Interstitial Cystitis / Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS) — RepurpOS

Disease overview

Alterations

123

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

Via biomarker

146

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

195

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, Seeds, Examine.com · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-06

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Partial spontaneous remission in 20-30% at 2 years; complete resolution rare; chronic pain condition with significant disability; no biomarker-defined diagnosis complicates studies

Best-intervention remission

Multimodal approach (dietary modification + physical therapy + neuromodulation + intravesical therapy): 50-70% overall treatment response but rarely complete remission; intravesical heparin + lidocaine + sodium bicarbonate: 70-80% short-term response; sacral neuromodulation: 48-60% significant improvement at 2 years; cyclosporine A (oral): 75% improvement in Hunner lesion IC vs 19% placebo

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Very large — no FDA-approved treatment; management is symptomatic and highly individualised

Primary barrier

biological + practice

Barrier detail: Only pentosan polysulfate sodium (Elmiron, FDA approved 1996) has FDA approval for IC/BPS, and this is now associated with maculopathy (pigmentary maculopathy) with long-term use; Hunner lesion IC (25% of cases) is a distinct pathological entity with different treatment response than non-Hunner IC; diagnostic heterogeneity makes clinical trials extremely difficult

Last SoC change: 2022 — AUA IC/BPS guideline updated; Elmiron maculopathy warning strengthened; no new pharmacotherapy approval; pentosan polysulfate sodium only approved drug since 1996

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0018301

Right to Try Relevance

Eligibility: This disease meets the federal and state right-to-try legal standard (21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-0a and Montana SB 535): it lacks disease-modifying therapy with indication-specific FDA approval. Patients with Interstitial Cystitis may be eligible to access investigational therapies outside of clinical trials under right-to-try frameworks.

Investigational Agents

Phase 3: 11, Phase 2: 21, Phase 1: 7

Most Advanced Phase

Phase 3

Highest dev. stage

Gene Targets

123

Actionable

Pipeline Compounds (Top 6)

Adalimumab, Amitriptyline, Certolizumab Pegol, Estrogens, Conjugated, Gabapentin, Methenamine

Legal Standard: Right-to-try requires the disease lacks "adequate approved therapy for that specific disease" (not symptom-management drugs). This distinction means a disease with antidepressants available still qualifies if no FDA approval exists for THAT disease indication.

View Right-to-Try Compendium

Alterations

Showing 80 of 123 · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
Abnormal labia morphology	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormal vagina morphology	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormality of the bladder	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormality of the genital system	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormality of the menstrual cycle	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormality of the urethra	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormality of tumor necrosis factor secretion	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Anal pain	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Autoimmunity	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Depression	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Dyspareunia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Dysuria	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Elevated circulating C-reactive protein concentration	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Functional abnormality of the bladder	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Nocturia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pelvic pain	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pollakisuria	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Urinary bladder inflammation	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Urinary urgency	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
ACTG2 actin gamma 2, smooth muscle	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRB3 adrenoceptor beta 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AHR aryl hydrocarbon receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
APRT adenine phosphoribosyltransferase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ARHGDIA Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ARIH2 ariadne RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1A calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1B calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1C calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1D calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1E calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 E	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1F calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 F	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1G calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 G	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1H calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 H	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1I calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 I	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1S calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 S	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA2D1 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA2D2 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA2D3 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA2D4 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNB1 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNB2 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNB3 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNB4 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG1 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG2 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG3 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG4 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG5 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG6 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG7 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG8 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CALCA calcitonin related polypeptide alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CALCB calcitonin related polypeptide beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CALD1 caldesmon 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD209 CD209 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM3 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRNA3 cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 3 subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRNB4 cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 4 subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CLEC4M C-type lectin domain family 4 member M	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CNR1 cannabinoid receptor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL4A3 collagen type IV alpha 3 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DEFB1 defensin beta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DST dystonin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ESR1 estrogen receptor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ESR2 estrogen receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GATA5 GATA binding protein 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GEN1 GEN1 structure-specific endonuclease	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GSTK1 glutathione S-transferase kappa 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Global Response Assessment (GRA)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
HOXA13 homeobox A13	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HPSE2 heparanase 2 (inactive)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR3A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IC/BPS Symptoms Change With Overall Global Response Assessment (GRA)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
IGHE immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IMPDH1 inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IMPDH2 inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
INPP5D inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNMA1 potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M alpha 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KRT7 keratin 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MAZ MYC associated zinc finger protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets

FDA-Approved Therapies

Phase 4 agents with regulatory approval for this indication

Drug Name	Mechanism	Type
ACETAZOLAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
AMLODIPINE BENZOATE	blocker	Gene-targeted
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE	blocker	Gene-targeted
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE		Gene-targeted
AMLODIPINE MALEATE	blocker	Gene-targeted
AMPHETAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
ATENOLOL		Gene-targeted
BEPRIDIL		Gene-targeted
BEPRIDIL HYDROCHLORIDE	blocker	Gene-targeted
BICALUTAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
CAFFEINE		Gene-targeted
CARBACHOL	None	Gene-targeted
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CARVEDILOL	inhibitor; inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CELECOXIB		Gene-targeted
CINNARIZINE	blocker	Gene-targeted
CIPROFLOXACIN	None	Gene-targeted
CITALOPRAM		Gene-targeted
CLEVIDIPINE	blocker	Gene-targeted
CLIOQUINOL		Gene-targeted
CLOMIPRAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL		Gene-targeted
DIAZEPAM	None	Gene-targeted
DICHLORPHENAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL	None	Gene-targeted
DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE	blocker	Gene-targeted
DILTIAZEM MALATE	blocker	Gene-targeted
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
DRONEDARONE HYDROCHLORIDE	blocker	Gene-targeted
DROXIDOPA	agonist	Gene-targeted
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
EPHEDRINE SULFATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
EPINEPHRINE	agonist; agonist	Gene-targeted
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
EPIRUBICIN	None	Gene-targeted
ETHOSUXIMIDE	blocker	Gene-targeted
ETHOXZOLAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
FELODIPINE	blocker	Gene-targeted

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BENZOATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BEPRIDIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BEPRIDIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAFFEINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CINNARIZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CLEVIDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CLIOQUINOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM MALATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROXIDOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT06204874 — New Approaches to Nerve Stimulation Therapy for Bladder Pain Syndrome (RECRUITING) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT06204874 — New Approaches to Nerve Stimulation Therapy for Bladder Pain Syndrome (RECRUITING) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOSUXIMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FELODIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FENOTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FLAVONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GABAPENTIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GENISTEIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
HESPERIDIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Sources	Links
ADALIMUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMITRIPTYLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CERTOLIZUMAB PEGOL	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESTROGENS, CONJUGATED	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GABAPENTIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHENAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRABEGRON	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMALIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSIPTOR	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSPORINE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FREMANEZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FULRANUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GEFAPIXANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEPARIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEPARIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYALURONATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LETIBOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIDOCAINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONABOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYCODONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OZONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PD-0299685	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REZATOMIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TANEZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIPELUKAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALOE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAPSAICIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYGEN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEPPERMINT OIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUNOBINOP	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALACYCLOVIR	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPIVACAINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BENZOATE Repurposing via CACNA1F	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing via CACNA1F	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE MALEATE Repurposing via CACNA1F	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATENOLOL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BEPRIDIL Repurposing via CACNA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BEPRIDIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1G	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAFFEINE Repurposing via AHR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB Repurposing via CACNA1G	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CINNARIZINE Repurposing via CACNA1F	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CLEVIDIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1F	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CLIOQUINOL Repurposing via AHR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL Repurposing via CACNA1C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1F	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILTIAZEM MALATE Repurposing via CACNA1F	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CACNA1F	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROXIDOPA Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT06204874 — New Approaches to Nerve Stimulation Therapy for Bladder Pain Syndrome (RECRUITING) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT06204874 — New Approaches to Nerve Stimulation Therapy for Bladder Pain Syndrome (RECRUITING) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOSUXIMIDE Repurposing via CACNA1G	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADRB3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FELODIPINE Repurposing via CACNA1F	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—

Natural Products

12 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Links
Taurine Natural product Animal Study Taurine protects against degenerative changes in the urinary bladder, s…	Amino acid	Preclinical	Emerging	10	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
L-Arginine Natural product Randomized controlled trial A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial of the eff… Randomized controlled trial A randomized double-blind trial of oral L-arginine for treatment of int… Human Study Long-term oral administration of L-arginine increases nitric oxide rela…	Amino acid	Preclinical	Emerging	7	2 RCT View evidence Published literature Randomized controlled trial A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial of the efficacy of L-arginine in the treatment of interstitial cystitis (BJU international, 2000) Randomized controlled trial A randomized double-blind trial of oral L-arginine for treatment of interstitial cystitis (The Journal of urology, 1999) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Chondroitin Natural product Cochrane review Efficacy and safety comparison of pharmacotherapies for interstitial cy… Cochrane review Comparative effectiveness and safety of intravesical instillation treat… Clinical trial publication Carry-over effects in GAG therapy efficacy trial solution for bladder p…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	7	7 trials 2 Cochrane 16 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01813565 — The Efficacy of Additional Intravesical Instillation of Hyaluronic Acid/Chondroitin Sulfate to Transurethral Resection of Bladder Ulcer in Patients With Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome. (TERMINATED) NA NCT07495072 — Early vs Delayed Intravesical Blad-Care During BCG Therapy (RECRUITING) NA NCT00527917 — A Pilot Clinical Investigation of the Efficacy and Safety of Uracyst® Versus Placebo in Patients With Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome. (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT04268810 — Prospective Trial Comparing Intravesical Chondroitin Sulphate 2% and DMSO in the Treatment of PBS/Interstitial Cystitis (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT00150488 — URACYST® For the Treatment of GAG Deficient Interstitial Cystitis (COMPLETED) NA NCT00919113 — Efficacy and Safety Study of Uracyst to Treat Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03463499 — The Efficacy and Safety of Intravesical Hyaluronic Acid and Chondroitin Sulfate After Transurethral Resection of Hunner Lesion in Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome Patients (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety comparison of pharmacotherapies for interstitial cystitis and bladder pain syndrome: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis (International urogynecology journal, 2021) Cochrane review Comparative effectiveness and safety of intravesical instillation treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (International urogynecology journal, 2021) Clinical trial publication Carry-over effects in GAG therapy efficacy trial solution for bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (GETSBI study): an interim analysis (BMJ open, 2025) Clinical trial publication [A comparative analysis of intravesical sodium hyaluronate monotherapy and its combination with oral chondroitin sulfate in patietns with bladder pain syndrome/intersticial cystitis] (Urologiia (Moscow, Russia : 1999), 2019) Clinical trial publication Clinical comparison of intravesical hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate therapies in the treatment of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (Neurourology and urodynamics, 2018) Clinical trial publication A prospective randomized controlled multicentre trial comparing intravesical DMSO and chondroïtin sulphate 2% for painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology, 2017) Clinical trial publication A randomized, open-label, multicenter study of the efficacy and safety of intravesical hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate versus dimethyl sulfoxide in women with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (Neurourology and urodynamics, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Glucosamine Natural product Human Study A combination of glucosamine sulfate, sodium hyaluronate, chondroitin s… Human Study Glycoaminoglycans like glucosamine may contribute to improving conditio…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Quercetin Natural product Clinical trial publication A pilot open label study of Cystoprotek in interstitial cystitis Clinical trial publication Treatment of interstitial cystitis with a quercetin supplement Human Study A combination of glucosamine sulfate, sodium hyaluronate, chondroitin s…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	2 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication A pilot open label study of Cystoprotek in interstitial cystitis (International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology, 2005) Clinical trial publication Treatment of interstitial cystitis with a quercetin supplement (Techniques in urology, 2001) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Alpha-Lipoic Acid Natural product Clinical trial publication Alpha Lipoic Acid Plus Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Vestibulodynia Associate… Human Study Alpha-lipoic acid may be a clinically useful therapy in interstitial cy…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Alpha Lipoic Acid Plus Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Vestibulodynia Associated With Painful Bladder Syndrome (Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Curcumin Natural product Animal Study Curcumin protects against cyclophosphamide-induced haemorrhagic cystiti…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	4 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Hyaluronic Acid Natural product Clinical trial publication Carry-over effects in GAG therapy efficacy trial solution for bladder p… Clinical trial publication Intravesical Interferon Therapy vs Hyaluronic Acid for Pain Among Femal… Clinical trial publication Evaluation of pain and quality of life after hyaluronic acid instillati…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	0	8 trials 22 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT07658118 — Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of Endoscopic Submucosal Injection of Hyaluronic Acid Into the Bladder Wall in Patients With Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS) (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT02856022 — A Comparison of Electrical Ilioinguinal Nerve Stimulation With Intravesical Irrigation for Bladder Pain Syndrome (COMPLETED) NA NCT01813565 — The Efficacy of Additional Intravesical Instillation of Hyaluronic Acid/Chondroitin Sulfate to Transurethral Resection of Bladder Ulcer in Patients With Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome. (TERMINATED) NA NCT04821882 — Intravesical Injection of Dextrose to Improve Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Caused by Chronic Cystitis (COMPLETED) NA NCT05544695 — Real-world Evidence Study on Cystistat (COMPLETED) NCT07495072 — Early vs Delayed Intravesical Blad-Care During BCG Therapy (RECRUITING) NA NCT05912946 — Assessing the Effectiveness and Safety of Interferon Bladder Infusion for the Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT03463499 — The Efficacy and Safety of Intravesical Hyaluronic Acid and Chondroitin Sulfate After Transurethral Resection of Hunner Lesion in Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome Patients (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Carry-over effects in GAG therapy efficacy trial solution for bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (GETSBI study): an interim analysis (BMJ open, 2025) Clinical trial publication Intravesical Interferon Therapy vs Hyaluronic Acid for Pain Among Female Individuals With Interstitial Cystitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA network open, 2024) Clinical trial publication Evaluation of pain and quality of life after hyaluronic acid instillation in addition to botulinum toxin-A injection in women with refractory Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome: A pilot study (Archivio italiano di urologia, andrologia : organo ufficiale [di] Societa italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica, 2022) Clinical trial publication Comparison of intravesical instillation of hyaluronic acid with intradetrusor botulinum toxin A injection or cystoscopic hydrodistention for ketamine-associated cystitis (The Journal of international medical research, 2020) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of instillation treatment with hyaluronic acid in relieving symptoms in patients with BPS/IC and uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infections - Long-term results of a multicenter study (European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Rutin Natural product Human Study A combination of glucosamine sulfate, sodium hyaluronate, chondroitin s…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Palmitoylethanolamide Natural product Human Study Micronized palmitoylethanolamide-polydatin reduces the painful symptoma…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Flavonoids Natural product Animal Study Baicalin ameliorates interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Dmso (Dimethyl Sulphoxide) Natural product Commentary Dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) may have value in the treatment of interstitia…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	0	5 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01069263 — Comparative Study Between Hyperbaric Therapy and Intravesical Dimethyl Sulfoxide Instillation for Interstitial Cystitis (UNKNOWN) NA NCT00317070 — Trial Comparing Intravesical Cocktail With Intravesical Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) in Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis (PBS/IC) (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT03103594 — Comparison of the Treatment of Refractory Bladder Pain Syndrome With DMSO and DMSO With Botulinum Toxin A (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT05223244 — Bladder Capacity as Objective Measure of Intravesical Treatment of Newly Diagnosed IC (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01074567 — DMSO Efficacy in IC/PBS Patients During and After Treatment (UNKNOWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.