ME/CFS (Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome)

Disease overview

Alterations

107

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Trial outcome measures (T)

Direct drugs

Via biomarker

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

126

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed MeSH, PubMed Literature, PubMed NP · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-10-15

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Full recovery without intervention: <5% of adult ME/CFS patients; partial improvement in ~40% over 5 years; post-COVID ME/CFS appears to have similarly low spontaneous recovery rate

Best-intervention remission

No disease-modifying treatment established; GET (graded exercise therapy) — former standard — shown harmful (PACE controversy, withdrawn from UK NICE guidance 2021); pacing (heart rate-based) prevents post-exertional malaise but not curative; low-dose naltrexone — ~30% improvement in small RCTs; rintatolimod (Ampligen) — Phase 3 failed FDA approval

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Very large — no effective treatment; historic misattribution to psychological causes delayed research by decades

Primary barrier

biological (no treatment) + framing (historic)

Barrier detail: ME/CFS research has been systematically underfunded relative to disease burden (NIH funding $15M/year vs MS at $100M despite similar prevalence); PACE trial's GET/CBT approach adopted globally for years despite being harmful for many patients; NIH RECOVER initiative now represents largest-ever investment

Last SoC change: 2021 — NICE guidelines withdrew GET and CBT as primary treatments (major paradigm shift); 2024 NIH RECOVER Long COVID ME/CFS protocols underway; no approved pharmacotherapy exists; pacing as only widely recommended intervention

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0005404 · MESH: D018677 · UMLS_CUI: C0015674

Alterations

107 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional). Molecular rows are Open Targets gene–disease associations (evidence column = OT association score), not measured levels; phenotypes are HPO terms annotated directly to this disease (Monarch); type T rows are outcome measures used in completed ClinicalTrials.gov studies, not alterations of the disease.

Hide alterations without a value (no direction or frequency)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
TLR3 toll like receptor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.33	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MS4A1 membrane spanning 4-domains A1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.32	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ENOSF1 enolase superfamily member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.30	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FBXW7 F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
WDR7 WD repeat domain 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND4 mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CCN1 cellular communication network factor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB8 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA11 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA13 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A13	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFAB1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit AB1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS6 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COXFA4 cytochrome c oxidase associated subunit FA4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COXFA4L2 cytochrome c oxidase hypoxia associated subunit FA4L2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GPD2 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND1 mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND2 mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND3 mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND4L mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 4L	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND5 mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND6 mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA10 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA12 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A12	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA3 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA5 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA6 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA7 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA8 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA9 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFAF1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFAF2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFAF3 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFAF4 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB10 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB11 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB3 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB4 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB5 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB6 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB7 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB9 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFC1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit C1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFC2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit C2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS3 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS4 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS5 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS7 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS8 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFV1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit V1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFV2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit V2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFV3 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit V3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DOC2B double C2 domain beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.25	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GPATCH2L G-patch domain containing 2 like	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.24	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ELAPOR2 endosome-lysosome associated apoptosis and autophagy regulator family member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.24	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TLE4 TLE family member 4, transcriptional corepressor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.24	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
UNC13C unc-13 homolog C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.23	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TENM3 teneurin transmembrane protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.23	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GUCY1A2 guanylate cyclase 1 soluble subunit alpha 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.23	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SSH1 slingshot protein phosphatase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.22	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TCF4 transcription factor 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.22	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GALNT17 polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 17	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.22	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC6A2 solute carrier family 6 member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.21	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC6A4 solute carrier family 6 member 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.21	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CSF2RB colony stimulating factor 2 receptor subunit beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.20	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EED embryonic ectoderm development	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.20	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC17A5 solute carrier family 17 member 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.20	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LYSMD3 LysM domain containing 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.19	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TXNL1 thioredoxin like 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.19	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GNPNAT1 glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.19	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL1R1 interleukin 1 receptor type 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.19	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ERCC5 ERCC excision repair 5, endonuclease	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.18	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RALYL RALY RNA binding protein like	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.18	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LRRC75A leucine rich repeat containing 75A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.18	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RBFOX1 RNA binding fox-1 homolog 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.17	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AUTS2 activator of transcription and developmental regulator AUTS2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.17	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DPP10 dipeptidyl peptidase like 10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.17	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LRMDA leucine rich melanocyte differentiation associated	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.17	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LRRC4C leucine rich repeat containing 4C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.17	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CRPPA CDP-L-ribitol pyrophosphorylase A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.17	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MAST4 microtubule associated serine/threonine kinase family member 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.15	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FAM194C family with sequence similarity 149 member C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.15	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HERPUD2 HERPUD family member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.14	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1C calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.14	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HMX1 H6 family homeobox 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.14	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SYNE1 spectrin repeat containing nuclear envelope protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.12	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TMEM170B transmembrane protein 170B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.12	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PAPPA2 pappalysin 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.12	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EGR2 early growth response 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.12	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TRPM3 transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.11	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD8A CD8 subunit alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.11	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD40LG CD40 ligand	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.10	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OPRM1 opioid receptor mu 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.10	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADO 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.08	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZSCAN2 zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.08	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Headache	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	HPO annotation	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Daytime Sleepiness	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
EEG Slow Wave Activity During Sleep	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Improvement in functional disability as measured by the Bell disability scale	Trial outcome measure	Clinical scale	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Improvement in physical and mental fatigue as measured by the Chalder Fatigue Scale	Trial outcome measure	Clinical scale	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Improvement on Fatigue Severity Score Scale (FSS)	Trial outcome measure	Clinical scale	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Mean steps/day count during one week	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
IMIPRAMINE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADALIMUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ALPROSTADIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE BENZOATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM TRIHYDRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BEPRIDIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CINNARIZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLEVIDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM MALATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FELODIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FENOFIBRATE MICRONIZED Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GABAPENTIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–100 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–100 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IBUTILIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IMATINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISRADIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LEVAMLODIPINE MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT06128967 — A Multicenter, Adaptive, Randomized, doublE-blinded, Placebo-controlled Study in Participants With Long COVID-19: The REVIVE Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT06147050 — Effect of Metformin in Reducing Fatigue in Long COVID in Adolescents (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MUROMONAB-CD3 Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICARDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NICARDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NIMODIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NISOLDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGABALIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SARGRAMOSTIM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULOCTIDIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAGRAXOFUSP Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERODILINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALPROIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VERAPAMIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
VERAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RINTATOLIMOD	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANAKINRA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROXIDOPA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETANERCEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC CARBOXYMALTOSE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £15–£30 / 28–50 tabs (low-dose) · US $20–$40 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGABALIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRIDOSTIGMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £15–£25 / 60 tabs · US $20–$35 / 30–60 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANTI-CD40 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY CHI LOB 7/4 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIROLIZUMAB PEGOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LERIDISTIM Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MAVRILIMUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN-8 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TALACOTUZUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TPI-ASM8 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROGEN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IODOCARB	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLDOPA	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TILARGININE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIMETHAPHAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALGANCICLOVIR	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCARNITINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLUENZA A VIRUS, SPLIT VIRION	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLUENZA VIRUS VACCINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIPOIC ACID, ALPHA	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UBIDECARENONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RINTATOLIMOD	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANAKINRA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROXIDOPA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETANERCEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC CARBOXYMALTOSE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPRAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £15–£30 / 28–50 tabs (low-dose) · US $20–$40 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGABALIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRIDOSTIGMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £15–£25 / 60 tabs · US $20–$35 / 30–60 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROGEN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IODOCARB	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLDOPA	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TILARGININE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIMETHAPHAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALGANCICLOVIR	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCARNITINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLUENZA A VIRUS, SPLIT VIRION	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLUENZA VIRUS VACCINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIPOIC ACID, ALPHA	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UBIDECARENONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADALIMUMAB Repurposing via CD40LG	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ALPROSTADIL Repurposing via CD40LG	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE BENZOATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE MALEATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATENOLOL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM TRIHYDRATE Repurposing via CD40LG	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BEPRIDIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBACHOL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CINNARIZINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CLEVIDIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM MALATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FELODIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FENOFIBRATE MICRONIZED Repurposing via CD40LG	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GABAPENTIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–100 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28–100 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE Repurposing via ADO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IBUTILIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IMATINIB Repurposing via CD40LG	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISRADIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LEVAMLODIPINE MALEATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAFENIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via COXFA4L2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT06128967 — A Multicenter, Adaptive, Randomized, doublE-blinded, Placebo-controlled Study in Participants With Long COVID-19: The REVIVE Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT06147050 — Effect of Metformin in Reducing Fatigue in Long COVID in Adolescents (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MUROMONAB-CD3 Repurposing via CD40LG	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICARDIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NICARDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEDIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NIMODIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NISOLDIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGABALIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SARGRAMOSTIM Repurposing via CSF2RB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULBACTAM Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULOCTIDIL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAGRAXOFUSP Repurposing via CSF2RB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERODILINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALPROIC ACID Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VERAPAMIL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
VERAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–60 tabs	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANTI-CD40 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY CHI LOB 7/4 Repurposing via CD40LG	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIROLIZUMAB PEGOL Repurposing via CD40LG	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LERIDISTIM Repurposing via CSF2RB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MAVRILIMUMAB Repurposing via CSF2RB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN-8 Repurposing via CCN1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TALACOTUZUMAB Repurposing via CSF2RB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TPI-ASM8 Repurposing via CSF2RB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

44 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Vitamin C Natural product Human Study Sesame lignans with vitamin E supplementation could safely alleviate da…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT03186027 — Coenzyme Q10 Plus NADH Supplementation in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (COMPLETED) NA NCT02063126 — Clinical Trial to Measure the Maximun HR After ReConnect ® Supplementation vs. Placebo in CFS. (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	5 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01471652 — Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Presumptive Mitochondrial Disorder (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT03186027 — Coenzyme Q10 Plus NADH Supplementation in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (COMPLETED) NA NCT01872351 — Therapy for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Presumptive Mitochondrial Disorder (WITHDRAWN) NCT05128292 — Effect of CoQ10 Plus Selenium Supplementation on Clinical Outcomes and Biochemical Markers in ME/CFS (CoSeME Study) (COMPLETED) NA NCT02063126 — Clinical Trial to Measure the Maximun HR After ReConnect ® Supplementation vs. Placebo in CFS. (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Melatonin Natural product Human Study Chronic fatigue syndrome may go into remission once leaky gut syndrome… Human Study Melatonin exerts beneficial effects in MS patients based on its' p… Human Study Sesame lignans with vitamin E supplementation could safely alleviate da…	Nutraceutical	Phase I	Emerging	13	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05454683 — Melatonin and Zinc Administration on Cardinal Symptoms in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03000777 — Oral Melatonin Plus Zinc Supplementation in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Creatine Natural product The effects of 3-month supplementation with synbiotic on patient-report…	Amino acid	Phase I	Emerging	13	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02374112 — Creatine Supplementation in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT02213679 — Guanidinoacetic Acid Loading for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Ginger Natural product Human Study Ginger-indirect moxibustion plus acupuncture versus acupuncture alone f…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Magnesium Natural product Human Study Magnesium deficiency is common in patients with chronic fatigue syndrom… Human: Case Report, Review The pathogenic role of aluminium hydroxide is now recognized by the pre…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT04363606 — Chronic Fatigue Etiology and Recovery in Covid-19 Patients: the Role of Fatigability (TERMINATED) NA NCT05454683 — Melatonin and Zinc Administration on Cardinal Symptoms in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (UNKNOWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Astragalus Natural product Human Study Astralagus and Red Sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza) significantly decreased f… Animal Study Astragalus flavonoids ameliorate chronic fatigue syndrome in an rat exp…	TCM herb	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT07320937 — Effects of Yiqi Fuyuan Paste Formula in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial. (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Probiotics Natural product Human Study Probiotics improve symptoms of fatigue and physical activity in patient… Animal Study Lactobacillus acidophilus appears to have value in an animal model of c… Review Probiotics have demonstrated a significant effect on modulating the anx…	Probiotic	Phase II	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT04741841 — Effect of Probiotics in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) (COMPLETED) NA NCT06211062 — The Use of Directed Probiotics in ME/CFS: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (RECRUITING) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Echinacea Natural product Human Study Echinacea purpurea and Panax ginseng enhance cellular immune function o…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Ginseng Natural product Human Study Echinacea purpurea and Panax ginseng enhance cellular immune function o… Animal Study Panax ginseng improves physical recovery and energy utilization on chro…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02847845 — A Clinical Study About Improvement of Chronic Fatigue After Taking Red Ginseng (UNKNOWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Melatonin Natural product Human Study Melatonin exerts beneficial effects in MS patients based on its' p… Human Study Chronic fatigue syndrome may go into remission once leaky gut syndrome… Human Study Sesame lignans with vitamin E supplementation could safely alleviate da…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05454683 — Melatonin and Zinc Administration on Cardinal Symptoms in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03000777 — Oral Melatonin Plus Zinc Supplementation in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Effect of Dietary Coenzyme Q10 Plus NADH Supplementation on Fatigue Per…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	5 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01471652 — Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Presumptive Mitochondrial Disorder (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT03186027 — Coenzyme Q10 Plus NADH Supplementation in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (COMPLETED) NA NCT01872351 — Therapy for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Presumptive Mitochondrial Disorder (WITHDRAWN) NCT05128292 — Effect of CoQ10 Plus Selenium Supplementation on Clinical Outcomes and Biochemical Markers in ME/CFS (CoSeME Study) (COMPLETED) NA NCT02063126 — Clinical Trial to Measure the Maximun HR After ReConnect ® Supplementation vs. Placebo in CFS. (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Curcumin Natural product Animal Study Curcumin attenuates chronic fatigue syndrome in a mouse experimental mo…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Lactobacillus Natural product Animal Study Lactobacillus acidophilus appears to have value in an animal model of c…	Probiotic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT04741841 — Effect of Probiotics in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Nifedipine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nitrendipine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Verapamil Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
(Z)-octadec-11-enoic acid [(E,1R)-1-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-6-(2-ketochromen-7-yl)oxy-4-methyl-hex-4-enyl] ester Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid [(E,1R)-1-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-6-(2-ketochromen-7-yl)oxy-4-methyl-hex-4-enyl] ester Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
undecanoic acid [(E,1R)-1-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-6-(2-ketochromen-7-yl)oxy-4-methyl-hex-4-enyl] ester Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
caprylic acid [(E,1R)-1-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-6-(2-ketochromen-7-yl)oxy-4-methyl-hex-4-enyl] ester Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
3-methylbutyric acid [(2S,3R,4R)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-4-vanillyl-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl]methyl ester Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
[6-(2-naphthylmethylene)cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-yl]amine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
1-methylpyridin-1-ium-3-carboxamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
2-guanidinoacetic Acid Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
(3R,4R,5R)-tetrahydropyran-2,3,4,5-tetrol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (Nadh) Natural product Human Study Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) compares favorably to conventi… Human Study Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) may have therapeutic value in… Human Study Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) relieves anxiety and reduces h…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Antioxidant Formulas Natural product Human Study Chronic fatigue syndrome may be associated with silicone implants and/o… Human Study Chronic fatigue syndrome may go into remission once leaky gut syndrome… Animal Study The antioxidant properties of Nardostachys jatamansi alleviates of the…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Rhodiola (Tibetan Ginseng) Natural product Human Study Rhodiola rosea extract exerts anti-fatigue effect that increases mental… Human Study Rhodiola rosea in subjects with prolonged or chronic fatigue symptoms. Human Study Echinacea purpurea and Panax ginseng enhance cellular immune function o…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Red Sage Natural product Human Study Astralagus and Red Sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza) significantly decreased f…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Wasabi Natural product Human Study Clinical effects of wasabi extract containing 6-MSITC on myalgic enceph…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
D-Ribose Natural product Human Study D-ribose significantly reduces clinical symptoms in patients suffering…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Homeopathic Medicine: All Natural product Human Study Homeopathic treatment results in measurable improvement in patients wit…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Ornithine Natural product Human Study L-ornithine has an antifatigue effect by increasing the efficiency of e…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Lignans Natural product Human Study Sesame lignans with vitamin E supplementation could safely alleviate da…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Sesame Seeds Natural product Human Study Sesame lignans with vitamin E supplementation could safely alleviate da…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Oxaloacetate Natural product Human Study Significant reductions in physical and metal fatigue for ME/CFS and Lon…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Yeast Natural product Animal Study Brewers yeast normalizes immune function in the mouse experimental mode…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate) Natural product Animal Study EGCG, a polyphenol from green tea, ameloriates chronic fatigue syndrome…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Ginsenosides Natural product Animal Study Ginsenoside Rg1 can reverse fatigue behaviour in chronic fatigue syndro…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Shilajit Natural product Animal Study Shilajit attenuates behavioral symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome by…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Spikenard Natural product Animal Study The antioxidant properties of Nardostachys jatamansi alleviates of the…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Bael Natural product Animal Study The results are suggestive of potential protective effect of A. marmelo…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Bifidobacterium Infantis Natural product Review Probiotics have demonstrated a significant effect on modulating the anx…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.

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