Gout

Disease overview

Alterations

114

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Trial outcome measures (T)

Direct drugs

Via biomarker

126

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

186

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, PubMed NP, ClinicalTrials.gov NP · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-10-15

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Acute flares self-resolve in 7-14 days without treatment; but urate crystal deposition continues; only 10-15% achieve serum urate <360 µmol/L spontaneously without ULT; progressive tophus formation and joint damage in untreated patients

Best-intervention remission

Allopurinol/febuxostat: serum urate target (<360 µmol/L) achieved in 60-70% if adequately dosed; treat-to-target with regular monitoring: 80-90% flare-free at 2 years; pegloticase: 40% complete tophus resolution at 6 months in refractory patients

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Very large — gout is one of the most undertreated diseases in medicine despite highly effective therapy

Primary barrier

framing/practice

Barrier detail: Gout is widely (incorrectly) perceived as a diet-only disease by patients and many clinicians; ULT (urate-lowering therapy) is initiated in only 30-40% of eligible patients; of those who start ULT, only 30-40% reach serum urate target because doses are not escalated; gout management is the single most guideline-discordant area in rheumatology

Last SoC change: 2020 — ACR guidelines recommenced treat-to-target with regular dose titration of allopurinol; 2021 canakinumab guideline endorsement for frequent flare prevention; febuxostat CV safety concern (Black Box warning 2019 based on CARES trial); allopurinol standard since 1966

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0005393

Alterations

114 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional). Molecular rows are Open Targets gene–disease associations (evidence column = OT association score), not measured levels; phenotypes are HPO terms annotated directly to this disease (Monarch); type T rows are outcome measures used in completed ClinicalTrials.gov studies, not alterations of the disease.

Hide alterations without a value (no direction or frequency)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
SLC22A12 solute carrier family 22 member 12	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.80	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ABCG2 ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (JR blood group)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.75	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
XDH xanthine dehydrogenase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.70	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC22A11 solute carrier family 22 member 11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.66	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTGS2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.63	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC2A9 solute carrier family 2 member 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.62	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTGS1 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PKD2 polycystin 2, transient receptor potential cation channel	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.60	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC16A9 solute carrier family 16 member 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PNPLA3 patatin like domain 3, 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TUBA1B tubulin alpha 1b	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TUBB tubulin beta class I	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TUBA1A tubulin alpha 1a	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TUBA1C tubulin alpha 1c	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TUBA3C tubulin alpha 3c	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TUBA3E tubulin alpha 3e	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TUBA4A tubulin alpha 4a	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TUBB1 tubulin beta 1 class VI	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TUBB2A tubulin beta 2A class IIa	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TUBB2B tubulin beta 2B class IIb	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TUBB3 tubulin beta 3 class III	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TUBB4A tubulin beta 4A class IVa	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TUBB4B tubulin beta 4B class IVb	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TUBB6 tubulin beta 6 class V	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TUBB8 tubulin beta 8 class VIII	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.59	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADH1B alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (class I), beta polypeptide	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.58	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GCKR glucokinase regulator	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.58	Open Targets	Ensembl Open Targets
NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.57	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
A1CF APOBEC1 complementation factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.57	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL1RN interleukin 1 receptor antagonist	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.57	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SH2B3 SH2B adaptor protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.55	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDZK1 PDZ domain containing 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.54	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HLF HLF transcription factor, PAR bZIP family member	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.54	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IGF1R insulin like growth factor 1 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.54	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TMEM171 transmembrane protein 171	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.54	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
INHBC inhibin subunit beta C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.54	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RREB1 ras responsive element binding protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.54	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SPARCL1 SPARC like 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.53	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HNF4G hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 gamma	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.53	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC22A8 solute carrier family 22 member 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.53	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC22A6 solute carrier family 22 member 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.53	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL1B interleukin 1 beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.53	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MAPK10 mitogen-activated protein kinase 10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.53	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
WDR1 WD repeat domain 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.53	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RAI14 retinoic acid induced 14	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.52	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC5A9 solute carrier family 5 member 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.52	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LRP2 LDL receptor related protein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.52	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TET2 tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.51	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MLXIPL MLX interacting protein like	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.50	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SOS2 SOS Ras/Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.50	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DACH1 dachshund family transcription factor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.50	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BICC1 BicC family RNA binding protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.50	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TCF7L2 transcription factor 7 like 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.50	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ABCA6 ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.50	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ALDH2 aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family member	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.50	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FTO FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.50	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZNF518B zinc finger protein 518B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.50	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CRIP3 cysteine rich protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.49	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NRG4 neuregulin 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.49	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL6R interleukin 6 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.49	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CLDN14 claudin 14	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.49	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NRG1 neuregulin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.49	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TFCP2L1 transcription factor CP2 like 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.48	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HBB hemoglobin subunit beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.48	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NTN4 netrin 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.48	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CUBN cubilin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.48	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PPARG peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.47	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AKAP13 A-kinase anchoring protein 13	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.47	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
INHBB inhibin subunit beta B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.47	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FAM53B family with sequence similarity 53 member B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.47	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AAK1 AP2 associated kinase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.47	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SFMBT1 Scm like with four mbt domains 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.46	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CLDN8 claudin 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.46	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CPS1 carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.46	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DDIT4L DNA damage inducible transcript 4 like	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.46	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CUX2 cut like homeobox 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.46	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZDHHC18 zDHHC palmitoyltransferase 18	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.45	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNFSF10 TNF superfamily member 10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.45	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADO 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.45	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZNF827 zinc finger protein 827	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.45	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DNAJC13 DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C13	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.45	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DRD5 dopamine receptor D5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.44	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
B4GALT1 beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.44	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MLXIP MLX interacting protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.44	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MUC1 mucin 1, cell surface associated	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.43	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NUDT9 nudix hydrolase 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.43	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FST follistatin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.43	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTPN11 protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.43	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BCAS3 BCAS3 microtubule associated cell migration factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.43	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DARS2 aspartyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.43	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FGF5 fibroblast growth factor 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.42	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ARID5B AT-rich interaction domain 5B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.42	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TMEM174 transmembrane protein 174	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
STC1 stanniocalcin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MECOM MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OAF out at first homolog	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.41	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KLHDC7A kelch domain containing 7A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PRKAG2 protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HECTD4 HECT domain E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.34	Open Targets	Ensembl Open Targets
REEP3 receptor accessory protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Arthritis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	HPO annotation	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve (AUC 0-last) - Dotinurad DDI PK Analysis	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve (AUC 0-last) - Dotinurad PK Analysis	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Changes in hematology, serum chemistry, coagulation, electrocardiogram and urinalysis parameters	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Changes in vital signs and physical examination findings	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Evaluate clinically significant changes from baseline in physical examinations	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Evaluate incidence and severity of adverse eventsadministration in healthy adult subjects.	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Evaluate the pharmacokinetic of maximum plasma concentration	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Incidence of adverse events	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (Safety and Tolerability)	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
PK of PRX-115: Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC 0-t)	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Pharmacokinetics (Peak time (Tmax) of Genakumab Injection with Genakumab for Injection	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Total direct cost of hospitalization, $	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Visual Analogue Score (VAS)	Trial outcome measure	Clinical scale	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
INDOMETHACIN	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 2 Cochrane 4 Meta-analysis 20 Trial pubs 13 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00142558 — A Study Evaluating the Effect of Etoricoxib and Indomethacin in the Treatment of Acute Gout (0663-081)(COMPLETED) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00549549 — Celebrex In Acute Gouty Arthritis Study (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01310673 — Initiation of Allopurinol at First Medical Contact for Acute Attacks of Gout (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00855920 — Study Utilizing Rilonacept in Gout Exacerbations (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00997581 — Apremilast Therapy for Acute Gouty Arthritis (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT06273813 — Treatment of Topical Ketorolac Gel in Acute Gouty Flare (UNKNOWN) PHASE1 NCT01884272 — NSAID Drug Interaction Study (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00170781 — Efficacy and Safety of Lumiracoxib 400 mg Once Daily in Acute Flares of Gout (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Benefit-risk of corticosteroids in acute gout patients: An updated meta-analysis and economic evaluation (Steroids, 2017) Cochrane review Interleukin-1 inhibitors for acute gout (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014) Meta-analysis Comparative efficacy of traditional non-selective NSAIDs and selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients with acute gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis (BMJ open, 2020) Meta-analysis Oral prednisolone versus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of acute gout: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Inflammopharmacology, 2018) Clinical trial publication Comparison of Prednisolone, Etoricoxib, and Indomethacin in Treatment of Acute Gouty Arthritis: An Open-Label, Randomized, Controlled Trial (Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2016) Clinical trial publication Oral Prednisolone in the Treatment of Acute Gout: A Pragmatic, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial (Annals of internal medicine, 2016) Clinical trial publication Rilonacept in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis: a randomized, controlled clinical trial using indomethacin as the active comparator (Arthritis research & therapy, 2013) Clinical trial publication Initiation of allopurinol at first medical contact for acute attacks of gout: a randomized clinical trial (The American journal of medicine, 2012) Clinical trial publication Serum urate during acute gout (The Journal of rheumatology, 2009) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIROLIMUS	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02959918 — Multi-Dose Safety/Pharmacodynamic Study of SEL-212/SEL-037 in Subjects With Symptomatic Gout & Elevated Blood Uric Acid (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETALDEHYDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANHYDROUS TACROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AXITINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BARICITINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAPECITABINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBOPLATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLORPROMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHORIOGONADOTROPIN ALFA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CISPLATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CYCLOSPORINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 Cochrane 7 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Manifestations in Adult Kidney Transplant's Recipients: A Systematic Review (Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 2021) Clinical trial publication Effect of cyclosporine on the pharmacokinetics of colchicine in healthy subjects (Postgraduate medicine, 2012) Clinical trial publication Novel evidence-based colchicine dose-reduction algorithm to predict and prevent colchicine toxicity in the presence of cytochrome P450 3A4/P-glycoprotein inhibitors (Arthritis and rheumatism, 2011) Clinical trial publication Conversion from cyclosporine to azathioprine at three months reduces the incidence of chronic allograft nephropathy (Kidney international, 2003) Clinical trial publication Hyperuricemia and gout in renal transplant recipients (Renal failure, 2002) Clinical trial publication Natural history and etiology of hyperuricemia following pediatric renal transplantation (Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 1995) Randomized controlled trial Hyperuricemia after renal transplantation (American journal of surgery, 1988) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOCETAXEL ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
EFAVIRENZ Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ELTROMBOPAG Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERLOTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ERLOTINIB HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETOPOSIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
ETRAVIRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FELODIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOLIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03635957 — Study of Pegloticase (KRYSTEXXA®) Plus Methotrexate in Patients With Uncontrolled Gout (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03994731 — Study of KRYSTEXXA® (Pegloticase) Plus Methotrexate in Participants With Uncontrolled Gout (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Systematic review Dutch pharmacogenetics working group guideline for the gene-drug interaction of ABCG2, HLA-B and Allopurinol, and MTHFR, folic acid and methotrexate (European journal of human genetics : EJHG, 2024) Clinical trial publication Pegloticase in Combination With Methotrexate in Patients With Uncontrolled Gout: A Multicenter, Open-label Study (MIRROR) (The Journal of rheumatology, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FOMEPIZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GENISTEIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GLUCARPIDASE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IBRUTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IFOSFAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IMATINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ITRACONAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
KETOCONAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LAMIVUDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LENVATINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LEUCOVORIN CALCIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LEVOFLOXACIN ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LOVASTATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOXANTRONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £15–£30 / 28–50 tabs (low-dose) · US $20–$40 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
NEVIRAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NICOTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NILOTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NITREFAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITROFURANTOIN, MACROCRYSTALS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NITROGLYCERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OSIMERTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PACLITAXEL PROTEIN-BOUND Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
PALBOCICLIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASTERONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRAVASTATIN SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAMIPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RESMETIROM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RITUXIMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
SEPIAPTERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SORAFENIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFASALAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 Cochrane View evidence Published literature Cochrane review DMARDs and gout therapy in patients with chronic arthritis and end-stage renal disease: a descriptive guide (Acta clinica Belgica, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELMISARTAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TENOFOVIR Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	3 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TOPOTECAN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VENETOCLAX Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VORICONAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ZIDOVUDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPAMINURAD	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESUBERAPROST	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETORICOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGADRICASE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PONALRESTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RILONACEPT	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SHR-4640	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIGULIXOSTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANAKINRA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APREMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARHALOFENATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZATHIOPRINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUCILLAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DENOSUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIACEREIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GOFLIKICEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOTOFISOPAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTREXATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRANILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ULODESINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERINURAD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
XANTHINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BMS-911172 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
COMPOUND 21B [PMID: 31136173] Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	—	DGIdb	—
FORAZAPADIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MIRIVADELGAT Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PILAVAPADIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRUNETIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETOROLAC TROMETHAMINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MESALAMINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXEGLITAZAR	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALLOPURINOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30-90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZBROMARONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANAKINUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CINCHOPHEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
COLCHICINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CORTICOTROPIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CORTISONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOTINURAD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEBUXOSTAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK Very low cost OTC/prescription · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOPROFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOBROMINDIONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LESINURAD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXEN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORLISTAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGLOTICASE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£5 / 28–30 tabs · US $4–$8 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROBENECID	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RASBURICASE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM BICARBONATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFINPYRAZONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TISOPURINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOPIROXOSTAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPAMINURAD	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESUBERAPROST	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETORICOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGADRICASE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PONALRESTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RILONACEPT	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SHR-4640	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIGULIXOSTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANAKINRA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APREMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARHALOFENATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZATHIOPRINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUCILLAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DENOSUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIACEREIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GOFLIKICEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOTOFISOPAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTREXATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIROLIMUS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02959918 — Multi-Dose Safety/Pharmacodynamic Study of SEL-212/SEL-037 in Subjects With Symptomatic Gout & Elevated Blood Uric Acid (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRANILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ULODESINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERINURAD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
XANTHINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETOROLAC TROMETHAMINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MESALAMINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXEGLITAZAR	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALLOPURINOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30-90 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZBROMARONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANAKINUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CINCHOPHEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
COLCHICINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CORTICOTROPIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CORTISONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOTINURAD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEBUXOSTAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK Very low cost OTC/prescription · US Very low cost	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 2 Cochrane 4 Meta-analysis 20 Trial pubs 13 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00142558 — A Study Evaluating the Effect of Etoricoxib and Indomethacin in the Treatment of Acute Gout (0663-081)(COMPLETED) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00549549 — Celebrex In Acute Gouty Arthritis Study (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01310673 — Initiation of Allopurinol at First Medical Contact for Acute Attacks of Gout (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00855920 — Study Utilizing Rilonacept in Gout Exacerbations (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00997581 — Apremilast Therapy for Acute Gouty Arthritis (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT06273813 — Treatment of Topical Ketorolac Gel in Acute Gouty Flare (UNKNOWN) PHASE1 NCT01884272 — NSAID Drug Interaction Study (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00170781 — Efficacy and Safety of Lumiracoxib 400 mg Once Daily in Acute Flares of Gout (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Benefit-risk of corticosteroids in acute gout patients: An updated meta-analysis and economic evaluation (Steroids, 2017) Cochrane review Interleukin-1 inhibitors for acute gout (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014) Meta-analysis Comparative efficacy of traditional non-selective NSAIDs and selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients with acute gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis (BMJ open, 2020) Meta-analysis Oral prednisolone versus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of acute gout: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Inflammopharmacology, 2018) Clinical trial publication Comparison of Prednisolone, Etoricoxib, and Indomethacin in Treatment of Acute Gouty Arthritis: An Open-Label, Randomized, Controlled Trial (Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2016) Clinical trial publication Oral Prednisolone in the Treatment of Acute Gout: A Pragmatic, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial (Annals of internal medicine, 2016) Clinical trial publication Rilonacept in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis: a randomized, controlled clinical trial using indomethacin as the active comparator (Arthritis research & therapy, 2013) Clinical trial publication Initiation of allopurinol at first medical contact for acute attacks of gout: a randomized clinical trial (The American journal of medicine, 2012) Clinical trial publication Serum urate during acute gout (The Journal of rheumatology, 2009) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOPROFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOBROMINDIONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LESINURAD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXEN SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORLISTAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGLOTICASE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£5 / 28 tabs · US $5–$10 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £2–£5 / 28–30 tabs · US $4–$8 / 30 tabs	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROBENECID	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RASBURICASE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM BICARBONATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFINPYRAZONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TISOPURINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOPIROXOSTAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETALDEHYDE Repurposing via ALDH2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANHYDROUS TACROLIMUS Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AXITINIB Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BARICITINIB Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAPECITABINE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBOPLATIN Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLORPROMAZINE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHORIOGONADOTROPIN ALFA Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CISPLATIN Repurposing via ALDH2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOZAPINE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CYCLOSPORINE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 Cochrane 7 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Manifestations in Adult Kidney Transplant's Recipients: A Systematic Review (Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 2021) Clinical trial publication Effect of cyclosporine on the pharmacokinetics of colchicine in healthy subjects (Postgraduate medicine, 2012) Clinical trial publication Novel evidence-based colchicine dose-reduction algorithm to predict and prevent colchicine toxicity in the presence of cytochrome P450 3A4/P-glycoprotein inhibitors (Arthritis and rheumatism, 2011) Clinical trial publication Conversion from cyclosporine to azathioprine at three months reduces the incidence of chronic allograft nephropathy (Kidney international, 2003) Clinical trial publication Hyperuricemia and gout in renal transplant recipients (Renal failure, 2002) Clinical trial publication Natural history and etiology of hyperuricemia following pediatric renal transplantation (Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 1995) Randomized controlled trial Hyperuricemia after renal transplantation (American journal of surgery, 1988) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL Repurposing via ALDH2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing via ALDH2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DOCETAXEL ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
EFAVIRENZ Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ELTROMBOPAG Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERLOTINIB Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ERLOTINIB HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETOPOSIDE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
ETRAVIRINE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FELODIPINE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOLIC ACID Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03635957 — Study of Pegloticase (KRYSTEXXA®) Plus Methotrexate in Patients With Uncontrolled Gout (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03994731 — Study of KRYSTEXXA® (Pegloticase) Plus Methotrexate in Participants With Uncontrolled Gout (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Systematic review Dutch pharmacogenetics working group guideline for the gene-drug interaction of ABCG2, HLA-B and Allopurinol, and MTHFR, folic acid and methotrexate (European journal of human genetics : EJHG, 2024) Clinical trial publication Pegloticase in Combination With Methotrexate in Patients With Uncontrolled Gout: A Multicenter, Open-label Study (MIRROR) (The Journal of rheumatology, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FOMEPIZOLE Repurposing via ADH1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GENISTEIN Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GLUCARPIDASE Repurposing via ARID5B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE Repurposing via AKAP13	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE Repurposing via ADO	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IBRUTINIB Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IFOSFAMIDE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
IMATINIB Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	8 trials 2 Cochrane 4 Meta-analysis 20 Trial pubs 13 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00142558 — A Study Evaluating the Effect of Etoricoxib and Indomethacin in the Treatment of Acute Gout (0663-081)(COMPLETED) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00549549 — Celebrex In Acute Gouty Arthritis Study (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01310673 — Initiation of Allopurinol at First Medical Contact for Acute Attacks of Gout (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00855920 — Study Utilizing Rilonacept in Gout Exacerbations (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00997581 — Apremilast Therapy for Acute Gouty Arthritis (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT06273813 — Treatment of Topical Ketorolac Gel in Acute Gouty Flare (UNKNOWN) PHASE1 NCT01884272 — NSAID Drug Interaction Study (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00170781 — Efficacy and Safety of Lumiracoxib 400 mg Once Daily in Acute Flares of Gout (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Benefit-risk of corticosteroids in acute gout patients: An updated meta-analysis and economic evaluation (Steroids, 2017) Cochrane review Interleukin-1 inhibitors for acute gout (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014) Meta-analysis Comparative efficacy of traditional non-selective NSAIDs and selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients with acute gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis (BMJ open, 2020) Meta-analysis Oral prednisolone versus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of acute gout: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Inflammopharmacology, 2018) Clinical trial publication Comparison of Prednisolone, Etoricoxib, and Indomethacin in Treatment of Acute Gouty Arthritis: An Open-Label, Randomized, Controlled Trial (Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2016) Clinical trial publication Oral Prednisolone in the Treatment of Acute Gout: A Pragmatic, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial (Annals of internal medicine, 2016) Clinical trial publication Rilonacept in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis: a randomized, controlled clinical trial using indomethacin as the active comparator (Arthritis research & therapy, 2013) Clinical trial publication Initiation of allopurinol at first medical contact for acute attacks of gout: a randomized clinical trial (The American journal of medicine, 2012) Clinical trial publication Serum urate during acute gout (The Journal of rheumatology, 2009) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ITRACONAZOLE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
KETOCONAZOLE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LAMIVUDINE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LENVATINIB Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LEUCOVORIN CALCIUM Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LEVOFLOXACIN ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
LOVASTATIN Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£4 / 28 tabs · US $4–$9 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOXANTRONE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE Repurposing via ALDH2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £15–£30 / 28–50 tabs (low-dose) · US $20–$40 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
NEVIRAPINE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NICOTINE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NILOTINIB Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NITREFAZOLE Repurposing via ADH1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITROFURANTOIN, MACROCRYSTALS Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NITROGLYCERIN Repurposing via ALDH2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OSIMERTINIB Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PACLITAXEL PROTEIN-BOUND Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
PALBOCICLIB Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / supply · US $6–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASTERONE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRAVASTATIN SODIUM Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAMIPRIL Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RESMETIROM Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RITUXIMAB Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	DGIdb	—
SEPIAPTERIN Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02959918 — Multi-Dose Safety/Pharmacodynamic Study of SEL-212/SEL-037 in Subjects With Symptomatic Gout & Elevated Blood Uric Acid (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SORAFENIB Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFASALAZINE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 Cochrane View evidence Published literature Cochrane review DMARDs and gout therapy in patients with chronic arthritis and end-stage renal disease: a descriptive guide (Acta clinica Belgica, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELMISARTAN Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	4 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TENOFOVIR Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	3 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TOPOTECAN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VENETOCLAX Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
VORICONAZOLE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ZIDOVUDINE Repurposing via ABCG2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BMS-911172 Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
COMPOUND 21B [PMID: 31136173] Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	—	DGIdb	—
FORAZAPADIN Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
MIRIVADELGAT Repurposing via ALDH2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PILAVAPADIN Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
PRUNETIN Repurposing via ALDH2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via AAK1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

96 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Vitamin C Natural product Clinical trial publication Effects of vitamin C supplementation on gout risk: results from the Phy… Clinical trial publication Clinically insignificant effect of supplemental vitamin C on serum urat… Clinical trial publication The effects of vitamin C supplementation on serum concentrations of uri…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	20	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 5 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT04938024 — Hmong Microbiome ANd Gout, Obesity, Vitamin C (HMANGO-C) (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Effects of vitamin C supplementation on gout risk: results from the Physicians' Health Study II trial (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2022) Clinical trial publication Clinically insignificant effect of supplemental vitamin C on serum urate in patients with gout: a pilot randomized controlled trial (Arthritis and rheumatism, 2013) Clinical trial publication The effects of vitamin C supplementation on serum concentrations of uric acid: results of a randomized controlled trial (Arthritis and rheumatism, 2005) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	20	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	5 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Folate Natural product Meta-analysis Exploring the causal associations of micronutrients on urate levels and…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 1 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT03994731 — Study of KRYSTEXXA® (Pegloticase) Plus Methotrexate in Participants With Uncontrolled Gout (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03635957 — Study of Pegloticase (KRYSTEXXA®) Plus Methotrexate in Patients With Uncontrolled Gout (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Meta-analysis Exploring the causal associations of micronutrients on urate levels and the risk of gout: A Mendelian randomization study (Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Probiotics Natural product Meta-analysis Effect of Probiotics on Uric Acid Levels: Meta-Analysis with Subgroup A… Meta-analysis Safety and efficacy of probiotic supplementation in 8 types of inflamma… Animal Study Oral Bifidobacterium longum treatment reduced the inflammatory response…	Probiotic	Phase II	Emerging	16	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	5 trials 2 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT06969469 — To Evaluate the Influence of (LUA Probiotics) on Uric Acid (COMPLETED) NCT04199325 — Probiotics for Gout / Hyperuricemia: A Randomized, Intervention, Parallel Controlled, Multicenter Clinical Trial (UNKNOWN) NA NCT07613164 — Probiotic-Uricase Complex Preparation for Improving Uric Acid Metabolism in Patients With Hyperuricemia (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT07141888 — The Effects of a Probiotic Food Supplement in Hyperuricaemia (RECRUITING) NA NCT07366749 — Acute Effects of a Urate-lowering Bacterial Therapeutic on Small Intestinal Transcriptomics and Glycomics in Healthy Subjects (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA Published literature Meta-analysis Effect of Probiotics on Uric Acid Levels: Meta-Analysis with Subgroup Analysis and Meta-Regression (Nutrients, 2025) Meta-analysis Safety and efficacy of probiotic supplementation in 8 types of inflammatory arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 34 randomized controlled trials (Frontiers in immunology, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Vitamin C Natural product Clinical trial publication Effects of vitamin C supplementation on gout risk: results from the Phy… Clinical trial publication Clinically insignificant effect of supplemental vitamin C on serum urat… Clinical trial publication The effects of vitamin C supplementation on serum concentrations of uri…	Nutraceutical	Phase I	Emerging	13	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 5 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT04938024 — Hmong Microbiome ANd Gout, Obesity, Vitamin C (HMANGO-C) (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Effects of vitamin C supplementation on gout risk: results from the Physicians' Health Study II trial (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2022) Clinical trial publication Clinically insignificant effect of supplemental vitamin C on serum urate in patients with gout: a pilot randomized controlled trial (Arthritis and rheumatism, 2013) Clinical trial publication The effects of vitamin C supplementation on serum concentrations of uric acid: results of a randomized controlled trial (Arthritis and rheumatism, 2005) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Rheumatology: What You May Have Missed in 2024 Feasibility of conducting a randomized, placebo-controlled study assess… Safety of Statins and Nonstatins for Treatment of Dyslipidemia	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	5 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin D3 Natural product Human Study Lower vitamin D levels are associated with depression in patients with… Commentary Coffee and vitamin C supplementation could be considered as preventive… Vitamin C intake correlates inversely with uric acid levels, indicating…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Ginger Natural product Animal Study 6-Shogaol, a compound found within ginger, exerts a strong anti-inflamm…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Garlic Natural product In Vitro Study Bioactive compounds in garlic and black garlic as antigout agents, usin…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Cinnamon Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study A mixture of Chrysanthemum Indicum flower and Cinnamomum Cassia bark ex… Animal Study Chrysanthemum indicum and Cinnamomum cassia mixture may have potential… Animal Study Cinnamon (cassia) extract has significant effect on serum and liver ura…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Ashwagandha Natural product Animal Study Ashwaganda reverses the symptoms of gouty arthritis in an experimental… In Vitro Study Withaferin A, a compound found within Ashwaganda, exhibits a strong ant…	Ayurvedic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Grape Seed Extract Natural product Animal Study Grape seed-derived procyanidins alleviate gout pain via NLRP3 inflammas… Animal Study Grapeseed procyanidins lower serum uric acid levels, indicating its use…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Berberine Natural product Human Study Effect of berberine on activation of TLR4-NFκB signaling pathway and NL…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	18 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Sulforaphane Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Sulforaphane inhibits multiple inflammasomes through a novel mechanism…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Curcumin Natural product Meta-analysis Efficacy and Safety of Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract in the Treatm… In Vitro Study Curcumin inhibits xanthine oxidase.	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Meta-analysis Efficacy and Safety of Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract in the Treatment of Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial (Frontiers in immunology, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Quercetin Natural product In Vitro Study Quercetin, Luteolin, and Silibinin inhibit the uric-acid associated enz…	Food compound	Phase I	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01881919 — Effect of Quercetin Supplements on Healthy Males: a Four-Week Randomized Cross-Over Trial (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Ruboxistaurin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Staurosporine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Sp-600125 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Erlotinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Alvocidib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Pazopanib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Midostaurin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Lestaurtinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Ruxolitinib Natural product [Proactive anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant therapy in the treatment…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nintedanib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Tg100-115 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Fedratinib Natural product Genetic Variants of the Human Thiamine Transporter (SLC19A3, THTR2)-Pot…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Enzastaurin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Pictilisib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Axitinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Asp-3026 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Orantinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Gilteritinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Pacritinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Ucn-01 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Momelotinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Boeravinone G Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Boeravinone H Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Elacridar Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Tariquidar Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Imatinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Fumitremorgin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
N-Heptylformamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
N-Cyclohexylformamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Daidzin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Daidzein Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
4'-hydroxychalcone Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Prunetin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
zinc bis(1-oxidopyridin-1-ium-2-thiolate) Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
(7-chloro-4-hydroxy-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ylidene)-methyl-amine Natural product Animal Study Hesperidin methylchalcone suppresses experimental gout arthritis in mic…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Cherry: All Varieties Natural product Human Study Bing sweet cherries lowers plasma urate in healthy women, indicating it… Human Study Cherry consumption decreases risk of recurrent gout attacks. Review This review explores the potential benefits of cherries and cherry prod…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Flavonoids Natural product Human Study Pycnogenol may be of value in treatment of MSU crystal-induced arthriti… Animal Study Taxifolin blocks monosodium urate crystal-induced gouty inflammation. Animal Study Total flavonoids of Humulus lupulus could be used as a promising drug o…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Chrysanthemum Indicum Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study A mixture of Chrysanthemum Indicum flower and Cinnamomum Cassia bark ex… Animal Study Chrysanthemum indicum and Cinnamomum cassia mixture may have potential…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Mushrooms: All Natural product Animal Study Anti-gout effects of the medicinal fungus Phellinus igniarius in hyperu… In Vitro Study Medicinal fungus Phellinus igniarius alleviates gout.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Fruit: All Natural product Human Study Taiwanese vegetarian diet is associated with lower risk of gout. Animal Study Comparative antioxidant and anti-gout activities of Citrullus colocynth… In Vitro Study Noni fruit juice has an inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase enzymes,…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Vegetables: All Natural product Human Study Taiwanese vegetarian diet is associated with lower risk of gout.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Plantago Natural product Animal Study Anti-inflammatory effect of Plantago asiatica crude extract in rat gout… In Vitro Study Antigout effects of Plantago asiatica.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Urolithin a Natural product Animal Study Antihyperuricemic effect of urolithin A in cultured hepatocytes and mod…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Burdock Natural product Animal Study Arctium minus crude extract presents antinociceptive effect in a mice a…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Chrysin Natural product Animal Study Chrysin exhibits potent anti-hyperuricemic and anti-inflammatory effect…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Bitter Apple Natural product Animal Study Comparative antioxidant and anti-gout activities of Citrullus colocynth…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Silver (Nanoparticles) Natural product Animal Study Comparative antioxidant and anti-gout activities of Citrullus colocynth…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Boswellic Acid Natural product Animal Study Efficacy of boswellic acid on lysosomal acid hydrolases, lipid peroxida…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate) Natural product Animal Study EGCG exerts anti-inflammatory effect against monosodium urate induced a…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Eucalyptus Natural product Animal Study Eucalyptol alleviates inflammation and pain responses in a mouse model…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Hesperidin Natural product Animal Study Hesperidin methylchalcone suppresses experimental gout arthritis in mic…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Apigenin Natural product Animal Study Olive leaf extract has xanthine-oxidase inhibiting activity which confi…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Oleuropein Natural product Animal Study Olive leaf extract has xanthine-oxidase inhibiting activity which confi…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Olive Leaf Extract Natural product Animal Study Olive leaf extract has xanthine-oxidase inhibiting activity which confi…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Bifidobacterium Longum Natural product Animal Study Oral Bifidobacterium longum treatment reduced the inflammatory response…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Rutin Natural product Animal Study Rutin ameliorates gout via reducing XOD activity, inhibiting ROS produc…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Bee Propolis Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Taiwanese green propolis might be useful for ameliorating gouty inflamm…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Terminalia Natural product Animal Study Terminalia chebula Retz. extract relieves gout arthritis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Arnica Natural product Animal Study The ethanolic extract of L. passerina and goyazensolide can be consider…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Fiber Natural product Animal Study These results suggest that what we eat plays a role in our capacity to…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Hops Natural product Animal Study Total flavonoids of Humulus lupulus could be used as a promising drug o…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Peony Natural product Animal Study Total glucosides of paeony significantly alleviated experimental acute…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Triphala Natural product Animal Study Triphala compares favorably to the drug Indomethacin as an anti-inflamm…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Thymol Natural product In Vitro Study An in-depth view of potential dual effect of thymol in inhibiting xanth…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.

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