Lupus Nephritis

Disease overview

Alterations

110

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

Via biomarker

149

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

235

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, Examine.com, PubMed NP Literature · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-06

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Spontaneous remission essentially zero in class III/IV LN; progression to ESRD in 10-20% at 10 years on standard therapy; renal flares in 30-50% of patients achieving initial response

Best-intervention remission

Voclosporin + MMF + low-dose OCS: 40.8% complete renal response at 52 weeks (AURORA 1); belimumab + SOC: 43% primary efficacy renal response (BLISS-LN); obinutuzumab + MMF + SOC: superior histological response vs rituximab (NOBILITY)

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Moderate — better outcomes available with triple therapy but access and racial disparities limit implementation

Primary barrier

access/practice

Barrier detail: Black and Hispanic patients have significantly worse LN outcomes and are underrepresented in landmark trials; voclosporin and belimumab add significant cost; cyclophosphamide still used in some settings where MMF is equally effective in non-Black patients (Euro-Lupus low-dose equivalent); racial disparities in specialist access

Last SoC change: 2021 — voclosporin (Lupkynis) approved; belimumab IV added for LN (BLISS-LN); MMF established as standard for induction since ACR 2012 guidelines; cyclophosphamide from 1986 (NIH protocol)

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0005556 · ORPHA: ORPHA:300345

Alterations

Showing 80 of 110 · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Hide alterations without a value (no direction or frequency)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
ACKR2 atypical chemokine receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AGTR1 angiotensin II receptor type 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Adverse events	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
BTK Bruton tyrosine kinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BTLA B and T lymphocyte associated	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
C1QB complement C1q B chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	Ensembl Open Targets
C2 complement C2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
C3 complement C3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
C3AR1 complement C3a receptor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
C5 complement C5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
C5AR1 complement C5a receptor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CCL2 C-C motif chemokine ligand 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CCR5 C-C motif chemokine receptor 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD19 CD19 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD38 CD38 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD3D CD3 delta subunit of T-cell receptor complex	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD3E CD3 epsilon subunit of T-cell receptor complex	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD3G CD3 gamma subunit of T-cell receptor complex	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD4 CD4 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD40 CD40 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD40LG CD40 ligand	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD80 CD80 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD86 CD86 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD8A CD8 subunit alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CFB complement factor B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CFH complement factor H	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CRP C-reactive protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CSF3 colony stimulating factor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CXCR3 C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Complete remission	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
DHODH dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DNASE1 deoxyribonuclease 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DUSP22 dual specificity phosphatase 22	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Efficacy of combined corticosteroids and TAC compared to combined corticosteroids and MMF in achieving sustained renal response (RR) in patients with active lupus nephritis [Class III/IV±V (LN)]	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
FCGR2A Fc gamma receptor IIa	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FCGR2B Fc gamma receptor IIb	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FCGRT Fc gamma receptor and transporter	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FKBP1A FKBP prolyl isomerase 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GMPS guanosine monophosphate synthase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HPSE heparanase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IFNA1 interferon alpha 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IFNAR1 interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IFNG interferon gamma	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IFNL3 interferon lambda 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IGHE immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL12B interleukin 12B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL17A interleukin 17A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL1B interleukin 1 beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL23A interleukin 23 subunit alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL2RA interleukin 2 receptor subunit alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL2RB interleukin 2 receptor subunit beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL2RG interleukin 2 receptor subunit gamma	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL34 interleukin 34	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL6 interleukin 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IMPDH1 inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IMPDH2 inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Incidence of adverse events	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Infections requiring hospitalization	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
JAK1 Janus kinase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
JAK2 Janus kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LAMP1 lysosome associated membrane protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LCN2 lipocalin 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LILRA4 leukocyte immunoglobulin like receptor A4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Long-term Period: Number of Participants With Marked Abnormalities in Results of Clinical Laboratory Tests	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
MASP2 MBL associated serine protease 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MS4A1 membrane spanning 4-domains A1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MTOR mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Number of Patients With Complete Remission	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
PIMREG PICALM interacting mitotic regulator	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
POLA1 DNA polymerase alpha 1, catalytic subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
POLA2 DNA polymerase alpha 2, accessory subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
POLD1 DNA polymerase delta 1, catalytic subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
POLD2 DNA polymerase delta 2, accessory subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
POLD3 DNA polymerase delta 3, accessory subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
POLD4 DNA polymerase delta 4, accessory subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
POLE DNA polymerase epsilon, catalytic subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
POLE2 DNA polymerase epsilon 2, accessory subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
POLE3 DNA polymerase epsilon 3, accessory subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	105	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01316133 — A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus With Steroid in Korean Lupus Nephritis Patients (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT00876616 — Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Multi-target Therapy in Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT02630628 — Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus Versus Mycophenolate in Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03791827 — Multicenter Registry of Pediatric Lupus Nephritis in China (UNKNOWN) NCT01056237 — Long-Term Study of Multi-target Therapy as Maintenance Treatment for Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT00569101 — A Pilot Study for the Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus in the Treatment of Refractory Lupus Nephritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT00298506 — Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of FK506 Combined With Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) in Lupus Nephritis (III/IV/V) (COMPLETED) NA NCT05863936 — Trial of Belimumab Combined With Multi-target Induction Therapy in Lupus Nephritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIROLIMUS	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 trials 1 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT04892212 — Sirolimus in Treatment of Proteinuric Flares of Lupus Nephritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00050713 — Sirolimus Therapy for Idiopathic and Lupus Membranous Nephropathy (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Meta-analysis Efficacy and safety of sirolimus in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACALABRUTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACALABRUTINIB MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN II Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials 2 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03526042 — Angiotensin-II Receptor Antibodies Blockade With Losartan in Patients With Lupus Nephritis (UNKNOWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ANGIOTENSIN II ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASCORBIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ATORVASTATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM TRIHYDRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AVACINCAPTAD PEGOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AXICABTAGENE CILOLEUCEL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AZILSARTAN KAMEDOXOMIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZILSARTAN MEDOXOMIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENAZEPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLINATUMOMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BREXUCABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CAPTOPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 RCT View evidence Published literature Randomized controlled trial Captopril effect on prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2 and proteinuria in lupus nephritis patients (Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators, 2005) Randomized controlled trial Captopril, an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor, decreases proteinuria in hypertensive patients with renal diseases (Nephron, 1989) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CATUMAXOMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CISPLATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CROVALIMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSPORINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 trials 4 Cochrane 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01299922 — Clinical Trial Treatment in Lupus Nephritis (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT03791827 — Multicenter Registry of Pediatric Lupus Nephritis in China (UNKNOWN) NCT00976300 — Cyclosporine A or Intravenous Cyclophosphamide for Lupus Nephritis: The Cyclofa-Lune Study (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT04756492 — Prognostic Factors for Treatment Responses in Patients With Active Lupus Nephritis at Sohag University Hospital (UNKNOWN) Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive agents for adults with lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Frontiers in immunology, 2023) Cochrane review The effect of calcineurin inhibitors in the induction and maintenance treatment of lupus nephritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (International urology and nephrology, 2016) Cochrane review Calcineurin inhibitors may be a reasonable alternative to cyclophosphamide in the induction treatment of active lupus nephritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Experimental and therapeutic medicine, 2014) Cochrane review [Meta-analysis of calcineurin inhibitor in the treatment of lupus nephritis] (Zhonghua er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of pediatrics, 2011) Systematic review The efficacy of immunosuppressive drugs induction therapy for lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Renal failure, 2023) Systematic review Comparative effectiveness of immunosuppressive drugs and corticosteroids for lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Systematic reviews, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DARATUMUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEXAMETHASONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT03580291 — Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Treatment for Lupus Nephritis (LN) (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT07340463 — The Efficacy and Safety of Biologics (Belimumab/ Telitacicept) Induction Therapy in Proliferative Lupus Nephritis Patients for 6 Months Compared With Mycophenolate Mofetil Treatment (RECRUITING) PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Modified oral ondansetron regimen for cyclophosphamide-induced emesis in lupus nephritis (The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 1996) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DOCETAXEL ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
ECULIZUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ELRANATAMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENTRECTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPCORITAMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPROSARTAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPROSARTAN MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOROURACIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GENISTEIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GLATIRAMER Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GLOFITAMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ABATACEPT	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALDESLEUKIN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANIFROLUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATACICEPT	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZATHIOPRINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BARICITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CENERIMOD	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSPORINE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IANALUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEFLUNOMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIZORIBINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OBINUTUZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £2–£5 / 28–30 tabs · US $4–$8 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SECUKINUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01316133 — A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus With Steroid in Korean Lupus Nephritis Patients (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT00876616 — Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Multi-target Therapy in Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT02630628 — Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus Versus Mycophenolate in Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03791827 — Multicenter Registry of Pediatric Lupus Nephritis in China (UNKNOWN) NCT01056237 — Long-Term Study of Multi-target Therapy as Maintenance Treatment for Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT00569101 — A Pilot Study for the Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus in the Treatment of Refractory Lupus Nephritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT00298506 — Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of FK506 Combined With Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) in Lupus Nephritis (III/IV/V) (COMPLETED) NA NCT05863936 — Trial of Belimumab Combined With Multi-target Induction Therapy in Lupus Nephritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIIB-023	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCITRIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPAGLIFLOZIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARATUMUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAXDILIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAZODALIBEP	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEUCRAVACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EBRIBAFUSP ALFA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EFGARTIGIMOD ALFA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETANERCEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUDARABINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUSELKUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACALABRUTINIB Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACALABRUTINIB MALEATE Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ACKR2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ACKR2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN II Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials 2 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03526042 — Angiotensin-II Receptor Antibodies Blockade With Losartan in Patients With Lupus Nephritis (UNKNOWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ANGIOTENSIN II ACETATE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASCORBIC ACID Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ATORVASTATIN Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM TRIHYDRATE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£4 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AVACINCAPTAD PEGOL Repurposing via C5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AXICABTAGENE CILOLEUCEL Repurposing via CD19	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AZILSARTAN KAMEDOXOMIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZILSARTAN MEDOXOMIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENAZEPRIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ACKR2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLINATUMOMAB Repurposing via CD19	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BREXUCABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL Repurposing via CD19	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CAPTOPRIL Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 RCT View evidence Published literature Randomized controlled trial Captopril effect on prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2 and proteinuria in lupus nephritis patients (Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators, 2005) Randomized controlled trial Captopril, an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor, decreases proteinuria in hypertensive patients with renal diseases (Nephron, 1989) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ACKR2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CATUMAXOMAB Repurposing via CD3D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ACKR2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CISPLATIN Repurposing via CCL2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ACKR2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOZAPINE Repurposing via C3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CROVALIMAB Repurposing via C5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSPORINE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 trials 4 Cochrane 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01299922 — Clinical Trial Treatment in Lupus Nephritis (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT03791827 — Multicenter Registry of Pediatric Lupus Nephritis in China (UNKNOWN) NCT00976300 — Cyclosporine A or Intravenous Cyclophosphamide for Lupus Nephritis: The Cyclofa-Lune Study (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT04756492 — Prognostic Factors for Treatment Responses in Patients With Active Lupus Nephritis at Sohag University Hospital (UNKNOWN) Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive agents for adults with lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Frontiers in immunology, 2023) Cochrane review The effect of calcineurin inhibitors in the induction and maintenance treatment of lupus nephritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (International urology and nephrology, 2016) Cochrane review Calcineurin inhibitors may be a reasonable alternative to cyclophosphamide in the induction treatment of active lupus nephritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Experimental and therapeutic medicine, 2014) Cochrane review [Meta-analysis of calcineurin inhibitor in the treatment of lupus nephritis] (Zhonghua er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of pediatrics, 2011) Systematic review The efficacy of immunosuppressive drugs induction therapy for lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Renal failure, 2023) Systematic review Comparative effectiveness of immunosuppressive drugs and corticosteroids for lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Systematic reviews, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DARATUMUMAB Repurposing via CD38	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEXAMETHASONE Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT03580291 — Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Treatment for Lupus Nephritis (LN) (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT07340463 — The Efficacy and Safety of Biologics (Belimumab/ Telitacicept) Induction Therapy in Proliferative Lupus Nephritis Patients for 6 Months Compared With Mycophenolate Mofetil Treatment (RECRUITING) PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Modified oral ondansetron regimen for cyclophosphamide-induced emesis in lupus nephritis (The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 1996) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ACKR2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ACKR2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ACKR2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing via AGTR1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DOCETAXEL ANHYDROUS Repurposing via CCL2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
ECULIZUMAB Repurposing via C5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ELRANATAMAB Repurposing via CD3D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENTRECTINIB Repurposing via BTK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPCORITAMAB Repurposing via CD3D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ACKR2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

32 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Links
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Clinical trial publication Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in clinical and experimental lupus n… Animal Study Fish oil supplementation and energy restriction protect against renal d… Human Study Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) may exert beneficial effects on lupus nephr…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in clinical and experimental lupus nephritis (American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 1994) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Cordyceps Natural product Animal Study A soy diet accelerates renal damage in mice with lupus. Animal Study Antrodia camphorata attenuates the progression of nephritis in systemic… Animal Study Cordyceps protein alleviates renal injury by inhibiting T cell infiltra…	Mushroom	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	6 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Turmeric Natural product Systematic review The impact of curcumin supplementation on systemic lupus erythematosus… Systematic review The Use of Curcumin for the Treatment of Renal Disorders: A Systematic… Clinical trial publication Oral supplementation of turmeric decreases proteinuria, hematuria, and…	Botanical	Phase II	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05714670 — The Effect of Curcumin on the Clinical Outcome of Pediatric Patients with Active Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Systematic review The impact of curcumin supplementation on systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: A systematic review (Lupus, 2023) Systematic review The Use of Curcumin for the Treatment of Renal Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 2021) Clinical trial publication Oral supplementation of turmeric decreases proteinuria, hematuria, and systolic blood pressure in patients suffering from relapsing or refractory lupus nephritis: a randomized and placebo-controlled study (Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation, 2012) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Astragalus Natural product Systematic review Astragalus-containing Chinese herbal medicine used with Western medicin… Clinical trial publication [Effect of intravenous drip infusion of cyclophosphamide with high-dose…	TCM herb	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Systematic review Astragalus-containing Chinese herbal medicine used with Western medicine for lupus nephritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Frontiers in pharmacology, 2024) Clinical trial publication [Effect of intravenous drip infusion of cyclophosphamide with high-dose Astragalus injection in treating lupus nephritis] (Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao = Journal of Chinese integrative medicine, 2007) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Egcg Natural product Animal Study Green tea powder inhibits the progression of lupus-like syndrome and pr…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Quercetin Natural product In Vitro Study Quercetin is a potential therapeutic drug for lupus nephritis.	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Probiotics Natural product Meta-analysis Efficacy and safety of gut microbiota-based therapies in autoimmune and… Review The consequences of altered microbiota in immune-related chronic kidney… Animal Study Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HFY15 on Lupus nephritis.	Probiotic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Meta-analysis View evidence Published literature Meta-analysis Efficacy and safety of gut microbiota-based therapies in autoimmune and rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 80 randomized controlled trials (BMC medicine, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Tripterygium Wilfordii Natural product Clinical trial publication [Methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide pulse therapy of severe system… Meta Analysis, Review Effectiveness and safety of tripterygium glycosides tablet for lupus ne… Human Study Tripterygium has treatment value in patiens with lupus nephritis.	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT00881309 — To Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Tripterygium (TW) Versus AZA in the Maintenance Therapy for Lupus Nephritis (COMPLETED) NA NCT01646736 — Efficacy and Safety of Tripterygium Wilfordii in Patients With Lupus Nephritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00935389 — Prospective Study of TW in the Treatment of LN Type V With Gross Proteinuria (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication [Methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide pulse therapy of severe systemic lupus erythematosus in children] (Zhonghua er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of pediatrics, 2003) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Peony Natural product Animal Study Radix Paeoniae rubra ameliorates lupus nephritis. In Vitro Study Total glucosides of paeony ameliorate pristane-induced Lupus nephritis. In Vitro Study Total glucosides of paeony ameliorates lupus nephritis by suppressing Z…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Flaxseed Natural product Clinical trial publication Flaxseed in lupus nephritis: a two-year nonplacebo-controlled crossover… Clinical trial publication Flaxseed: a potential treatment for lupus nephritis Clinical trial publication Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in clinical and experimental lupus n…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	3 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Flaxseed in lupus nephritis: a two-year nonplacebo-controlled crossover study (Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2001) Clinical trial publication Flaxseed: a potential treatment for lupus nephritis (Kidney international, 1995) Clinical trial publication Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in clinical and experimental lupus nephritis (American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 1994) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Flavonoids Natural product Animal Study Hyperoside attenuates Lupus nephritis-associated mesangial cell apoptos… In Vitro Study Hyperoside ameliorates lupus nephritis by suppressing AKT1-mediated PAN…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	4 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Emodin Natural product Human Study Emodin may improve interstitial fibrosis, thus improving prognosis of l…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Honokiol Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Honokiol suppresses the aberrant interactions between renal resident ma…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Luteolin Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Luteolin attenuates lupus nephritis by regulating macrophage oxidative…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Ginsenosides Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Protopanaxadiol improves lupus nephritis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Soy Natural product Animal Study A soy diet accelerates renal damage in mice with lupus.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Antrodia Camphorata Natural product Animal Study Antrodia camphorata attenuates the progression of nephritis in systemic…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Citral Natural product Animal Study Citral alleviates the mouse ASLN model by inhibition of the activation…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Lactobacillus Plantarum Natural product Animal Study Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HFY15 on Lupus nephritis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Magnolol Natural product Animal Study Magnolol has a beneficial effect on lupus nephritis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Sophora Flavescens Natural product Animal Study Oxymatrine ameliorates Lupus nephritis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Piperine Natural product Animal Study Piperine ameliorated lupus nephritis by targeting AMPK-mediated activat…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Procyanidin B2 Natural product Animal Study Procyanidin B2 prevents lupus nephritis development in mice by inhibiti…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Enterodiol Natural product Animal Study The lignan precursor from flaxseed known as secoisolariresinol diglucos…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Enterolactone Natural product Animal Study The lignan precursor from flaxseed known as secoisolariresinol diglucos…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Lignans Natural product Animal Study The lignan precursor from flaxseed known as secoisolariresinol diglucos…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside (Sdg) Natural product Animal Study The lignan precursor from flaxseed known as secoisolariresinol diglucos…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Icariin Natural product Review Anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects of icariin and icaritin.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Celastrol Natural product In Vitro Study Celastrol alleviates murine lupus nephritis via inducting CD4+Foxp3+ re…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Fisetin Natural product In Vitro Study Fisetin reduces the senescent tubular epithelial cell burden and also i…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	PubChem
Paeonol Natural product In Vitro Study Paeonol interferes with lupus nephritis by regulating M1/M2 polarizatio…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—
Punicalagin Natural product In Vitro Study Punicalagin ameliorates lupus nephritis via inhibition of PAR2.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.

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