: the CARD extension (Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 2024) Clinical trial publication A Dairy Product to Reconstitute Enriched with Bioactive Nutrients Stops Bone Loss in High-Risk Menopausal Women without Pharmacological Treatment (Nutrients, 2020) Clinical trial publication Bone mineral density and osteoporosis in heart transplanted patients: A single-center retrospective study at Skåne University Hospital in Lund 1988-2016 (Clinical transplantation, 2019) Clinical trial publication Effects of Daily Intake of Calcium and Vitamin D-Enriched Milk in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Nutritional Study (Journal of women's health (2002), 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Cornus mas (Cornelian cherry) OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Genistein (Soy isoflavone) OSMF review	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	30	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	5 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00661856 — Effect of Soy Isoflavones on Bone Mineral Density and Physical Performance Indices (COMPLETED) NA NCT00000613 — CVD Risk and Health in Postmenopausal Phytoestrogen Users (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00698984 — Investigation of the Effect of BONISTEIN(R) Bone Blend on Bone Mineral Density/Content and Biomarkers of Bone Health (COMPLETED) NA NCT00244907 — Isoflavones for Promoting Calcium Absorption and Preventing Bone Loss in Post Menopausal Women (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01463436 — The Effect of Soy Isoflavone Supplementation on Endothelial Function (COMPLETED) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Magnesium OSMF review	Supplement	Preclinical	Emerging	30	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 4 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 24 Trial pubs 18 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02629341 — Functional Yogurt Powder Effect on Bone Health Biomarkers (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01971411 — Vitamin D Deficiency in Elderly African American Women in Central Texas (COMPLETED) NCT01881204 — Hesperidin and Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) NA NCT06135831 — Effect of Consumption of Supplements and Enriched Olive Paste on Bone Metabolism Indices (COMPLETED) NA NCT05025917 — Assessing the Effect of Shatavari Supplementation on Bone and Skeletal Muscle Health in Healthy Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) NA NCT03812380 — Averting Complications of Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy by Effervescent Calcium Magnesium Citrate (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT00346658 — Magnesium Supplementation to Prevent Bone Loss (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01131884 — Pilot Study of Fosamax in Spinal Cord Injury (TERMINATED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Impact of magnesium on bone health in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Bone, 2022) Cochrane review Use of ossein-hydroxyapatite complex in the prevention of bone loss: a review (Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society, 2015) Cochrane review A review of select vitamins and minerals used by postmenopausal women (Maturitas, 2010) Cochrane review Natural health products in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: systematic review of randomized controlled trials (The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2006) Meta-analysis Genetically Predicted Milk Intake Increased Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density in Women But Not in Men (Frontiers in endocrinology, 2022) Meta-analysis Association between serum level of magnesium and postmenopausal osteoporosis: a meta-analysis (Biological trace element research, 2014) Systematic review Proton pump inhibitors, bone and phosphocalcic metabolism (Joint bone spine, 2024) Clinical trial publication Quantitative sensory testing of pain in osteoporosis: a pilot randomized clinical trial with magnesium supplementation (Aging clinical and experimental research, 2026) Clinical trial publication Effect of vitamin K2 and vitamin D3 on bone mineral density in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a prospective cohort study (Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM, 2021) Clinical trial publication A Dairy Product to Reconstitute Enriched with Bioactive Nutrients Stops Bone Loss in High-Risk Menopausal Women without Pharmacological Treatment (Nutrients, 2020) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of a fixed-dose combination of nimesulide/pantoprazole compared to naproxen/esomeprazole for pain relief in patients with osteoarticular diseases and dyspeptic symptoms (Drug design, development and therapy, 2018) Clinical trial publication Combined bioavailable isoflavones and probiotics improve bone status and estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal osteopenic women: a randomized controlled trial (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Rehmannia glutinosa OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	15 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Rhizoma drynariae (Gu Sui Bu) OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Selenium OSMF review	Supplement	Preclinical	Emerging	30	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials 2 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT02832648 — Selenium for Musculoskeletal Health (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Selenium and bone health: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis (BMJ open, 2020) Cochrane review A review of select vitamins and minerals used by postmenopausal women (Maturitas, 2010) Meta-analysis Causal Effect of Selenium Levels on Osteoporosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study (Nutrients, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Vitamin C OSMF review	Supplement	Preclinical	Emerging	30	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 4 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02629341 — Functional Yogurt Powder Effect on Bone Health Biomarkers (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01881204 — Hesperidin and Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) NA NCT00322166 — The FREEDOM Study: a Randomised Controlled Trial of Sunlight and Calcium in Older People (COMPLETED) NA NCT05421819 — Design and Development of a Novel Food Supplement for Osteoporosis Based on Gut Microbiome Mechanisms (COMPLETED) NA NCT06135831 — Effect of Consumption of Supplements and Enriched Olive Paste on Bone Metabolism Indices (COMPLETED) NA NCT04931602 — Determining Feasibility of a Model of Care for Secondary Fracture Prevention (UNKNOWN) NCT06372158 — Effects of Liposomal Encapsulation on Calcium Powder Absorption and Metabolism (UNKNOWN) NA NCT02247011 — A 5-Year Follow-up Study Investigating Factors Associated With Osteoporotic Fracture in Chinese Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review A review of select vitamins and minerals used by postmenopausal women (Maturitas, 2010) Meta-analysis Vitamin C intake in relation to bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture and osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (The British journal of nutrition, 2018) Systematic review The Determinants of Bone Health in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Narrative Review (Journal of paediatrics and child health, 2025) Systematic review Role of Vitamin C in Osteoporosis Development and Treatment-A Literature Review (Nutrients, 2020) Clinical trial publication A Dairy Product to Reconstitute Enriched with Bioactive Nutrients Stops Bone Loss in High-Risk Menopausal Women without Pharmacological Treatment (Nutrients, 2020) Clinical trial publication Exploiting the antioxidant potential of a common vitamin: could vitamin C prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis? (The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research, 2012) Clinical trial publication The effect of fluvastatin on parameters of bone remodeling (Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 2001) Clinical trial publication The relation of dietary vitamin C intake to bone mineral density: results from the PEPI study (Calcified tissue international, 1998) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
CHEMBL1200668	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL24	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL27	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL434394	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
CHEMBL1042	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1116	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1200539	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1200980	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1201649	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1237023	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL135	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1364	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1622	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1654	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2107874	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2110563	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL3301581	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL3989569	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL4303669	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL525610	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL675	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1007	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL103	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1200496	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1200675	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1444	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1536	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1550	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1601669	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2103774	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2106119	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2106615	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2108078	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL259223	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL319144	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL328190	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL3545415	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL3989767	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL4297608	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL449317	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL46740	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL481611	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL717	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL730	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL81	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL846	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL870	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL923	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL997	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOPIDOGREL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TICAGRELOR	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK Very low cost · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1198855	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1200934	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1201359	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1201549	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1742993	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2105731	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2108465	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2109070	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL226267	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL242341	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL371064	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL44	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL605525	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL691	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL8145	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIROLIMUS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT07191353 — Resistance Training and Rapamycin to Enhance Bone Formation in Postmenopausal Women (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT06065852 — National Registry of Rare Kidney Diseases (RECRUITING) Published literature Clinical trial publication Use of alendronate sodium (Fosamax) to ameliorate osteoporosis in renal transplant patients: a case-control study (PloS one, 2012) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1201718	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL157101	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL297453	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL3989857	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL4639024	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL5095382	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL834	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLIXIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1200668	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL24	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL27	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL434394	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACEBUTOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACEBUTOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AFLIBERCEPT Repurposing via ANO2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARBUTAMINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETHANIDINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BISOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRETYLIUM Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELIPROLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOBUTAMINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DULOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ANO2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ESMOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOTEROL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLECAINIDE ACETATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FOSLEVODOPA Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LABETALOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDIOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LANDIOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBUNOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LEVOBUNOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAFENIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METIPRANOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
METIPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRABEGRON Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXPRENOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
OXPRENOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENBUTOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRACTOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRONETALOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPAFENONE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RACEPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RANIBIZUMAB Repurposing via ANO2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing via AGAP1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SALMETEROL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT07191353 — Resistance Training and Rapamycin to Enhance Bone Formation in Postmenopausal Women (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT06065852 — National Registry of Rare Kidney Diseases (RECRUITING) Published literature Clinical trial publication Use of alendronate sodium (Fosamax) to ameliorate osteoporosis in renal transplant patients: a case-control study (PloS one, 2012) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOTALOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUFENTANIL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERBUTALINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL MALEATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIPRASIDONE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT Repurposing via ATP2B1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CHEMBL:CHEMBL401844 Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FD6 Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	—	DGIdb	—
NKY80 Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Calcium + Vitamin D OSMF review	Supplement	Preclinical	Emerging	30	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 17 Cochrane 14 Meta-analysis 49 Trial pubs 37 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05060406 — A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of LY06006 in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis at High Risk for Fracture (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT00321932 — Zoledronic Acid in Preventing Osteoporosis in Patients Undergoing Donor Stem Cell Transplant (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00824993 — Prevention of Osteoporosis in Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00887354 — A Study That Will Compare the Effect of Two Drugs on Participants With Low Bone Mass and a Recent Hip Fracture (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02629341 — Functional Yogurt Powder Effect on Bone Health Biomarkers (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01857154 — A Study of Changes in Bone Mineral Density as a Function of Consuming Two Different Forms of Calcium Carbonate (UNKNOWN) NA NCT00271713 — Impact of Oral Ibandronate 150 mg Monthly on Structural Properties of Bone in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis (SPIMOS-3D) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00054418 — Risedronate in Preventing Bone Loss in Premenopausal Women Receiving Chemotherapy for Primary Breast Cancer (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Effects of Combined Exercise and Calcium/Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Nutrients, 2025) Cochrane review Risk factors for osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a meta-analysis (Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 2026) Cochrane review Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2024) Cochrane review Risedronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2022) Cochrane review Impact of magnesium on bone health in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Bone, 2022) Meta-analysis Clinical presentation, risk factors and management of pregnancy-associated osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 2025) Meta-analysis Anti-osteoporotic drug efficacy for periprosthetic bone loss after total hip arthroplasty: A systematic review and network meta-analysis (Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association, 2025) Meta-analysis Comparative Effectiveness of Therapeutic Interventions in Pregnancy and Lactation-Associated Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2024) Clinical trial publication One versus 2 years of alendronate following denosumab: the CARD extension (Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 2024) Clinical trial publication A Dairy Product to Reconstitute Enriched with Bioactive Nutrients Stops Bone Loss in High-Risk Menopausal Women without Pharmacological Treatment (Nutrients, 2020) Clinical trial publication Bone mineral density and osteoporosis in heart transplanted patients: A single-center retrospective study at Skåne University Hospital in Lund 1988-2016 (Clinical transplantation, 2019) Clinical trial publication Effects of Daily Intake of Calcium and Vitamin D-Enriched Milk in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Nutritional Study (Journal of women's health (2002), 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Cornus mas (Cornelian cherry) OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Genistein (Soy isoflavone) OSMF review	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	30	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	5 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00661856 — Effect of Soy Isoflavones on Bone Mineral Density and Physical Performance Indices (COMPLETED) NA NCT00000613 — CVD Risk and Health in Postmenopausal Phytoestrogen Users (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00698984 — Investigation of the Effect of BONISTEIN(R) Bone Blend on Bone Mineral Density/Content and Biomarkers of Bone Health (COMPLETED) NA NCT00244907 — Isoflavones for Promoting Calcium Absorption and Preventing Bone Loss in Post Menopausal Women (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01463436 — The Effect of Soy Isoflavone Supplementation on Endothelial Function (COMPLETED) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Magnesium OSMF review	Supplement	Preclinical	Emerging	30	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 4 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 24 Trial pubs 18 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02629341 — Functional Yogurt Powder Effect on Bone Health Biomarkers (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01971411 — Vitamin D Deficiency in Elderly African American Women in Central Texas (COMPLETED) NCT01881204 — Hesperidin and Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) NA NCT06135831 — Effect of Consumption of Supplements and Enriched Olive Paste on Bone Metabolism Indices (COMPLETED) NA NCT05025917 — Assessing the Effect of Shatavari Supplementation on Bone and Skeletal Muscle Health in Healthy Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) NA NCT03812380 — Averting Complications of Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy by Effervescent Calcium Magnesium Citrate (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT00346658 — Magnesium Supplementation to Prevent Bone Loss (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01131884 — Pilot Study of Fosamax in Spinal Cord Injury (TERMINATED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Impact of magnesium on bone health in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Bone, 2022) Cochrane review Use of ossein-hydroxyapatite complex in the prevention of bone loss: a review (Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society, 2015) Cochrane review A review of select vitamins and minerals used by postmenopausal women (Maturitas, 2010) Cochrane review Natural health products in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: systematic review of randomized controlled trials (The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2006) Meta-analysis Genetically Predicted Milk Intake Increased Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density in Women But Not in Men (Frontiers in endocrinology, 2022) Meta-analysis Association between serum level of magnesium and postmenopausal osteoporosis: a meta-analysis (Biological trace element research, 2014) Systematic review Proton pump inhibitors, bone and phosphocalcic metabolism (Joint bone spine, 2024) Clinical trial publication Quantitative sensory testing of pain in osteoporosis: a pilot randomized clinical trial with magnesium supplementation (Aging clinical and experimental research, 2026) Clinical trial publication Effect of vitamin K2 and vitamin D3 on bone mineral density in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a prospective cohort study (Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM, 2021) Clinical trial publication A Dairy Product to Reconstitute Enriched with Bioactive Nutrients Stops Bone Loss in High-Risk Menopausal Women without Pharmacological Treatment (Nutrients, 2020) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of a fixed-dose combination of nimesulide/pantoprazole compared to naproxen/esomeprazole for pain relief in patients with osteoarticular diseases and dyspeptic symptoms (Drug design, development and therapy, 2018) Clinical trial publication Combined bioavailable isoflavones and probiotics improve bone status and estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal osteopenic women: a randomized controlled trial (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Rehmannia glutinosa OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	15 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Rhizoma drynariae (Gu Sui Bu) OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Selenium OSMF review	Supplement	Preclinical	Emerging	30	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 2 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT02832648 — Selenium for Musculoskeletal Health (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Selenium and bone health: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis (BMJ open, 2020) Cochrane review A review of select vitamins and minerals used by postmenopausal women (Maturitas, 2010) Meta-analysis Causal Effect of Selenium Levels on Osteoporosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study (Nutrients, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Vitamin C OSMF review	Supplement	Preclinical	Emerging	30	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 4 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02629341 — Functional Yogurt Powder Effect on Bone Health Biomarkers (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01881204 — Hesperidin and Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) NA NCT00322166 — The FREEDOM Study: a Randomised Controlled Trial of Sunlight and Calcium in Older People (COMPLETED) NA NCT05421819 — Design and Development of a Novel Food Supplement for Osteoporosis Based on Gut Microbiome Mechanisms (COMPLETED) NA NCT06135831 — Effect of Consumption of Supplements and Enriched Olive Paste on Bone Metabolism Indices (COMPLETED) NA NCT04931602 — Determining Feasibility of a Model of Care for Secondary Fracture Prevention (UNKNOWN) NCT06372158 — Effects of Liposomal Encapsulation on Calcium Powder Absorption and Metabolism (UNKNOWN) NA NCT02247011 — A 5-Year Follow-up Study Investigating Factors Associated With Osteoporotic Fracture in Chinese Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review A review of select vitamins and minerals used by postmenopausal women (Maturitas, 2010) Meta-analysis Vitamin C intake in relation to bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture and osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (The British journal of nutrition, 2018) Systematic review The Determinants of Bone Health in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Narrative Review (Journal of paediatrics and child health, 2025) Systematic review Role of Vitamin C in Osteoporosis Development and Treatment-A Literature Review (Nutrients, 2020) Clinical trial publication A Dairy Product to Reconstitute Enriched with Bioactive Nutrients Stops Bone Loss in High-Risk Menopausal Women without Pharmacological Treatment (Nutrients, 2020) Clinical trial publication Exploiting the antioxidant potential of a common vitamin: could vitamin C prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis? (The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research, 2012) Clinical trial publication The effect of fluvastatin on parameters of bone remodeling (Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 2001) Clinical trial publication The relation of dietary vitamin C intake to bone mineral density: results from the PEPI study (Calcified tissue international, 1998) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation

Natural Products

100 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Vitamin D3 Natural product Human Study Children and adolescents with severe mental illness need vitamin D supp… Meta Analysis Efficacy of vitamin K2 in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausa… Meta Analysis Greater dietary vitamin C intake was associated with a lower risk of hi…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	20	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 120 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05630768 — Efficacy and Safety of Actonel® After Denosumab Discontinuation in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Women (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03910348 — Effects of Whole-Body Vibration and High Impact Exercises in Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) NA NCT01731340 — A Study on the Impact of Calcium on Woman's Vascular Health (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04169698 — Alendronate Versus Denosumab in Kidney Transplant Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01394484 — Dairy Foods Compared to Dietary Supplements and Bone Health (COMPLETED) NA NCT01806792 — Post-menopausal Women Osteoporosis(Phase III) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00074711 — Adding Phosphorus to Osteoporosis Drug Treatment (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01437111 — Study of MK-217A/Alendronate Sodium 70-mg/Vitamin D3 5600 IU Combination Tablet (MK-0217A-329) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin K Natural product Meta Analysis Efficacy of vitamin K2 in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausa… Meta Analysis High-dose vitamin K supplementation reduces fracture incidence in postm… Meta Analysis Greater dietary vitamin C intake was associated with a lower risk of hi…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	20	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 33 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00062595 — Vitamin K and Bone Turnover in Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT06867952 — A Pilot Study of Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone-7, Soloways ™) in Patients With Osteopenia/Osteoporosis Carrying a VDR Gene Variant (RECRUITING) NA NCT01870115 — Melatonin-Micronutrients for Osteopenia Treatment Study (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01232647 — Vitamin K as Additive Treatment in Osteoporosis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT07256769 — Vitamin k, D-chiro Inositol and α-lactalbumin in Bone Homeostasis (RECRUITING) NCT01910142 — Effect of Nutrition on Bone Metabolism as Assessed by 41Ca (COMPLETED) NA NCT00548509 — The Effect of Vitamin K2 on Bone Turnover (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00150969 — Vitamin K Supplementation in Post-Menopausal Osteopenia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin D3 Natural product Meta Analysis Efficacy of vitamin K2 in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausa… Meta Analysis Greater dietary vitamin C intake was associated with a lower risk of hi… Meta Analysis High-dose vitamin K supplementation reduces fracture incidence in postm…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 120 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05630768 — Efficacy and Safety of Actonel® After Denosumab Discontinuation in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Women (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03910348 — Effects of Whole-Body Vibration and High Impact Exercises in Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) NA NCT01731340 — A Study on the Impact of Calcium on Woman's Vascular Health (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04169698 — Alendronate Versus Denosumab in Kidney Transplant Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01394484 — Dairy Foods Compared to Dietary Supplements and Bone Health (COMPLETED) NA NCT01806792 — Post-menopausal Women Osteoporosis(Phase III) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00074711 — Adding Phosphorus to Osteoporosis Drug Treatment (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01437111 — Study of MK-217A/Alendronate Sodium 70-mg/Vitamin D3 5600 IU Combination Tablet (MK-0217A-329) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin K Natural product Meta Analysis High-dose vitamin K supplementation reduces fracture incidence in postm… Meta Analysis Efficacy of vitamin K2 in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausa… Meta Analysis Greater dietary vitamin C intake was associated with a lower risk of hi…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 33 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00062595 — Vitamin K and Bone Turnover in Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT06867952 — A Pilot Study of Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone-7, Soloways ™) in Patients With Osteopenia/Osteoporosis Carrying a VDR Gene Variant (RECRUITING) NA NCT01870115 — Melatonin-Micronutrients for Osteopenia Treatment Study (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01232647 — Vitamin K as Additive Treatment in Osteoporosis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT07256769 — Vitamin k, D-chiro Inositol and α-lactalbumin in Bone Homeostasis (RECRUITING) NCT01910142 — Effect of Nutrition on Bone Metabolism as Assessed by 41Ca (COMPLETED) NA NCT00548509 — The Effect of Vitamin K2 on Bone Turnover (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00150969 — Vitamin K Supplementation in Post-Menopausal Osteopenia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Calcium Natural product Meta-analysis The effect of pulse steroid therapy on bone density and turnover: A sys… Meta-analysis Efficacy of Rhizoma Drynariae (Drynaria roosii Nakaike) extracts in tre… Clinical trial publication Preliminary Evaluation of a Large Language Model-Powered Chatbot for Os…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 117 Cochrane 136 Meta-analysis 1352 Trial pubs 1053 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05630768 — Efficacy and Safety of Actonel® After Denosumab Discontinuation in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Women (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03420716 — Symbiotic Yogurt, Calcium Absorption and Bone Health in Young Adult Women (COMPLETED) NA NCT03910348 — Effects of Whole-Body Vibration and High Impact Exercises in Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) NA NCT04815824 — Exercise Mode and Acute Bone Resorption (COMPLETED) NA NCT01731340 — A Study on the Impact of Calcium on Woman's Vascular Health (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00000426 — Treatment of Calcium Deficiency in Young Women (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT04169698 — Alendronate Versus Denosumab in Kidney Transplant Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01394484 — Dairy Foods Compared to Dietary Supplements and Bone Health (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Meta-analysis The effect of pulse steroid therapy on bone density and turnover: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 2026) Meta-analysis Efficacy of Rhizoma Drynariae (Drynaria roosii Nakaike) extracts in treating osteoporosis in rat models: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Preliminary Evaluation of a Large Language Model-Powered Chatbot for Osteoporosis Self-Management Education: Formative Randomized Controlled Trial (JMIR formative research, 2026) Clinical trial publication Effects of a 1-year calcium-enriched permeate supplement on bone health in postmenopausal females: The RENEW randomized controlled intervention trial (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2026) Clinical trial publication Effects of a digital voice assistant-delivered osteoporosis self-management program on diet in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: A secondary analysis of a 12-month feasibility randomised controlled trial (Maturitas, 2026) Clinical trial publication Interim Effects of Zoledronate, Denosumab, or Teriparatide on Bone Microarchitecture in Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Trial (The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2026) Clinical trial publication Timing optimization of teriparatide dosing for postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial (Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Zinc Natural product Treatment for osteoporosis in people with beta-thalassaemia Nutraceuticals and their role in promoting musculo-skeletal healthy agi… Genetically Predicted Milk Intake Increased Femoral Neck Bone Mineral D…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	19	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 trials 4 Cochrane 15 Trial pubs 10 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01892098 — Zinc and Bone Turnover Study in Adolescent Females (COMPLETED) NA NCT01881204 — Hesperidin and Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) NA NCT02629341 — Functional Yogurt Powder Effect on Bone Health Biomarkers (COMPLETED) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Multivitamin Natural product Meta-analysis Multivitamins and risk of fragility hip fracture: a systematic review a… Clinical trial publication Effect of vitamin K supplementation on bone loss in elderly men and wom… Clinical trial publication Two-year changes in mandibular bone mass in an osteoporotic population	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 trials 1 Meta-analysis 3 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT00903344 — Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Lactation Associated Bone Loss (COMPLETED) NA NCT00683163 — PTH & Ibandronate Combination Study (PICS) (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00824993 — Prevention of Osteoporosis in Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Meta-analysis Multivitamins and risk of fragility hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Archives of osteoporosis, 2021) Clinical trial publication Effect of vitamin K supplementation on bone loss in elderly men and women (The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2008) Clinical trial publication Two-year changes in mandibular bone mass in an osteoporotic population (The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, 1992) Clinical trial publication Growth and mineral metabolism in very low birth weight infants. II. Effects of calcium supplementation on growth and divalent cations (Pediatric research, 1975) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Resveratrol Natural product Cochrane review The effects of resveratrol in animal models of primary osteoporosis: a… Cochrane review Protective effect and possible mechanisms of resveratrol in animal mode… Cochrane review Effects of Resveratrol, Curcumin and Quercetin Supplementation on Bone…	Food compound	Phase I	Emerging	13	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 3 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT01412645 — Long-term Investigation of Resveratrol in Obesity (COMPLETED) NA NCT01464801 — Resveratrol in Patients With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review The effects of resveratrol in animal models of primary osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2024) Cochrane review Protective effect and possible mechanisms of resveratrol in animal models of osteoporosis: A preclinical systematic review and meta-analysis (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2023) Cochrane review Effects of Resveratrol, Curcumin and Quercetin Supplementation on Bone Metabolism-A Systematic Review (Nutrients, 2022) Systematic review A Systematic Review on the Molecular Mechanisms of Resveratrol in Protecting Against Osteoporosis (International journal of molecular sciences, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Horny Goat Weed Natural product Meta-analysis The antiosteoporosis effect of icariin in ovariectomized rats: a system… Human Study Clinical efficacy instant goat milk in the complex therapy and preventi…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Meta-analysis View evidence Published literature Meta-analysis The antiosteoporosis effect of icariin in ovariectomized rats: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France), 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Soy Protein Natural product Cochrane review Isoflavones: effects on bone health Systematic review Animal versus plant protein and adult bone health: A systematic review… Randomized controlled trial Soymilk or progesterone for prevention of bone loss--a 2 year randomize…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Cochrane 11 Trial pubs 10 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00665860 — Safety and Effectiveness of Soy Phytoestrogens to Prevent Bone Loss (COMPLETED) NA NCT00043745 — Bone Response to Soy Isoflavones in Women (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00668447 — Soy and Isoflavones Effect on Bone (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01463436 — The Effect of Soy Isoflavone Supplementation on Endothelial Function (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00244478 — Soy, Bone and Health in College Females (COMPLETED) NA NCT00661856 — Effect of Soy Isoflavones on Bone Mineral Density and Physical Performance Indices (COMPLETED) NA NCT01900548 — Effect of Intake of Whey Protein in Elderly Osteopenic Patients. Implications for Metabolism and Physical Function. (COMPLETED) NA NCT00244907 — Isoflavones for Promoting Calcium Absorption and Preventing Bone Loss in Post Menopausal Women (COMPLETED) PHASE1 Published literature Cochrane review Isoflavones: effects on bone health (Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society, 2011) Systematic review Animal versus plant protein and adult bone health: A systematic review and meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation (PloS one, 2018) Randomized controlled trial Soymilk or progesterone for prevention of bone loss--a 2 year randomized, placebo-controlled trial (European journal of nutrition, 2004) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Vitamin C Natural product Cochrane review A review of select vitamins and minerals used by postmenopausal women Meta-analysis Vitamin C intake in relation to bone mineral density and risk of hip fr… Clinical trial publication A Dairy Product to Reconstitute Enriched with Bioactive Nutrients Stops…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 4 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02247011 — A 5-Year Follow-up Study Investigating Factors Associated With Osteoporotic Fracture in Chinese Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) NA NCT03408119 — Dried Plums Prevent Inflammation And Improve Bone Health in Osteopenic Men (COMPLETED) NA NCT00322166 — The FREEDOM Study: a Randomised Controlled Trial of Sunlight and Calcium in Older People (COMPLETED) NA NCT06372158 — Effects of Liposomal Encapsulation on Calcium Powder Absorption and Metabolism (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03331536 — Skeletal Health in Bariatric Surgery Patients (COMPLETED) NCT06900387 — Effect of Oral Vitamin D3 and Calcium Supplementation on Muscle and Bone Health Among Rural Post-menopausal Women (COMPLETED) NA NCT06135831 — Effect of Consumption of Supplements and Enriched Olive Paste on Bone Metabolism Indices (COMPLETED) NA NCT02534064 — Effect of Consumption of Yogurt Fortified in Calcium and Vit. D on Circulating Levels of 25OHD in Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review A review of select vitamins and minerals used by postmenopausal women (Maturitas, 2010) Meta-analysis Vitamin C intake in relation to bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture and osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (The British journal of nutrition, 2018) Clinical trial publication A Dairy Product to Reconstitute Enriched with Bioactive Nutrients Stops Bone Loss in High-Risk Menopausal Women without Pharmacological Treatment (Nutrients, 2020) Clinical trial publication Exploiting the antioxidant potential of a common vitamin: could vitamin C prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis? (The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research, 2012) Clinical trial publication The effect of fluvastatin on parameters of bone remodeling (Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 2001) Clinical trial publication The relation of dietary vitamin C intake to bone mineral density: results from the PEPI study (Calcified tissue international, 1998) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Magnesium Natural product Cochrane review Impact of magnesium on bone health in older adults: A systematic review… Cochrane review Use of ossein-hydroxyapatite complex in the prevention of bone loss: a… Cochrane review A review of select vitamins and minerals used by postmenopausal women	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 4 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 24 Trial pubs 18 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01131884 — Pilot Study of Fosamax in Spinal Cord Injury (TERMINATED) NA NCT05998863 — EffCaMgCit to Prevent Mineral Metabolism and Renal Complications of Chronic PPI Therapy (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT05348694 — OsteoPreP: Food Supplements for Postmenopausal Bone Health (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01971411 — Vitamin D Deficiency in Elderly African American Women in Central Texas (COMPLETED) NCT06851676 — Functional and Metabolic Effects of Fonte Fausta® Water on Bone and Muscle Health in Osteoporotic Patients (RECRUITING) NA NCT03930992 — Efficacy of Zoledronic Acid + Colaren vs Zoledronic Acid + Conventional Treatment for Osteoporosis in HIV+ and HIV- Men (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00346658 — Magnesium Supplementation to Prevent Bone Loss (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT03812380 — Averting Complications of Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy by Effervescent Calcium Magnesium Citrate (TERMINATED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Impact of magnesium on bone health in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Bone, 2022) Cochrane review Use of ossein-hydroxyapatite complex in the prevention of bone loss: a review (Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society, 2015) Cochrane review A review of select vitamins and minerals used by postmenopausal women (Maturitas, 2010) Cochrane review Natural health products in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: systematic review of randomized controlled trials (The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2006) Meta-analysis Genetically Predicted Milk Intake Increased Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density in Women But Not in Men (Frontiers in endocrinology, 2022) Meta-analysis Association between serum level of magnesium and postmenopausal osteoporosis: a meta-analysis (Biological trace element research, 2014) Systematic review Proton pump inhibitors, bone and phosphocalcic metabolism (Joint bone spine, 2024) Clinical trial publication Quantitative sensory testing of pain in osteoporosis: a pilot randomized clinical trial with magnesium supplementation (Aging clinical and experimental research, 2026) Clinical trial publication Effect of vitamin K2 and vitamin D3 on bone mineral density in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a prospective cohort study (Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM, 2021) Clinical trial publication A Dairy Product to Reconstitute Enriched with Bioactive Nutrients Stops Bone Loss in High-Risk Menopausal Women without Pharmacological Treatment (Nutrients, 2020) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of a fixed-dose combination of nimesulide/pantoprazole compared to naproxen/esomeprazole for pain relief in patients with osteoarticular diseases and dyspeptic symptoms (Drug design, development and therapy, 2018) Clinical trial publication Combined bioavailable isoflavones and probiotics improve bone status and estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal osteopenic women: a randomized controlled trial (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Calcium Natural product Meta-analysis The effect of pulse steroid therapy on bone density and turnover: A sys… Meta-analysis Efficacy of Rhizoma Drynariae (Drynaria roosii Nakaike) extracts in tre… Clinical trial publication Preliminary Evaluation of a Large Language Model-Powered Chatbot for Os…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 117 Cochrane 136 Meta-analysis 1352 Trial pubs 1053 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05630768 — Efficacy and Safety of Actonel® After Denosumab Discontinuation in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Women (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03420716 — Symbiotic Yogurt, Calcium Absorption and Bone Health in Young Adult Women (COMPLETED) NA NCT03910348 — Effects of Whole-Body Vibration and High Impact Exercises in Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) NA NCT04815824 — Exercise Mode and Acute Bone Resorption (COMPLETED) NA NCT01731340 — A Study on the Impact of Calcium on Woman's Vascular Health (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00000426 — Treatment of Calcium Deficiency in Young Women (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT04169698 — Alendronate Versus Denosumab in Kidney Transplant Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01394484 — Dairy Foods Compared to Dietary Supplements and Bone Health (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Meta-analysis The effect of pulse steroid therapy on bone density and turnover: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 2026) Meta-analysis Efficacy of Rhizoma Drynariae (Drynaria roosii Nakaike) extracts in treating osteoporosis in rat models: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Preliminary Evaluation of a Large Language Model-Powered Chatbot for Osteoporosis Self-Management Education: Formative Randomized Controlled Trial (JMIR formative research, 2026) Clinical trial publication Effects of a 1-year calcium-enriched permeate supplement on bone health in postmenopausal females: The RENEW randomized controlled intervention trial (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2026) Clinical trial publication Effects of a digital voice assistant-delivered osteoporosis self-management program on diet in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: A secondary analysis of a 12-month feasibility randomised controlled trial (Maturitas, 2026) Clinical trial publication Interim Effects of Zoledronate, Denosumab, or Teriparatide on Bone Microarchitecture in Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Trial (The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2026) Clinical trial publication Timing optimization of teriparatide dosing for postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial (Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Lycopene Natural product Human Study Carotenoids such as lycopene have a protective effect on bone health.	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Garlic Natural product Clinical trial publication The effect of garlic tablet on pro-inflammatory cytokines in postmenopa… Human Study In a healthy middle aged population with normal BMD, an increase in pla…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06135831 — Effect of Consumption of Supplements and Enriched Olive Paste on Bone Metabolism Indices (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication The effect of garlic tablet on pro-inflammatory cytokines in postmenopausal osteoporotic women: a randomized controlled clinical trial (Journal of dietary supplements, 2012) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Cochrane review Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on bone turnover markers in postmenopaus… Systematic review A systematic review of omega-3 fatty acids and osteoporosis Clinical trial publication Marine n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Bone Mineral Density in Kidn…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06287502 — Efficacy of Structured Exercise-Nutritional Intervention on Sarcopenia in Patients With Osteoporosis (COMPLETED) NA NCT00634686 — Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Bone and Frailty (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT02615301 — Dietary Intake of Salmon and Bone Health (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis (Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society, 2017) Systematic review A systematic review of omega-3 fatty acids and osteoporosis (The British journal of nutrition, 2012) Clinical trial publication Marine n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Bone Mineral Density in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial (Nutrients, 2021) Clinical trial publication Omega-3 fatty acid therapy reduces triglycerides and interleukin-6 in hypertriglyeridemic HIV patients (HIV medicine, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Vitamin E Natural product Cochrane review Effects of dietary supplements on bone turnover markers in women after… Cochrane review Dietary vitamin A, C, and E intake and subsequent fracture risk at vari… Cochrane review A review of select vitamins and minerals used by postmenopausal women	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 trials 3 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05927623 — Multifaceted Intervention Using Telehealth to Reduce the Risk of Falls and Fractures in Older Men (COMPLETED) NA NCT02058420 — Tocotrienols and Bone Health of Postmenopausal Women (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT02389179 — Determination of Vitamin D Dose to Maintain Sufficiency Amongst Indian and Malay Women in the Tropics (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Effects of dietary supplements on bone turnover markers in women after menopause: a network meta-analysis (PeerJ, 2025) Cochrane review Dietary vitamin A, C, and E intake and subsequent fracture risk at various sites: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies (Medicine, 2020) Cochrane review A review of select vitamins and minerals used by postmenopausal women (Maturitas, 2010) Systematic review Therapeutic effect of Vitamin E in preventing bone loss: An evidence-based review (International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Curcumin Natural product Cochrane review Effects of Resveratrol, Curcumin and Quercetin Supplementation on Bone… Clinical trial publication Combination therapy of curcumin and alendronate modulates bone turnover…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Cochrane 1 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Effects of Resveratrol, Curcumin and Quercetin Supplementation on Bone Metabolism-A Systematic Review (Nutrients, 2022) Clinical trial publication Combination therapy of curcumin and alendronate modulates bone turnover markers and enhances bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (Archives of endocrinology and metabolism, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Berberine Natural product Clinical trial publication Nutritional supplementation of hop rho iso-alpha acids, berberine, vita… Clinical trial publication Hop rho iso-alpha acids, berberine, vitamin D3 and vitamin K1 favorably…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Nutritional supplementation of hop rho iso-alpha acids, berberine, vitamin D₃, and vitamin K₁ produces a favorable bone biomarker profile supporting healthy bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome (Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.), 2011) Clinical trial publication Hop rho iso-alpha acids, berberine, vitamin D3 and vitamin K1 favorably impact biomarkers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women in a 14-week trial (Journal of bone and mineral metabolism, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Andrographis Natural product Andrographis paniculata ameliorates estrogen deficiency-related osteopo… Andrographolide modulates OPG/RANKL axis to promote osteoblastic differ… Andrographolide ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation and histolog…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Egcg Natural product Human Study Green and yellow vegetable consumption is effective for maintaining bon… Human Study Higher whole egg consumption is positively related to an increase in th…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Melatonin Natural product Meta Analysis, Review The present study demonstrated that n-3 PUFA supplementation might not… Meta Analysis High-dose vitamin K supplementation reduces fracture incidence in postm… Human Study Calcium supplementation (without vitamin D) is associated with increase…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Resveratrol Natural product Cochrane review The effects of resveratrol in animal models of primary osteoporosis: a… Cochrane review Protective effect and possible mechanisms of resveratrol in animal mode… Cochrane review Effects of Resveratrol, Curcumin and Quercetin Supplementation on Bone…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 3 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT01412645 — Long-term Investigation of Resveratrol in Obesity (COMPLETED) NA NCT01464801 — Resveratrol in Patients With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review The effects of resveratrol in animal models of primary osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2024) Cochrane review Protective effect and possible mechanisms of resveratrol in animal models of osteoporosis: A preclinical systematic review and meta-analysis (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2023) Cochrane review Effects of Resveratrol, Curcumin and Quercetin Supplementation on Bone Metabolism-A Systematic Review (Nutrients, 2022) Systematic review A Systematic Review on the Molecular Mechanisms of Resveratrol in Protecting Against Osteoporosis (International journal of molecular sciences, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Probiotics Natural product Human Study Combined bioavailable isoflavones and probiotics improve bone status an… Human Study Effect of fermented soymilk-honey from different probiotics on osteocal… Human Study Lactobacillus reuteri reduces bone loss in older women with low bone mi…	Probiotic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Astragalus Natural product Astragalus membranaceus Has Potential Anti-Aging and Anticancer Effects… Ameliorating effect of bovine bone collagen peptide/astragalus polysacc… Traditional Chinese medicine for HIV-related chronic comorbidities: evi…	TCM herb	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
(5R)-5-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Calcimycin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Alprenolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Betaxolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Carteolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Propranolol Natural product Pharmacogenetic and microRNA mechanisms of beta blocker use on bone Sympathetic β1-adrenergic signaling contributes to regulation of human… Effects of a beta-blocker on bone turnover in normal postmenopausal wom…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Manzamine a Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nifedipine Natural product [Stimulation mechanism of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation… Effect of salmon calcitonin combined with calcium antagonist on blood c… Association between clinical use of nifedipine and the risk of osteopor…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nimodipine Natural product Hepcidin increases intracellular Ca2+ of osteoblast hFOB1.19 through L-…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
1H-indol-3-ylmethyl(dimethyl)amine Natural product Human Study Proton pump inhibitors and histamine-2 receptor antagonists are associa…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Staurosporine Natural product Apoptotic metabolites ameliorate bone aging phenotypes via TCOF1/FLVCR1… Calcitonin potentiates oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced neuronal death Effect of vitamin K2 on osteoblast apoptosis: vitamin K2 inhibits apopt…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Ro-316233 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
(3S,8R,9S,10R,13S,14S)-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromone;7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromone;7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-chromone Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
(2S)-5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxymethyl]tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-chroman-4-one Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
(7-chloro-4-hydroxy-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ylidene)-methyl-amine Natural product Human Study Proton pump inhibitors and histamine-2 receptor antagonists are associa…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Manganese Natural product Natural health products in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis… [Vitrum osteomag in prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women:…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Flavonoids Natural product Human Study Hyperoside alleviates postmenopausal osteoporosis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Isoflavones Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Soy isoflavones prevent bone resorption and loss. Human Study Combined bioavailable isoflavones and probiotics improve bone status an… Human Study Isoflavones attenuate bone loss and have a potentially protective effec…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Soy Natural product Human Study Effect of fermented soymilk-honey from different probiotics on osteocal… Human Study Soy food consumption may reduce the risk of fracture in postmenopausal… Human Study Soy isoflavones attenuate bone loss in early postmenopausal women.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Vitamin K2: Menaquinone-7 Natural product Meta Analysis Efficacy of vitamin K2 in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausa… Meta Analysis Greater dietary vitamin C intake was associated with a lower risk of hi… Meta Analysis High-dose vitamin K supplementation reduces fracture incidence in postm…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Genistein Natural product Human Study Effects of genistein aglycone in glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis. Human Study Genistein compares favorably to HRT in supporting bone health in early… Human Study Genistein has a positive effect on bone metabolism in osteopenic postme…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Natto Natural product Human Study Intake of fermented soybean (natto) increases circulating vitamin K2 an… Human Study Natto, a rich source of vitamin K2, promotes bone formation in premenop… Human Study Prolonged intake of fermented soybean (natto) diets containing vitamin…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Plum Natural product Human Study Daily consumption of 100 g dried plum for 12 months has modest bone-pro… Human Study Dried plum improves bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Human Study Dried plum in its whole form is a promising and efficacious functional…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Asiatic Acid Natural product In Silico Investigation Reveals IL-6 as a Key Target of Asiatic Acid in… Editorial: Bone integrity in patients with osteoporosis: Evaluation of… Asiatic acid improves high-fat-diet-induced osteoporosis in mice via re…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Puerarin Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Puerarin showed upregulating effects on bone mass in ovariectomy-induce…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Zeolite Natural product Animal Study, Human Study Treatment of osteoporosis with a modified zeolite shows beneficial effe… Human Study Clinical evaluation of a defined zeolite-clinoptilolite supplementation… Human Study Clinoptilolite product PMA-zeolite in animals that could be a new thera…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Prune Natural product Human Study Daily consumption of 100 g dried plum for 12 months has modest bone-pro… Human Study Effects of short-term dried prune intake on markers of bone resorption… Human Study Prunes preserve hip bone mineral density in a 12-month randomized contr…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Vitamin K2: (Mk-4) Natural product Meta Analysis Efficacy of vitamin K2 in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausa… Meta Analysis Greater dietary vitamin C intake was associated with a lower risk of hi… Meta Analysis High-dose vitamin K supplementation reduces fracture incidence in postm…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Salvia Miltiorrhiza Natural product Pharmacological effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza-derived interventions on… Antiosteoporosis effect of tanshinol in osteoporosis animal models: A s… The Skeletal Effects of Tanshinones: A Review	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Diosgenin Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Nigella Sativa (Aka Black Seed) Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Nigella sativa and health outcomes: An overview of systematic reviews a… Human Study A black cohosh extract is equipotent to conjugated estrogens in reducin… Human Study Blackcurrants reduce the risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Citrus Naringin Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Naringin had been shown to promote bone formation in OVX rats.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Ipriflavone Natural product Meta Analysis, Review The efficacy and safety of ipriflavone in postmenopausal women with ost… Human Study Effects of ipriﬂavone on postmenopausal syndrome and osteoporosis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Fruit: All Natural product Meta Analysis, Review There was an association between the increase of at least one serving o… Human Study Green and yellow vegetable consumption is effective for maintaining bon…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Vegetables: All Natural product Meta Analysis, Review There was an association between the increase of at least one serving o… Human Study Green and yellow vegetable consumption is effective for maintaining bon…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Hops Natural product Human Study Beer drinking contributes to higher bone density as a result of the phy… Human Study Hop rho iso-alpha acids, berberine, vitamin D(3) and vitamin K (1) favo…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Phytoestrogens Natural product Human Study Beer drinking contributes to higher bone density as a result of the phy… Human Study Soy phytoestrogen has a positive effect on bone turnover indicators in…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Carotenoids Natural product Human Study Carotenoids such as lycopene have a protective effect on bone health. Human Study Paprika carotenoid extract supplementation suppresses bone resorption a…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Red Clover Natural product Human Study Combined bioavailable isoflavones and probiotics improve bone status an… Human Study Isoflavones attenuate bone loss and have a potentially protective effec…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Lactobacillus Plantarum Natural product Human Study Effect of fermented soymilk-honey from different probiotics on osteocal… Human Study Lactobacillus reuteri reduces bone loss in older women with low bone mi…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Blueberry Natural product Human Study Moderate consumption of blueberries may be an effective strategy to att…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Strontium Natural product Human Study Strontium renalate is a safe and effective treatment for veterbral and… Human Study Strontium renalate safely reduces the risk of fractures in elderly wome…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Black Tea Natural product Human Study A black cohosh extract is equipotent to conjugated estrogens in reducin… Human Study Blackcurrants reduce the risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Human Study Tea drinking is associated with preservation of hip structure in elderl…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Boron Natural product Human Study This study suggests that daily boron intake of 1 mg/L may affect bone m…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Fisetin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Chrysin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Astaxanthin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Black Raspberry Natural product Human Study A black cohosh extract is equipotent to conjugated estrogens in reducin… Human Study Blackcurrants reduce the risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Cinnamaldehyde Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Diosmin Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate) Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Black Cohosh Natural product Human Study A black cohosh extract is equipotent to conjugated estrogens in reducin… Human Study Blackcurrants reduce the risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Japanese Mugwort Natural product Human Study Artemisia princeps as a promising therapeutic option for the improvemen… Human Study Long-term ultra-high hydrostatic pressurized brown rice intake prevents… Human Study The combination of β-cryptoxanthin and vitamin C is inversely associate…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Beer Natural product Human Study Beer drinking contributes to higher bone density as a result of the phy…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.

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