Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis)

Disease overview

Alterations

Molecular (A)

Clinical (B–E)

Trial outcome measures (T)

Direct drugs

Via biomarker

244

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

268

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, Seeds, Examine.com · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-10-15

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Spontaneous passage without intervention: 70-80% of stones <4 mm; 40-50% of stones 4-6mm; <25% of stones >6mm; recurrence in 50% within 10 years without metabolic assessment and prevention

Best-intervention remission

Alpha-1 blockers (tamsulosin, 0.4mg): facilitate passage 30-45% faster for distal ureteral stones; ESWL: 75-80% stone-free for <2cm renal stones; PCNL: 90%+ stone-free for >2cm stones; dietary and metabolic prevention: 50% recurrence reduction with hydration + diet (STOP-JNKi-like approach)

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Moderate — metabolic evaluation and dietary prevention are highly effective but chronically underperformed after first stone

Primary barrier

practice

Barrier detail: Only 10-20% of first-time kidney stone patients receive a 24-hour urine metabolic evaluation that would guide specific dietary and pharmacological prevention; high fluid intake (>2.5L/day) is evidence-based and free but rarely systematically emphasised; recurrence is highly preventable with appropriate dietary modification

Last SoC change: 2019 — AUA/EAU guidelines updated on 24-hour urine evaluation (recommend for all recurrent stone formers, single stone in high-risk); ESWL vs URS evidence updated; no pharmacological paradigm change; thiazide diuretics and citrate supplementation standard since 1980s

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0008171

Alterations

64 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional). Molecular rows are Open Targets gene–disease associations (evidence column = OT association score), not measured levels; phenotypes are HPO terms annotated directly to this disease (Monarch); type T rows are outcome measures used in completed ClinicalTrials.gov studies, not alterations of the disease.

Hide alterations without a value (no direction or frequency)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
OXGR1 oxoglutarate receptor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.62	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CYP24A1 cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.57	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CLDN14 claudin 14	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.54	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ALPL alkaline phosphatase, biomineralization associated	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.53	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD44 CD44 molecule (IN blood group)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.52	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HAO1 hydroxyacid oxidase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.52	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IDUA alpha-L-iduronidase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.51	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DGKH diacylglycerol kinase eta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.51	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ABCG2 ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (JR blood group)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.49	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ABCC6 ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.47	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AP1S3 adaptor related protein complex 1 subunit sigma 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.46	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GIPR gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.44	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AHSG alpha 2-HS glycoprotein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.44	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DGKD diacylglycerol kinase delta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.43	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CASR calcium sensing receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.43	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AMPD3 adenosine monophosphate deaminase 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.43	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GCKR glucokinase regulator	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.42	Open Targets	Ensembl Open Targets
AQP1 aquaporin 1 (Colton blood group)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.42	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KLK1 kallikrein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.42	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AGXT alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA1A adrenoceptor alpha 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA1D adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA1B adrenoceptor alpha 1B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AOPEP aminopeptidase O (putative)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
L3MBTL3 L3MBTL histone methyl-lysine binding protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.38	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BCAS1 brain enriched myelin associated protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.37	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FTO FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CPNE3 copine 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HIBADH 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AHR aryl hydrocarbon receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRHPR glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate reductase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.34	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GATA3 GATA binding protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.34	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PAQR6 progestin and adipoQ receptor family member 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.33	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ARID1B AT-rich interaction domain 1B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.33	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HLF HLF transcription factor, PAR bZIP family member	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.33	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNK5 potassium two pore domain channel subfamily K member 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.33	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE3A phosphodiesterase 3A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.32	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BCAS3 BCAS3 microtubule associated cell migration factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.31	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HBB hemoglobin subunit beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.31	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MINDY4 MINDY lysine 48 deubiquitinase 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.30	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CLDN10 claudin 10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.30	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CPNE8 copine 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.29	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LRMDA leucine rich melanocyte differentiation associated	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.29	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HEG1 heart development protein with EGF like domains 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.29	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ASCC3 activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FAAH fatty acid amide hydrolase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KLK15 kallikrein related peptidase 15	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OPRM1 opioid receptor mu 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP6V1B1 ATPase H+ transporting V1 subunit B1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CLDN16 claudin 16	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NHERF1 NHERF family PDZ scaffold protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CLDN19 claudin 19	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1C calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LRRC37A2 leucine rich repeat containing 37 member A2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.20	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MIPOL1 mirror-image polydactyly 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.19	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CA2 carbonic anhydrase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.08	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIK2 glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.07	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIK1 glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.07	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Completion Time	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Hemoglobin Drop	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Infection parameters	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Length of Hospital Stay	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Number of Participants With Complications	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Operative Time	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
PRAZOSIN	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	105	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00713739 — Alfuzosin for Medical Expulsion Therapy of Ureteral Stones (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADALIMUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALFUZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANHYDROUS TACROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ASCORBIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASENAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASFOTASE ALFA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AXITINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETHANIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CABERGOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAPECITABINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBOPLATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CERTOLIZUMAB PEGOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CHLORPROMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHONDROITIN SULFATES Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CHORIOGONADOTROPIN ALFA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CISPLATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
CLIOQUINOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
COLLAGENASE CLOSTRIDIUM HISTOLYTICUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CYCLOSPORINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CYPROHEPTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEBRISOQUIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAMINOPHEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALFUZOSIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXAZOSIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FUROSEMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETOROLAC	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANTHANUM CARBONATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEDIPINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYCODONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00713739 — Alfuzosin for Medical Expulsion Therapy of Ureteral Stones (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILODOSIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAMSULOSIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUCONAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MORPHINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MPC-5971	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RELOXALIASE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLTERODINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM BICARBONATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHLORTHALIDONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEBUXOSTAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POTASSIUM ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POTASSIUM CITRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POTASSIUM SODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRANEXAMIC ACID	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via AQP1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC6	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADALIMUMAB Repurposing via ALPL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALFUZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ABCC6	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANHYDROUS TACROLIMUS Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ASCORBIC ACID Repurposing via AQP1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASENAPINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASFOTASE ALFA Repurposing via ALPL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AXITINIB Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETHANIDINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC6	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CABERGOLINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE Repurposing via AHR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CAPECITABINE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ABCC6	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBOPLATIN Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CERTOLIZUMAB PEGOL Repurposing via ALPL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CHLORPROMAZINE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHONDROITIN SULFATES Repurposing via ABCC6	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CHORIOGONADOTROPIN ALFA Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCC6	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CISPLATIN Repurposing via ARID1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
CLIOQUINOL Repurposing via AHR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ABCC6	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOZAPINE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
COLLAGENASE CLOSTRIDIUM HISTOLYTICUM Repurposing via AQP1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CYCLOSPORINE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CYPROHEPTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

69 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Links
Magnesium Natural product Cochrane review Tea and coffee consumption and pathophysiology related to kidney stone… Cochrane review Effects of non-pharmacological interventions on urinary citrate levels:… Cochrane review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22896859/	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	5 trials 3 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 14 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT06819111 — Role of Medication in Making Urine Less Acidic as Part of Kidney Stone Prevention (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT00860093 — Efficacy and Safety of Using MPC-5971 in Subjects Undergoing Shock Wave Lithotripsy (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT01329042 — Efficacy of Potassium Sodium Hydrogen Citrate Therapy on Renal Stone Recurrence and/or Residual Fragments After Shockwave Lithotripsy and Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04095975 — Effectiveness of Urinary Alkalinizing Agents on Kidney Stone Risk (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT06651294 — Efficacy of Neorenal Forte for the Complete Elimination of Residual Fragments (RECRUITING) NA Published literature Cochrane review Tea and coffee consumption and pathophysiology related to kidney stone formation: a systematic review (World journal of urology, 2021) Cochrane review Effects of non-pharmacological interventions on urinary citrate levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2016) Cochrane review Meta-analysis Pharmacotherapy for patients with calcium oxalate stones and abnormal urine chemistry: A systematic review and meta-analysis for the Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Urinary Stones, Third Edition (International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association, 2025) Meta-analysis Meta-analysis of randomized trials for medical prevention of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis (Journal of endourology, 1999) Clinical trial publication Timing of magnesium supplementation in patients with nephrolithiasis: A randomized controlled trial (Clinical nephrology, 2025) Clinical trial publication The effects of drinking bicarbonate-rich mineral water in calcium oxalate stone formers: an open label prospective randomized controlled study in an Asian cohort (International urology and nephrology, 2022) Clinical trial publication Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Idiopathic Hyperoxaluria Treatments (Journal of endourology, 2021) Clinical trial publication A Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study Using an Orally Administered Oxalate Decarboxylase (OxDC) (Kidney360, 2020) Clinical trial publication Urinary lithogenic risk profile in recurrent stone formers with hyperoxaluria: a randomized controlled trial comparing DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)-style and low-oxalate diets (American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Calcium Natural product Cochrane review Thiazide therapy in chronic hypoparathyroidism: effects on hypercalciur… Cochrane review Prevention of Recurrent Nephrolithiasis in Adults and Children : A Syst… Cochrane review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41945680/	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 31 Cochrane 22 Meta-analysis 93 Trial pubs 56 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06992206 — What Lies Beneath the Stone? Metabolic Insights From Composition-Based Analysis of Kidney Stones (COMPLETED) NCT07225764 — CaOx Stone Prevention (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT04605055 — The Interplay Between Oxalate, Immunity and Infection (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT05650112 — Safety and Tolerability of FB-001 in Healthy Adult Volunteers and Adult Subjects With Enteric Hyperoxaluria (UNKNOWN) PHASE1 NCT06330246 — O. Formigenes Colonization in Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Disease (RECRUITING) NA NCT05161936 — A Study to Evaluate Lumasiran in Adults With Recurrent Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Disease and Elevated Urinary Oxalate Levels (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT02752841 — The Effect of Vitamin D Repletion on Kidney Stone Risk (TERMINATED) NA NCT06989320 — Endogenous Oxalate Synthesis in Idiopathic Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Disease (RECRUITING) NA Published literature Cochrane review Thiazide therapy in chronic hypoparathyroidism: effects on hypercalciuria and renal function-a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis (Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2026) Cochrane review Prevention of Recurrent Nephrolithiasis in Adults and Children : A Systematic Review (Annals of internal medicine, 2026) Cochrane review Cochrane review Probiotic and Synbiotic Interventions Targeting Oxalate-Degrading Gut Bacteria for the Prevention of Kidney Stones: A Systematic Review (Cureus, 2025) Cochrane review Thiazide diuretics for preventing calcium oxalate recurrent kidney stones: an updated systematic review, meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials (Minerva urology and nephrology, 2025) Meta-analysis Association Between Ambient Temperature and Urolithiasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (Current urology reports, 2026) Meta-analysis Pharmacotherapy for patients with calcium oxalate stones and abnormal urine chemistry: A systematic review and meta-analysis for the Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Urinary Stones, Third Edition (International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association, 2025) Meta-analysis SGLT2 inhibitors and nephrolithiasis risk: a meta-analysis (Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2025) Meta-analysis Causal effects of modifiable risk factors on kidney stones: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study (BMC medical genomics, 2023) Systematic review The gut-kidney microbiome-oxalate axis in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis: mechanisms and microbiome-based interventions (Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2026) Systematic review Effect of parathyroidectomy on stone recurrence in primary hyperparathyroidism : A systematic review (Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 2026) Systematic review Methodological Variations in 24-Hour Urine Collection for Nephrolithiasis: A Systematic Review of Reporting Practices and Clinical Implications (Journal of endourology, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Human Study Omega-3 fatty acids prevent the formation of urinary calcium oxalate st…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Vitamin C Natural product Clinical trial publication The influence of dietary supplementation with cranberry tablets on the… Human Study Vitamin E has an ameliorative effect on oxidative stress associated wit… Human Study Among healthy postmenopausal women, although calcium with vitamin D sup…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	6 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT06989320 — Endogenous Oxalate Synthesis in Idiopathic Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Disease (RECRUITING) NA NCT04437225 — Renal Metabolism of Glycolate to Oxalate (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT03704350 — Influence of Obesity on Endogenous Oxalate Synthesis (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT05229952 — Assessment of Endogenous Oxalate Synthesis (COMPLETED) NA NCT04603898 — Oxalate Formation From Ascorbic Acid (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT01675362 — Are There Protective Effects of Antioxidants, Calcium Channel Blocker and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Against Extracorporeal Shockwaves Lithotripsy Induced Renal Injury? (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication The influence of dietary supplementation with cranberry tablets on the urinary risk factors for nephrolithiasis (World journal of urology, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Vitamin E Natural product Human Study Vitamin E has an ameliorative effect on oxidative stress associated wit… Human Study Among healthy postmenopausal women, although calcium with vitamin D sup… Human Study Calcium stone-forming patients have lower mean levels of vitamin D and…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01675362 — Are There Protective Effects of Antioxidants, Calcium Channel Blocker and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Against Extracorporeal Shockwaves Lithotripsy Induced Renal Injury? (COMPLETED) PHASE4 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Garlic Natural product Animal Study Allicin attenuates calcium oxalate crystal deposition.	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Potassium Natural product Cochrane review Dietary and lifestyle factors for primary prevention of nephrolithiasis… Cochrane review Medical and dietary interventions for preventing recurrent urinary ston… Cochrane review Evaluation and medical management of kidney stones in children	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 3 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 29 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT06814834 — The Efficacy of Oral Dissolution Therapy (ODT), Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL), and Combined ESWL and ODT as Non-Invasive Modalities for Treating Small and Medium-Sized Radiolucent Renal Stones (COMPLETED) NA NCT00004284 — Phase III Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Potassium Phosphate Vs Potassium Citrate for Absorptive Hypercalciuria (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03984409 — A Dietary Source of Potassium Citrate to Resolve Hypocitraturia and Aciduria in Patients With Kidney Stones (COMPLETED) NA NCT07162974 — Litholytic Therapy for Coral Urate Nephrolithiasis (COMPLETED) NA NCT06819111 — Role of Medication in Making Urine Less Acidic as Part of Kidney Stone Prevention (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT06118320 — The Effective of Potassium Sodium Hydrogen Citrate in Treating Uric Acid Stones Using Gut Microbiota and Metabolomics. (UNKNOWN) NCT02373384 — The Predictors of Successful Oral Dissolution Therapy in Radiolucent Renal Stones; A Prospective Evaluation (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03836144 — Effect of Urine Alkalinazation on Urinary Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Cystinuria (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review Dietary and lifestyle factors for primary prevention of nephrolithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (BMC nephrology, 2020) Cochrane review Medical and dietary interventions for preventing recurrent urinary stones in children (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017) Cochrane review Evaluation and medical management of kidney stones in children (The Journal of urology, 2014) Meta-analysis Effect of potassium citrate supplement on stone recurrence before or after lithotripsy: systematic review and meta-analysis (Urolithiasis, 2017) Meta-analysis Diet, fluid, or supplements for secondary prevention of nephrolithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials (European urology, 2009) Systematic review Effect of parathyroidectomy on stone recurrence in primary hyperparathyroidism : A systematic review (Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 2026) Systematic review Preventing and treating kidney stones: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of non-surgical randomized controlled trials (Minerva urology and nephrology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Comparison potassium sodium hydrogen citrate with sodium bicarbonate in urine alkalization: a prospective crossover-controlled trial (International urology and nephrology, 2023) Clinical trial publication Use of cinacalcet in nephrolithiasis associated with normocalcemic or hypercalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism: results of a prospective randomized pilot study (Archivio italiano di urologia, andrologia : organo ufficiale [di] Societa italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica, 2015) Clinical trial publication In vitro anti-lithogenic activity of lime powder regimen (LPR) and the effect of LPR on urinary risk factors for kidney stone formation in healthy volunteers (Urolithiasis, 2015) Clinical trial publication Dissolution therapy versus shock wave lithotripsy for radiolucent renal stones in children: a prospective study (The Journal of urology, 2014) Clinical trial publication Effects of the association of potassium citrate and agropyrum repens in renal stone treatment: results of a prospective randomized comparison with potassium citrate (Archivio italiano di urologia, andrologia : organo ufficiale [di] Societa italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica, 2012) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Astragalus Natural product Human In Vitro Selenized astragalus polysaccharide may be a candidate drug for the tre…	TCM herb	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Selenium Natural product Clinical trial publication Efficacy and tolerability of olive oil-based ketogenic diet in children… Clinical trial publication [The effect of hemodialysis on some parameters of the antioxidant syste… Human In Vitro Selenized astragalus polysaccharide may be a candidate drug for the tre…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 2 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01675362 — Are There Protective Effects of Antioxidants, Calcium Channel Blocker and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Against Extracorporeal Shockwaves Lithotripsy Induced Renal Injury? (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication Efficacy and tolerability of olive oil-based ketogenic diet in children with drug-resistant epilepsy: A single center experience from Turkey (European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society, 2019) Clinical trial publication [The effect of hemodialysis on some parameters of the antioxidant system in the blood of patients with chronic renal failure] (Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis, 2004) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Melatonin Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Melatonin exerts a protective effect in ameliorating nephrolithiasis. Human Study Among healthy postmenopausal women, although calcium with vitamin D sup…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Curcumin Natural product Animal Study Curcumin prevents shock-wave lithotripsy-induced renal injury.	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02404701 — Effect of Over-the-counter Dietary Supplements on Kidney Stone Risk (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Boswellia Natural product Animal Study Luban has shown a significant improvement in the treatment and preventi…	Botanical	Phase II	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT03924596 — Treatment of Renal Stones With Frankincense (Luban) (UNKNOWN) PHASE1, PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Moringa Natural product Animal Study Moringa oleifera has a preventive and curative effect on calcium oxalat…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Lactobacillus Natural product Cochrane review Probiotic and Synbiotic Interventions Targeting Oxalate-Degrading Gut B… Meta-analysis Gut microbiota in patients with kidney stones: a systematic review and… Human Study Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium breve reduce urinary oxalate ex…	Probiotic	Phase II	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT00587041 — Use of Oral Probiotics to Reduce Urinary Oxalate Excretion (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Probiotic and Synbiotic Interventions Targeting Oxalate-Degrading Gut Bacteria for the Prevention of Kidney Stones: A Systematic Review (Cureus, 2025) Meta-analysis Gut microbiota in patients with kidney stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis (BMC microbiology, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Fenugreek Natural product Animal Study Trigonelline prevents kidney stone formation processes.	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Egcg Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Phaseolus vulgaris L. green bean pod extract demonstrated significant a… Review A review of dietary plants for the prevention and management of kidney…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	4 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Black Seed Oil Natural product Human Study Blackcurrant juice could support the metaphylaxis and treatment of uric… Review N. sativa and its components are beneficial in prevention and curing of…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Niacin Natural product Human Study Among healthy postmenopausal women, although calcium with vitamin D sup… Human Study Calcium stone-forming patients have lower mean levels of vitamin D and… Human Study Vitamin E has an ameliorative effect on oxidative stress associated wit…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Valerian Natural product Review Various herbs may have a therapeutic role in preventing and treating ki…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Nigella Sativa (Aka Black Seed) Natural product Human Study N. sativa is demonstrated to have significant positive effects on disap… Human Study Blackcurrant juice could support the metaphylaxis and treatment of uric… Animal Study Treatment of rats with ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa reduced the…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Hibiscus Sabdariffa Natural product Animal Study A water extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa significantly lowers the deposit… Animal Study Hibiscus sabdariffa and Phyllanthus amaraus inhibit calcium oxalate sto… Review A review of dietary plants for the prevention and management of kidney…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Lactobacillus Casei Natural product Human Study Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium breve reduce urinary oxalate ex… Animal Study Potential role of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium for preventing kidn…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Sodium Bicarbonate Natural product Human Study Mineral water rich in calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate improves urine… Human Study Mineral waters containing bicarbonate reduce the risk of urinary stone…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Orange Natural product Human Study Orange juice may have a therapeutic effect in reducing stone-forming ri… Review Role of citrus fruit juices in prevention of kidney stone disease.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Orthosiphon Natural product Animal Study O. grandiflorum has a significant inhibitory effect on crystal depositi… Animal Study Prophylactic effects of Orthosiphon stamineus extracts on experimental…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Pomegranate Natural product Animal Study Pomegranate juice has a protective effect on kidney stone formation (ne… Review A review of dietary plants for the prevention and management of kidney…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Dandelion Natural product In Vitro Study This research indicated that taraxasterol and dandelion extract has ant… Review Various herbs may have a therapeutic role in preventing and treating ki…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Black Currant Natural product Human Study Blackcurrant juice could support the metaphylaxis and treatment of uric…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Cranberry Natural product Human Study Blackcurrant juice could support the metaphylaxis and treatment of uric…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Bifidobacterium Breve Natural product Human Study Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium breve reduce urinary oxalate ex… Animal Study Potential role of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium for preventing kidn…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Lemon Juice Natural product Human Study Lemonade therapy appears to be a reasonable alternative for patients wi… Human Study Blackcurrant juice could support the metaphylaxis and treatment of uric… Human Study Orange juice may have a therapeutic effect in reducing stone-forming ri…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Ayurvedic Medicine: Kulattha Natural product Human Study The Ayurvedic herb Kulattha is superior to potassium citrate in treatin…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Sesbania Grandiflora Natural product Human Study The leaf juice of S. grandiflora demonstrates significant antiurolithia…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Flavonoids Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Hyperoside ameliorates renal tubular oxidative damage and calcium oxala…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Common Bean Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Phaseolus vulgaris L. green bean pod extract demonstrated significant a…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Yellow Tea Natural product Animal Study PPARG: A novel target for yellow tea in kidney stone prevention.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Seaweed Natural product Animal Study Brown seaweed extract demonstrates significant prevention effects on ki…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Carvacrol Natural product Animal Study Carvacrol reduced pathological and biochemical damage, and improved kid…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Carnosine Natural product Animal Study Effect of carnosine on the course of experimental urate nephrolithiasis.	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Evening Primrose Oil Natural product Animal Study Evening primrose may have preventive and therapeutic value in infection…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Phyllanthus Amarus Natural product Animal Study Hibiscus sabdariffa and Phyllanthus amaraus inhibit calcium oxalate sto… Animal Study Phyllanthus niruri inhibits crystal growth in renal stone formation.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Phyllanthus Niruri (Stonebreaker) Natural product Animal Study Phyllanthus niruri inhibits crystal growth in renal stone formation. Animal Study Hibiscus sabdariffa and Phyllanthus amaraus inhibit calcium oxalate sto…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Crataeva Nurvala (Varuna) Natural product Animal Study Plantain and crataeva nurvala (Varuna) has therapeutic value in the man…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Plantain Natural product Animal Study Plantain and crataeva nurvala (Varuna) has therapeutic value in the man…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Bifidobacterium Longum Natural product Human Study Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium breve reduce urinary oxalate ex… Animal Study Potential role of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium for preventing kidn…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Lactobacillus Plantarum Natural product Human Study Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium breve reduce urinary oxalate ex… Animal Study Potential role of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium for preventing kidn…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Coconut Water Natural product Human Study Mineral water rich in calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate improves urine… Human Study Mineral waters containing bicarbonate reduce the risk of urinary stone… Human Study The consumption of bottled water is associated with heightened risk for…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Rubia Cordifolia Natural product Animal Study Rubia cordifolia has a protective effect against ethylene glycol induce…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Caffeic Acid Natural product Animal Study The dietary polyphenol caffeic acid has a protective effect against eth…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Myrtle Natural product Animal Study The effect of Myrtus communis L. extract on nephrolithiasis model.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Apigenin Natural product Animal Study The results showed that both apigenin and celery extracts caused kidney…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Celery Natural product Animal Study The results showed that both apigenin and celery extracts caused kidney…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Dates Natural product Animal Study The use of aqueous extract of date palm pits has been effective in the…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Urolithin a Natural product Animal Study Urolithin A protects against calcium oxalate-induced crystal formation…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Nettle Natural product Review A review of dietary plants for the prevention and management of kidney…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Oregano Natural product Review A review of dietary plants for the prevention and management of kidney…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Parsley Natural product Review A review of dietary plants for the prevention and management of kidney…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Raspberry Natural product Review A review of dietary plants for the prevention and management of kidney…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Corn Silk Natural product In Vitro Study Carboxymethylation of corn silk polysaccharide and its inhibition on ad…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Goldenrod Natural product Commentary Goldenrod may provide a safe, inexpensive treatment for urinary tract d…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Phytate Natural product Review Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits crystallization of calcium salts, and m…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Grapefruit Natural product Review Role of citrus fruit juices in prevention of kidney stone disease.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Lemon Natural product Human Study Lemonade therapy appears to be a reasonable alternative for patients wi… Review Role of citrus fruit juices in prevention of kidney stone disease.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Burdock Natural product Review Various herbs may have a therapeutic role in preventing and treating ki…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Horsetail Natural product Review Various herbs may have a therapeutic role in preventing and treating ki…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Lithospermum Officinale Natural product Review Various herbs may have a therapeutic role in preventing and treating ki…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Silene Saxifraga Natural product Review Various herbs may have a therapeutic role in preventing and treating ki…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Uva Ursi (Aka Bearberry) Natural product Review Various herbs may have a therapeutic role in preventing and treating ki…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Watermelon Natural product In Vitro Study Watermelon and demonstrated that pulp extract possessed significant ant…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.

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