Glaucoma — RepurpOS | OpenSourceMedicine

Disease overview

Alterations

169

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

Via biomarker

251

Natural agents

Natural products

112

Merged ranked

339

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, PubMed NP, ClinicalTrials.gov NP · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-05

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Progressive optic nerve damage without treatment; average visual field loss 0.5-1.0 dB/year; blindness in 10-20% without treatment; no spontaneous recovery of lost vision

Best-intervention remission

IOP-lowering drops: 20-30% IOP reduction; OHTS trial showed 50% risk reduction for glaucoma development in ocular hypertension; SLT (selective laser trabeculoplasty): IOP reduction 25-30%, equivalent to drops at 3 years (LiGHT trial); trabeculectomy: 35-45% IOP reduction, superior to drops in advanced disease

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Moderate — IOP control is achievable but compliance is the dominant barrier; neuroprotection remains an unmet need

Primary barrier

biological (neuroprotection) + practice (adherence)

Barrier detail: IOP-lowering prevents further damage but cannot restore lost vision; adherence to drop therapy is poor (50-70% of patients non-adherent at 1 year); SLT (laser) as first-line (recommended by LiGHT trial) not universally adopted; once-yearly drop (latanoprostene bunod) and sustained-release implants (Durysta) improving adherence

Last SoC change: 2023 — bimatoprost SR implant (Durysta) expanding to real-world use; 2021 Santen DE-117 sustained-release technology; 2019 rho kinase inhibitor (netarsudil/Rhopressa) approved — new mechanism; prostaglandin analogs as first-line since late 1990s; LiGHT trial 2019 established SLT as superior first-line to drops

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0005041 · ORPHA: ORPHA:2085

Right to Try Relevance

Eligibility: This disease meets the federal and state right-to-try legal standard (21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-0a and Montana SB 535): it lacks disease-modifying therapy with indication-specific FDA approval. Patients with Glaucoma may be eligible to access investigational therapies outside of clinical trials under right-to-try frameworks.

Investigational Agents

Phase 3: 16, Phase 2: 28, Phase 1: 9

Most Advanced Phase

Phase 3

Highest dev. stage

Gene Targets

169

Actionable

Pipeline Compounds (Top 6)

Darapladib, Fenretinide, Betaxolol Hydrochloride, Bevacizumab, Citicoline, Fluorometholone

Legal Standard: Right-to-try requires the disease lacks "adequate approved therapy for that specific disease" (not symptom-management drugs). This distinction means a disease with antidepressants available still qualifies if no FDA approval exists for THAT disease indication.

View Right-to-Try Compendium

Alterations

169 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
Abnormal Descemet membrane morphology	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormal anterior chamber morphology	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormal iris vasculature	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormal optic nerve morphology	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormal posterior eye segment morphology	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormal uvea morphology	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormality iris morphology	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormality of central retinal artery	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Amblyopia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Angle closure glaucoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Anisometropia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Anterior synechiae of the anterior chamber	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Axenfeld anomaly	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Blepharospasm	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Buphthalmos	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Central retinal vein occlusion	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Central scotoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Cerebellar vermis hypoplasia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Conjunctival hyperemia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Constriction of peripheral visual field	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Corneal neovascularization	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Corneal opacity	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Corneal stromal edema	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Deep anterior chamber	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Developmental glaucoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Ectopia lentis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Ectopia pupillae	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Enlarged cisterna magna	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Epiphora	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Glaucoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Glaucomatous visual field defect	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
High myopia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hypoplastic iris stroma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Increased cup-to-disc ratio	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Iridodonesis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Iris atrophy	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Late onset congenital glaucoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Megalocornea	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Myopia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Ocular hypertension	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Ocular pain	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Open angle glaucoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Optic neuropathy	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Peripheral visual field loss	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Peters anomaly	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Photophobia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Posterior embryotoxon	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Posterior synechiae of the anterior chamber	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Primary congenital glaucoma	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Reduced anterior scleral thickness	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Reduced visual acuity	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Retinal arterial occlusion	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Retinal detachment	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Retinal neovascularization	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Retinal venous occlusion	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Retinopathy	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Rieger anomaly	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Rubeosis iridis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Temporal optic disc pallor	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Uveal ectropion	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Visual acuity test abnormality	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Visual field defect	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Visual impairment	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Visual loss	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
ABCA1 ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ABO ABO, alpha 1-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and alpha 1-3-galactosyltransferase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	Ensembl Open Targets
ACHE acetylcholinesterase (Yt blood group)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADAMTS8 ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA1A adrenoceptor alpha 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA1B adrenoceptor alpha 1B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA1D adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA2A adrenoceptor alpha 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA2B adrenoceptor alpha 2B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA2C adrenoceptor alpha 2C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRB1 adrenoceptor beta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRB2 adrenoceptor beta 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRB3 adrenoceptor beta 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AFAP1 actin filament associated protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ANGPT1 angiopoietin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ANGPTL7 angiopoietin like 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ANKH ANKH inorganic pyrophosphate transport regulator	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ARHGEF12 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ARHGEF3 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ASB10 ankyrin repeat and SOCS box containing 10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATOH7 atonal bHLH transcription factor 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Amount of intraocular pressure lowering	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
BICC1 BicC family RNA binding protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BMP2 bone morphogenetic protein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BNC2 basonuclin zinc finger protein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CA1 carbonic anhydrase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CA12 carbonic anhydrase 12	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CA2 carbonic anhydrase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CA4 carbonic anhydrase 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CA7 carbonic anhydrase 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CADM2 cell adhesion molecule 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CAV1 caveolin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CAV2 caveolin 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDH11 cadherin 11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDKN2B cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHEK2 checkpoint kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM1 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM3 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL11A1 collagen type XI alpha 1 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL16A1 collagen type XVI alpha 1 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL18A1 collagen type XVIII alpha 1 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL24A1 collagen type XXIV alpha 1 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL4A1 collagen type IV alpha 1 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL8A1 collagen type VIII alpha 1 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL8A2 collagen type VIII alpha 2 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CSNK2A2IP casein kinase 2 subunit alpha' interacting protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CYP1B1 cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Change From Baseline in the Mean Diurnal IOP Within Each Treatment Arm	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
EFEMP1 EGF-like fibulin extracellular matrix protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EMID1 EMI domain containing 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FAT4 FAT atypical cadherin 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FERMT2 FERM domain containing kindlin 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FLNB filamin B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FMNL2 formin like 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FNDC3B fibronectin type III domain containing 3B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FOXC1 forkhead box C1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GAS7 growth arrest specific 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GLIS3 GLIS family zinc finger 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GMDS GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ITGB5 integrin subunit beta 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Intraocular pressure	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
KLF5 KLF transcription factor 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LMX1B LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LOXL1 lysyl oxidase like 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LPP LIM domain containing preferred translocation partner in lipoma	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LTBP2 latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ME3 malic enzyme 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MECOM MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MYOC myocilin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MYOCOS myocilin opposite strand	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NPC2 NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Numbers of medication	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
OPTN optineurin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PKHD1 PKHD1 ciliary IPT domain containing fibrocystin/polyductin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PLEKHA7 pleckstrin homology domain containing A7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
POU6F2 POU class 6 homeobox 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PRKCE protein kinase C epsilon	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PRSS23 serine protease 23	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTGER2 prostaglandin E receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTGFR prostaglandin F receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RARB retinoic acid receptor beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ROCK1 Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ROCK2 Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SASH1 SAM and SH3 domain containing 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SEMA3A semaphorin 3A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SH2B3 SH2B adaptor protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SIX6 SIX homeobox 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC19A1 solute carrier family 19 member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC24A5 solute carrier family 24 member 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC6A2 solute carrier family 6 member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TCF7L2 transcription factor 7 like 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TEK TEK receptor tyrosine kinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TES testin LIM domain protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TFAP2B transcription factor AP-2 beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
THSD7A thrombospondin type 1 domain containing 7A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TIMP3 TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TMCO1 transmembrane and coiled-coil domains 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TMEM119 transmembrane protein 119	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TMEM181 transmembrane protein 181	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TRIB2 tribbles pseudokinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TRIM71 tripartite motif containing 71	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Visual acuity	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
WDR36 WD repeat domain 36	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
WNT7B Wnt family member 7B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZC3H11B zinc finger CCCH-type containing 11B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets

FDA-Approved Therapies

Phase 4 agents with regulatory approval for this indication

Drug Name	Mechanism	Type
ACEBUTOLOL		Gene-targeted
ACETAZOLAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
ALFUZOSIN	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
AMBENONIUM		Gene-targeted
AMBENONIUM CHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE		Gene-targeted
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
AMPHETAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
APIGENIN	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
APOMORPHINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
APRACLONIDINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
APRACLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
ASENAPINE		Gene-targeted
ATENOLOL		Gene-targeted
ATIPAMEZOLE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
ATORVASTATIN		Gene-targeted
ATROPINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
BENZGALANTAMINE GLUCONATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
BENZPHETAMINE		Gene-targeted
BETAMETHASONE		Gene-targeted
BETAXOLOL		Gene-targeted
BETHANIDINE		Gene-targeted
BICALUTAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
BISOPROLOL		Gene-targeted
BRIMONIDINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
BRIMONIDINE TARTRATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
BROMOCRIPTINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CABERGOLINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CARBACHOL	None	Gene-targeted
CARVEDILOL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CELIPROLOL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CHLORPROMAZINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CIPROFLOXACIN	None	Gene-targeted
CLOMIPRAMINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CLOMIPRAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist; agonist	Gene-targeted
CLOPIDOGREL		Gene-targeted
CLOZAPINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
CYCLOBENZAPRINE		Gene-targeted
CYCLOSPORINE		Gene-targeted
CYPROHEPTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DAPIPRAZOLE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DAPIPRAZOLE HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DAUNORUBICIN LIPOSOMAL		Gene-targeted
DEBRISOQUIN		Gene-targeted
DEMECARIUM BROMIDE		Gene-targeted
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE		Gene-targeted
DIAZEPAM	None	Gene-targeted
DICHLORPHENAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL	None	Gene-targeted
DIPIVEFRIN		Gene-targeted
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
DISTIGMINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DISULFIRAM		Gene-targeted
DONEPEZIL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DONEPEZIL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DOPAMINE		Gene-targeted
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE		Gene-targeted
DRONEDARONE		Gene-targeted
DROXIDOPA	agonist	Gene-targeted
ECHOTHIOPHATE IODIDE		Gene-targeted
ECOTHIOPATE	inhibitor; inhibitor	Gene-targeted
EDROPHONIUM CATION	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
EDROPHONIUM CHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
EPHEDRINE		Gene-targeted
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
EPHEDRINE SULFATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
EPINEPHRINE	agonist; agonist	Gene-targeted
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
EPIRUBICIN	None	Gene-targeted
ERGOLOID MESYLATES	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
ERGOLOID MESYLATES, USP		Gene-targeted
ERGOTAMINE		Gene-targeted
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
ESMOLOL		Gene-targeted
ETHOXZOLAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
ETOMIDATE		Gene-targeted
FENOFIBRATE MICRONIZED		Gene-targeted
FENOLDOPAM		Gene-targeted
FLUMAZENIL	None	Gene-targeted
GALANTAMINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
GALANTAMINE HYDROBROMIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
GUANABENZ	agonist	Gene-targeted
GUANABENZ ACETATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
HEXAFLUORENIUM BROMIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
ILOPERIDONE		Gene-targeted
IMIPRAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
INDAPAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
INDOMETHACIN	None	Gene-targeted
ISOFLUROPHATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
ISOPROTERENOL		Gene-targeted
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE	None	Gene-targeted
LABETALOL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
LEVONORDEFRIN	agonist	Gene-targeted
LISDEXAMFETAMINE DIMESYLATE		Gene-targeted
LOFEXIDINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
LOFEXIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
LURASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
MAFENIDE	None	Gene-targeted
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE ANHYDROUS		Gene-targeted
MALATHION		Gene-targeted
MECAMYLAMINE	None	Gene-targeted
MEPERIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE		Gene-targeted
MEPHENTERMINE		Gene-targeted
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
METARAMINOL		Gene-targeted
METARAMINOL BITARTRATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
METHADONE HYDROCHLORIDE		Gene-targeted
METHAMPHETAMINE		Gene-targeted
METHAZOLAMIDE	None	Gene-targeted
METHOTRIMEPRAZINE		Gene-targeted
METHOXAMINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
METHOXAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
METHOXSALEN	None	Gene-targeted
METHYLDOPA ANHYDROUS	agonist	Gene-targeted
METHYLDOPATE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
METOPROLOL		Gene-targeted
METOPROLOL	None	Gene-targeted
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE		Gene-targeted
MIANSERIN	None	Gene-targeted
MIDODRINE		Gene-targeted
MIDODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
MILNACIPRAN		Gene-targeted
MINAPRINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
MINAPRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
MIRTAZAPINE	inhibitor; inhibitor	Gene-targeted
MODAFINIL		Gene-targeted
MOXISYLYTE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
MOXONIDINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
NADOLOL		Gene-targeted
NAFTOPIDIL	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
NALIDIXIC ACID	None	Gene-targeted
NAPHAZOLINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
NAPHAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE		Gene-targeted
NEFAZODONE		Gene-targeted
NEOSTIGMINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
NEOSTIGMINE METHYLSULFATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
NICOTINE	None	Gene-targeted
NIFEDIPINE		Gene-targeted
NOREPINEPHRINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
NORFLOXACIN	None	Gene-targeted
NORTRIPTYLINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
OFLOXACIN	None	Gene-targeted
OLANZAPINE		Gene-targeted
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
PAPAVERINE		Gene-targeted
PERGOLIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
PHENDIMETRAZINE		Gene-targeted
PHENOXYBENZAMINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PHENOXYBENZAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PHENTOLAMINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PHENTOLAMINE MESYLATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PHENYLEPHRINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
PHENYLEPHRINE BITARTRATE	agonist	Gene-targeted
PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE		Gene-targeted
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE POLISTIREX	agonist	Gene-targeted
PHENYTOIN	None	Gene-targeted
PHYSOSTIGMINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PHYSOSTIGMINE SALICYLATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PINDOLOL		Gene-targeted
PRALIDOXIME CATION	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PRALIDOXIME CHLORIDE	activator	Gene-targeted
PRASUGREL		Gene-targeted
PRAVASTATIN SODIUM		Gene-targeted
PRAZOSIN	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PRAZOSIN	None	Gene-targeted
PRAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PROBUCOL	inhibitor; inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PROMAZINE		Gene-targeted
PROPANIDID	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PROPIOMAZINE		Gene-targeted
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE		Gene-targeted
PROPYLHEXEDRINE		Gene-targeted
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX		Gene-targeted
PYRIDOSTIGMINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
QUETIAPINE FUMARATE		Gene-targeted
RACEPINEPHRINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP)	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
REMIFENTANIL HYDROCHLORIDE		Gene-targeted
RILMENIDINE		Gene-targeted
RISPERIDONE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
RIVASTIGMINE	inhibitor; inhibitor	Gene-targeted
RIVASTIGMINE TARTRATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
ROSUVASTATIN		Gene-targeted
SERTINDOLE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
SILODOSIN	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
SIMVASTATIN		Gene-targeted
SIROLIMUS	None	Gene-targeted
SODIUM CHLORIDE		Gene-targeted
SOTALOL		Gene-targeted
SULBACTAM	None	Gene-targeted
TACRINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
TACRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS	None	Gene-targeted
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
TAZOBACTAM	None	Gene-targeted
TERAZOSIN	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
TERAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
TETRAHYDROZOLINE		Gene-targeted
TETRAHYDROZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
THIOGUANINE		Gene-targeted
THIORIDAZINE		Gene-targeted
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
TOLAZOLINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
TOLAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
TRAZODONE		Gene-targeted
TRIFLUOPERAZINE		Gene-targeted
TRIMIPRAMINE MALEATE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
TROGLITAZONE	None	Gene-targeted
XYLAZINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
XYLOMETAZOLINE	agonist	Gene-targeted
XYLOMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	agonist	Gene-targeted
YOHIMBINE	inhibitor	Gene-targeted
ZIPRASIDONE		Gene-targeted

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
OFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	105	4 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04200651 — Prospective Study on DEXTENZA® Safety And Efficacy Following Concomitant MIGS and Cataract Surgery (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT04005079 — Pilocarpine After Combined Cataract/Trabectome Surgery (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT03933631 — Pilocarpine Use After Kahook Goniotomy (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT03631108 — Feasibility Study and Preliminary Application Study on Iris OCTA (UNKNOWN) Published literature Cochrane review Topical antibiotics for treating bacterial keratitis: a network meta-analysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2025) Clinical trial publication Comparison of topical 0.3% ofloxacin with fortified tobramycin plus cefazolin in the treatment of bacterial keratitis (Eye (London, England), 1999) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	6 trials 1 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 46 Trial pubs 33 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01535768 — Effect of Prophylactic Aqueous Suppression on Hyperencapsulation of Ahmed Glaucoma Valves (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01923454 — Immediate Anterior Chamber Paracentesis With A 30-Gauge Needle for Acute Primary Angle - Closure (COMPLETED) NA NCT01228149 — COSOPT-S® Treatment Versus Acetazolamide Before Trabeculectomy (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01028664 — Use of an Ocular Telemetry Sensor in Diamox Treated Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT02390284 — Stop Retinal Ganglion Cell Dysfunction Study (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT00485238 — ALPI vs Medical Therapy Effects on Optic Nerve Structure & Function (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Perioperative medications for preventing temporarily increased intraocular pressure after laser trabeculoplasty (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017) Meta-analysis Side effects of acetazolamide: a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing overall risk and dose dependence (BMJ open respiratory research, 2020) Clinical trial publication Initial Results of the Paul Ahmed Comparison (PAC) Study in Refractory Childhood Glaucoma (American journal of ophthalmology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Comparison between Surgical Techniques Used for Revision of the Filter Bleb: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (Ophthalmic research, 2023) Clinical trial publication Various modalities of cyclodestruction in non-refractory glaucoma: a comparative study (International ophthalmology, 2021) Clinical trial publication Effect of antiglaucoma agents on short-term intraocular pressure fluctuations after intravitreal bevacizumab injections (International ophthalmology, 2021) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of preoperative IOP reduction using a preservative-free fixed combination of dorzolamide/timolol eye drops versus oral acetazolamide and dexamethasone eye drops and assessment of the clinical outcome of trabeculectomy in glaucoma (PloS one, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBACHOL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	5 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication [Minimally inflammatory cataract surgery] (Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 1996) Clinical trial publication Therapeutic index of pilocarpine, carbachol, and timolol with nasolacrimal occlusion (American journal of ophthalmology, 1992) Clinical trial publication Ocular hypotensive effects of N-demethylated carbachol on open angle glaucoma (Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 1982) Clinical trial publication [Bronchoconstrictive side effects of timolol eye drops in patients with obstructive lung disease] (Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift, 1981) Clinical trial publication [Carbachol compared with pilocarpine in the therapy of glaucoma simplex] (Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 1972) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	2 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication [Minimally inflammatory cataract surgery] (Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 1996) Clinical trial publication [Dichlorphenamide treatment in acute glaucoma (author's transl)] (Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie. Albrecht von Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology, 1976) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	2 trials 8 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05498103 — Use of Methazolamide to Lower Intraocular Pressure (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT02390284 — Stop Retinal Ganglion Cell Dysfunction Study (TERMINATED) PHASE3 Published literature Clinical trial publication A Randomized Pilot Study of Four Dosing Schemes of Sublingual Methazolamide in Glaucoma Patients (Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 2024) Clinical trial publication Small-incision phacotrabeculectomy versus phacoemulsification in refractory acute primary angle closure with cataract (BMC ophthalmology, 2015) Clinical trial publication Methazolamide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles modified with low-molecular weight chitosan for the treatment of glaucoma: vitro and vivo study (Journal of drug targeting, 2014) Clinical trial publication Methazolamide 1% in cyclodextrin solution lowers IOP in human ocular hypertension (Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2000) Clinical trial publication Determination of methazolamide concentrations in human biological fluids using high performance liquid chromatography (Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 1998) Randomized controlled trial Intraocular pressure effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in primary open-angle glaucoma (American journal of ophthalmology, 1989) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACEBUTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ALFUZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMBENONIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMBENONIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIGENIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APOMORPHINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APRACLONIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APRACLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASENAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATIPAMEZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATORVASTATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis View evidence Published literature Cochrane review The Effect of Statins on Ocular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2023) Meta-analysis The fading of reported effectiveness. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (BMC medical research methodology, 2006) Systematic review Innovative solid lipid nanoparticle formulations for ocular therapeutics and related patents: A systematic review (Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ATROPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BENZGALANTAMINE GLUCONATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETAMETHASONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	4 trials 1 Cochrane 6 Meta-analysis 91 Trial pubs 73 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07074782 — Retinal Ganglion Cell Neuroprotection Under Prostaglandin Analogues (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NCT00000132 — Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial (EMGT) (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT02617459 — Levobetaxolol Hydrochloride Eye Drops for Treatment of Primary Open-angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00061542 — Safety and Efficacy Study of BETOPTIC S 0.25% and Timolol Gel-forming Solution 0.25% and 0.5% in Pediatric Patients With Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Intraocular pressure-lowering effects of all commonly used glaucoma drugs: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (Ophthalmology, 2005) Meta-analysis Short-term efficacy of latanoprostene bunod for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension: a systematic literature review and a network meta-analysis (The British journal of ophthalmology, 2022) Meta-analysis Comparative Effectiveness of First-Line Medications for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis (Ophthalmology, 2016) Meta-analysis A network meta-analysis combined direct and indirect comparisons between glaucoma drugs to rank effectiveness in lowering intraocular pressure (Journal of clinical epidemiology, 2009) Meta-analysis Clinical and economic impact of new trends in glaucoma treatment (MedGenMed : Medscape general medicine, 2001) Systematic review Medical management of pediatric glaucoma: lessons learned from randomized clinical trials (Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2020) Clinical trial publication Long-term Impact of Immediate Versus Delayed Treatment of Early Glaucoma: Results From the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial (American journal of ophthalmology, 2023) Clinical trial publication The prophylactic effect of betaxolol 0.5% versus brimonidine 0.2% on IOP elevation after Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy (Clinical & experimental optometry, 2022) Clinical trial publication Direct and crossover effects of brinzolamide, betaxolol, and latanoprost on choroidal thickness (Cutaneous and ocular toxicology, 2019) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of combined administration of 0.2% brimonidine and 0.5% betaxolol in treatment of primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension (Eye science, 2013) Clinical trial publication Effects of argon laser trabeculoplasty in the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial (American journal of ophthalmology, 2011) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BETHANIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BRIMONIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BRIMONIDINE TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROMOCRIPTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CABERGOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELIPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Celiprolol versus timolol and placebo: a two week double-blind comparison (Journal of ocular pharmacology, 1987) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLORPROMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials 3 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00279253 — Effects of Intravenous Clonidine on Ocular Blood Flow and Intraocular Pressure (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication [Various clonidine drops in treatment of glaucoma] (Klinika oczna, 1992) Clinical trial publication Treatment of glaucoma using minidrops of clonidine (Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 1984) Clinical trial publication Clonidine. Effects of a topically administered solution on intraocular pressure and blood pressure in open-angle glaucoma (Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 1977) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CLOPIDOGREL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	5 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CLOZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOBENZAPRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOSPORINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 6 Trial pubs 6 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04673604 — From Preserved, to Preservative-free Cyclosporine 0.1% Enhanced Triple Glaucoma Therapy (COMPLETED) NA NCT00405431 — Will Restasis Eye Drops Increase Your Chance of Having a Successful Surgery? (COMPLETED) NA NCT02114073 — Comparison of Effect of Postoperative Cyclosporine A 2% Ophthalmic Emulsion and Betamethasone Eye Drop on Surgical Success of Trabeculectomy Procedure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Topical immunosuppressants for blepharitis in adults (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2026) Cochrane review Topical immunosuppressants for blepharitis in adults (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2025) Systematic review Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Systematic Review (Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 2023) Systematic review Risk Factors for the Development of Ocular Hypertension After Keratoplasty: A Systematic Review (Cornea, 2020) Clinical trial publication Comparison of postoperative cyclosporine 2.0% versus betamethasone 0.1% eye drops following trabeculectomy: A randomized clinical trial (Indian journal of ophthalmology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of Topical 0.05% Cyclosporine A for Ocular Surface Disease Related to Topical Anti-Glaucoma Medications (Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2023) Clinical trial publication Changing from preserved, to preservative-free cyclosporine 0.1% enhanced triple glaucoma therapy: impact on ocular surface disease-a randomized controlled trial (Eye (London, England), 2023) Clinical trial publication Effects of postoperative cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% (Restasis) following glaucoma surgery (Clinical & experimental ophthalmology, 2009) Clinical trial publication Vernal keratoconjunctivitis in Thailand (Asian Pacific journal of allergy and immunology, 2003) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CYPROHEPTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAUNORUBICIN LIPOSOMAL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEBRISOQUIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DEMECARIUM BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISTIGMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DONEPEZIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DONEPEZIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DRONEDARONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ECHOTHIOPHATE IODIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ECOTHIOPATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EDROPHONIUM CATION Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EDROPHONIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES, USP Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETOMIDATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FENOFIBRATE MICRONIZED Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FENOLDOPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GALANTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GALANTAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANABENZ Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GUANABENZ ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
HEXAFLUORENIUM BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPERIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOFLUROPHATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LABETALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVONORDEFRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LISDEXAMFETAMINE DIMESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LOFEXIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LOFEXIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LURASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MALATHION Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPERIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METARAMINOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METARAMINOL BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHADONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHAMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHOTRIMEPRAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLDOPA ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHYLDOPATE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDODRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MIDODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILNACIPRAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MINAPRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MINAPRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRTAZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MODAFINIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MOXISYLYTE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MOXONIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 Trial pubs 6 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication A prospective study of oral Nadolol in the management of patients with newly diagnosed chronic simple glaucoma (Journal of ocular pharmacology, 1991) Clinical trial publication A comparison of the effects of oral nadolol and topical timolol on intraocular pressure, blood pressure, and heart rate (The British journal of ophthalmology, 1987) Clinical trial publication Comparative efficacy of orally and topically administered beta blockers for chronic simple glaucoma (The British journal of ophthalmology, 1985) Clinical trial publication Effect of orally administered nadolol on the intraocular pressure in normal volunteers (The British journal of ophthalmology, 1985) Clinical trial publication Diacetyl derivative of nadolol. I. Ocular pharmacology and short-term ocular hypotensive effect in glaucomatous eyes (Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 1982) Randomized controlled trial The comparative multiple-dose intraocular pressure responses of nadolol and timolol in glaucoma and ocular hypertension (Acta ophthalmologica, 1982) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NAFTOPIDIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPHAZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NAPHAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NEFAZODONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NEOSTIGMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NEOSTIGMINE METHYLSULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials 1 Meta-analysis 7 Trial pubs 6 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07567651 — Citicoline and Filtration Surgery (COMPLETED) NA NCT03094910 — Investigation of the Rewarming og the Fingers After Cooling and the Autonomic Nervous System in Raynaud's Phenomenon (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Meta-analysis The risk of glaucoma and serotonergic antidepressants: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of affective disorders, 2018) Systematic review Pupil Reactions to Tactile Stimulation: A Systematic Review (Frontiers in neuroscience, 2021) Clinical trial publication The Effects of Netarsudil Ophthalmic Solution on Aqueous Humor Dynamics in a Randomized Study in Humans (Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2018) Clinical trial publication Two Phase 3 Clinical Trials Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Netarsudil to Timolol in Patients With Elevated Intraocular Pressure: Rho Kinase Elevated IOP Treatment Trial 1 and 2 (ROCKET-1 and ROCKET-2) (American journal of ophthalmology, 2018) Clinical trial publication Fixed-dose combination of AR-13324 and latanoprost: a double-masked, 28-day, randomised, controlled study in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension (The British journal of ophthalmology, 2016) Clinical trial publication Double-masked, randomized, dose-response study of AR-13324 versus latanoprost in patients with elevated intraocular pressure (Ophthalmology, 2015) Clinical trial publication Intraocular pressure increases with fenoldopam, but not nitroprusside, in hypertensive humans (Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1991) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORTRIPTYLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OLANZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAPAVERINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PERGOLIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENDIMETRAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENTOLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENTOLAMINE MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE POLISTIREX Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHYSOSTIGMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHYSOSTIGMINE SALICYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRALIDOXIME CATION Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRALIDOXIME CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASUGREL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PRAVASTATIN SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROBUCOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PROMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PROPANIDID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPIOMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PROPYLHEXEDRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PYRIDOSTIGMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RACEPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
REMIFENTANIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RILMENIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RIVASTIGMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RIVASTIGMINE TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSUVASTATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials 2 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT00913562 — Effect of Rosuvastatin on Endothelial Function in Patients With Diabetes and Glaucoma (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Associations of different types of statins with the risk of open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2025) Cochrane review The Effect of Statins on Ocular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SERTINDOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SILODOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SIMVASTATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Associations of different types of statins with the risk of open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2025) Cochrane review The Effect of Statins on Ocular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2023) Clinical trial publication Simvastatin and disease stabilization in normal tension glaucoma: a cohort study (Ophthalmology, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TACRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TERAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRAHYDROZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TETRAHYDROZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIOGUANINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
THIORIDAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLAZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TOLAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAZODONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TRIFLUOPERAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TRIMIPRAMINE MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
XYLAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
YOHIMBINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	4 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ZIPRASIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEVACIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITICOLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOROMETHOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOROURACIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETOROLAC	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBETAXOLOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEMANTINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAMIPROSATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN E	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOXAVERINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIACINAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PICLIDENOSON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRUVATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RANIBIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAPRENEPAG	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAPRENEPAG ISOPROPYL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VEROSUDIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VEROSUDIL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIHELICAL APOA-I MIMETIC PEPTIDE 5A Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
HUPERZINE A Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BAMOSIRAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DECORIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHACRYNIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUTEIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZEAXANTHIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACECLIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCHOLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANECORTAVE ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APRACLONIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BECLOMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEFUNOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAXOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIMATOPROST	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIMATOPROST GRENOD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRIMONIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRIMONIDINE TARTRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRINZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPIPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEMECARIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DORZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DORZOLAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ECHOTHIOPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANETHIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOFLUROPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LATANOPROST	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LATANOPROSTENE BUNOD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBUNOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBUNOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISDEXAMFETAMINE DIMESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METIPRANOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRABEGRON	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOMYCIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEOSTIGMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NETARSUDIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMIDENEPAG	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMIDENEPAG ISOPROPYL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PARAOXON	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHYSOSTIGMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PILOCARPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAZUPROTAFIB	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIPASUDIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIPASUDIL HYDROCHLORIDE DIHYDRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEVOFLURANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAFLUPROST	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIMOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIMOLOL MALEATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAVOPROST	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UNOPROSTONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
BETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEVACIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITICOLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOROMETHOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOROURACIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETOROLAC	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBETAXOLOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEMANTINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	4 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04200651 — Prospective Study on DEXTENZA® Safety And Efficacy Following Concomitant MIGS and Cataract Surgery (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT04005079 — Pilocarpine After Combined Cataract/Trabectome Surgery (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT03933631 — Pilocarpine Use After Kahook Goniotomy (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT03631108 — Feasibility Study and Preliminary Application Study on Iris OCTA (UNKNOWN) Published literature Cochrane review Topical antibiotics for treating bacterial keratitis: a network meta-analysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2025) Clinical trial publication Comparison of topical 0.3% ofloxacin with fortified tobramycin plus cefazolin in the treatment of bacterial keratitis (Eye (London, England), 1999) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAMIPROSATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN E	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOXAVERINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIACINAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PICLIDENOSON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRUVATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RANIBIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAPRENEPAG	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAPRENEPAG ISOPROPYL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VEROSUDIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VEROSUDIL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BAMOSIRAN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DECORIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHACRYNIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUTEIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZEAXANTHIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACECLIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	6 trials 1 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 46 Trial pubs 33 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01535768 — Effect of Prophylactic Aqueous Suppression on Hyperencapsulation of Ahmed Glaucoma Valves (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01923454 — Immediate Anterior Chamber Paracentesis With A 30-Gauge Needle for Acute Primary Angle - Closure (COMPLETED) NA NCT01228149 — COSOPT-S® Treatment Versus Acetazolamide Before Trabeculectomy (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01028664 — Use of an Ocular Telemetry Sensor in Diamox Treated Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT02390284 — Stop Retinal Ganglion Cell Dysfunction Study (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT00485238 — ALPI vs Medical Therapy Effects on Optic Nerve Structure & Function (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Perioperative medications for preventing temporarily increased intraocular pressure after laser trabeculoplasty (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017) Meta-analysis Side effects of acetazolamide: a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing overall risk and dose dependence (BMJ open respiratory research, 2020) Clinical trial publication Initial Results of the Paul Ahmed Comparison (PAC) Study in Refractory Childhood Glaucoma (American journal of ophthalmology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Comparison between Surgical Techniques Used for Revision of the Filter Bleb: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (Ophthalmic research, 2023) Clinical trial publication Various modalities of cyclodestruction in non-refractory glaucoma: a comparative study (International ophthalmology, 2021) Clinical trial publication Effect of antiglaucoma agents on short-term intraocular pressure fluctuations after intravitreal bevacizumab injections (International ophthalmology, 2021) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of preoperative IOP reduction using a preservative-free fixed combination of dorzolamide/timolol eye drops versus oral acetazolamide and dexamethasone eye drops and assessment of the clinical outcome of trabeculectomy in glaucoma (PloS one, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCHOLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANECORTAVE ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APRACLONIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BECLOMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEFUNOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAXOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIMATOPROST	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIMATOPROST GRENOD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRIMONIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRIMONIDINE TARTRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRINZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBACHOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	5 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication [Minimally inflammatory cataract surgery] (Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 1996) Clinical trial publication Therapeutic index of pilocarpine, carbachol, and timolol with nasolacrimal occlusion (American journal of ophthalmology, 1992) Clinical trial publication Ocular hypotensive effects of N-demethylated carbachol on open angle glaucoma (Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 1982) Clinical trial publication [Bronchoconstrictive side effects of timolol eye drops in patients with obstructive lung disease] (Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift, 1981) Clinical trial publication [Carbachol compared with pilocarpine in the therapy of glaucoma simplex] (Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 1972) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPIPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEMECARIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	2 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication [Minimally inflammatory cataract surgery] (Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 1996) Clinical trial publication [Dichlorphenamide treatment in acute glaucoma (author's transl)] (Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie. Albrecht von Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology, 1976) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DORZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DORZOLAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ECHOTHIOPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANETHIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOFLUROPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LATANOPROST	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LATANOPROSTENE BUNOD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBUNOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBUNOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISDEXAMFETAMINE DIMESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	2 trials 8 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05498103 — Use of Methazolamide to Lower Intraocular Pressure (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT02390284 — Stop Retinal Ganglion Cell Dysfunction Study (TERMINATED) PHASE3 Published literature Clinical trial publication A Randomized Pilot Study of Four Dosing Schemes of Sublingual Methazolamide in Glaucoma Patients (Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 2024) Clinical trial publication Small-incision phacotrabeculectomy versus phacoemulsification in refractory acute primary angle closure with cataract (BMC ophthalmology, 2015) Clinical trial publication Methazolamide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles modified with low-molecular weight chitosan for the treatment of glaucoma: vitro and vivo study (Journal of drug targeting, 2014) Clinical trial publication Methazolamide 1% in cyclodextrin solution lowers IOP in human ocular hypertension (Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2000) Clinical trial publication Determination of methazolamide concentrations in human biological fluids using high performance liquid chromatography (Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 1998) Randomized controlled trial Intraocular pressure effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in primary open-angle glaucoma (American journal of ophthalmology, 1989) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METIPRANOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRABEGRON	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOMYCIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEOSTIGMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NETARSUDIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMIDENEPAG	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMIDENEPAG ISOPROPYL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PARAOXON	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHYSOSTIGMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PILOCARPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAZUPROTAFIB	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIPASUDIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIPASUDIL HYDROCHLORIDE DIHYDRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEVOFLURANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAFLUPROST	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIMOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIMOLOL MALEATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAVOPROST	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UNOPROSTONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACEBUTOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	6 trials 1 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 46 Trial pubs 33 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01535768 — Effect of Prophylactic Aqueous Suppression on Hyperencapsulation of Ahmed Glaucoma Valves (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01923454 — Immediate Anterior Chamber Paracentesis With A 30-Gauge Needle for Acute Primary Angle - Closure (COMPLETED) NA NCT01228149 — COSOPT-S® Treatment Versus Acetazolamide Before Trabeculectomy (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01028664 — Use of an Ocular Telemetry Sensor in Diamox Treated Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT02390284 — Stop Retinal Ganglion Cell Dysfunction Study (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT00485238 — ALPI vs Medical Therapy Effects on Optic Nerve Structure & Function (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Perioperative medications for preventing temporarily increased intraocular pressure after laser trabeculoplasty (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017) Meta-analysis Side effects of acetazolamide: a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing overall risk and dose dependence (BMJ open respiratory research, 2020) Clinical trial publication Initial Results of the Paul Ahmed Comparison (PAC) Study in Refractory Childhood Glaucoma (American journal of ophthalmology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Comparison between Surgical Techniques Used for Revision of the Filter Bleb: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (Ophthalmic research, 2023) Clinical trial publication Various modalities of cyclodestruction in non-refractory glaucoma: a comparative study (International ophthalmology, 2021) Clinical trial publication Effect of antiglaucoma agents on short-term intraocular pressure fluctuations after intravitreal bevacizumab injections (International ophthalmology, 2021) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of preoperative IOP reduction using a preservative-free fixed combination of dorzolamide/timolol eye drops versus oral acetazolamide and dexamethasone eye drops and assessment of the clinical outcome of trabeculectomy in glaucoma (PloS one, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALFUZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMBENONIUM Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMBENONIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIGENIN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APOMORPHINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APRACLONIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APRACLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASENAPINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATIPAMEZOLE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATORVASTATIN Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis View evidence Published literature Cochrane review The Effect of Statins on Ocular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2023) Meta-analysis The fading of reported effectiveness. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (BMC medical research methodology, 2006) Systematic review Innovative solid lipid nanoparticle formulations for ocular therapeutics and related patents: A systematic review (Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ATROPINE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BENZGALANTAMINE GLUCONATE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETAMETHASONE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	4 trials 1 Cochrane 6 Meta-analysis 91 Trial pubs 73 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07074782 — Retinal Ganglion Cell Neuroprotection Under Prostaglandin Analogues (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NCT00000132 — Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial (EMGT) (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT02617459 — Levobetaxolol Hydrochloride Eye Drops for Treatment of Primary Open-angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00061542 — Safety and Efficacy Study of BETOPTIC S 0.25% and Timolol Gel-forming Solution 0.25% and 0.5% in Pediatric Patients With Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Intraocular pressure-lowering effects of all commonly used glaucoma drugs: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (Ophthalmology, 2005) Meta-analysis Short-term efficacy of latanoprostene bunod for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension: a systematic literature review and a network meta-analysis (The British journal of ophthalmology, 2022) Meta-analysis Comparative Effectiveness of First-Line Medications for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis (Ophthalmology, 2016) Meta-analysis A network meta-analysis combined direct and indirect comparisons between glaucoma drugs to rank effectiveness in lowering intraocular pressure (Journal of clinical epidemiology, 2009) Meta-analysis Clinical and economic impact of new trends in glaucoma treatment (MedGenMed : Medscape general medicine, 2001) Systematic review Medical management of pediatric glaucoma: lessons learned from randomized clinical trials (Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2020) Clinical trial publication Long-term Impact of Immediate Versus Delayed Treatment of Early Glaucoma: Results From the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial (American journal of ophthalmology, 2023) Clinical trial publication The prophylactic effect of betaxolol 0.5% versus brimonidine 0.2% on IOP elevation after Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy (Clinical & experimental optometry, 2022) Clinical trial publication Direct and crossover effects of brinzolamide, betaxolol, and latanoprost on choroidal thickness (Cutaneous and ocular toxicology, 2019) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of combined administration of 0.2% brimonidine and 0.5% betaxolol in treatment of primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension (Eye science, 2013) Clinical trial publication Effects of argon laser trabeculoplasty in the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial (American journal of ophthalmology, 2011) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BETHANIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BRIMONIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BRIMONIDINE TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROMOCRIPTINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CABERGOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	5 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication [Minimally inflammatory cataract surgery] (Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 1996) Clinical trial publication Therapeutic index of pilocarpine, carbachol, and timolol with nasolacrimal occlusion (American journal of ophthalmology, 1992) Clinical trial publication Ocular hypotensive effects of N-demethylated carbachol on open angle glaucoma (Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 1982) Clinical trial publication [Bronchoconstrictive side effects of timolol eye drops in patients with obstructive lung disease] (Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift, 1981) Clinical trial publication [Carbachol compared with pilocarpine in the therapy of glaucoma simplex] (Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 1972) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELIPROLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Celiprolol versus timolol and placebo: a two week double-blind comparison (Journal of ocular pharmacology, 1987) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLORPROMAZINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials 3 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00279253 — Effects of Intravenous Clonidine on Ocular Blood Flow and Intraocular Pressure (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication [Various clonidine drops in treatment of glaucoma] (Klinika oczna, 1992) Clinical trial publication Treatment of glaucoma using minidrops of clonidine (Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 1984) Clinical trial publication Clonidine. Effects of a topically administered solution on intraocular pressure and blood pressure in open-angle glaucoma (Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 1977) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CLOPIDOGREL Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	5 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CLOZAPINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOBENZAPRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOSPORINE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 6 Trial pubs 6 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04673604 — From Preserved, to Preservative-free Cyclosporine 0.1% Enhanced Triple Glaucoma Therapy (COMPLETED) NA NCT00405431 — Will Restasis Eye Drops Increase Your Chance of Having a Successful Surgery? (COMPLETED) NA NCT02114073 — Comparison of Effect of Postoperative Cyclosporine A 2% Ophthalmic Emulsion and Betamethasone Eye Drop on Surgical Success of Trabeculectomy Procedure (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Topical immunosuppressants for blepharitis in adults (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2026) Cochrane review Topical immunosuppressants for blepharitis in adults (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2025) Systematic review Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Systematic Review (Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 2023) Systematic review Risk Factors for the Development of Ocular Hypertension After Keratoplasty: A Systematic Review (Cornea, 2020) Clinical trial publication Comparison of postoperative cyclosporine 2.0% versus betamethasone 0.1% eye drops following trabeculectomy: A randomized clinical trial (Indian journal of ophthalmology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of Topical 0.05% Cyclosporine A for Ocular Surface Disease Related to Topical Anti-Glaucoma Medications (Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2023) Clinical trial publication Changing from preserved, to preservative-free cyclosporine 0.1% enhanced triple glaucoma therapy: impact on ocular surface disease-a randomized controlled trial (Eye (London, England), 2023) Clinical trial publication Effects of postoperative cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% (Restasis) following glaucoma surgery (Clinical & experimental ophthalmology, 2009) Clinical trial publication Vernal keratoconjunctivitis in Thailand (Asian Pacific journal of allergy and immunology, 2003) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CYPROHEPTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DAPIPRAZOLE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAUNORUBICIN LIPOSOMAL Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEBRISOQUIN Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DEMECARIUM BROMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication [Minimally inflammatory cataract surgery] (Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 1996) Clinical trial publication [Dichlorphenamide treatment in acute glaucoma (author's transl)] (Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie. Albrecht von Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology, 1976) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISTIGMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DONEPEZIL Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DONEPEZIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DRONEDARONE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ECHOTHIOPHATE IODIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ECOTHIOPATE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EDROPHONIUM CATION Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EDROPHONIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES, USP Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETOMIDATE Repurposing via ADRA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FENOFIBRATE MICRONIZED Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
FENOLDOPAM Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GALANTAMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GALANTAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANABENZ Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GUANABENZ ACETATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
HEXAFLUORENIUM BROMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPERIDONE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOFLUROPHATE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LABETALOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVONORDEFRIN Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LISDEXAMFETAMINE DIMESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LOFEXIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LOFEXIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LURASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MALATHION Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPERIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METARAMINOL Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METARAMINOL BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHADONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHAMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials 8 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05498103 — Use of Methazolamide to Lower Intraocular Pressure (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT02390284 — Stop Retinal Ganglion Cell Dysfunction Study (TERMINATED) PHASE3 Published literature Clinical trial publication A Randomized Pilot Study of Four Dosing Schemes of Sublingual Methazolamide in Glaucoma Patients (Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 2024) Clinical trial publication Small-incision phacotrabeculectomy versus phacoemulsification in refractory acute primary angle closure with cataract (BMC ophthalmology, 2015) Clinical trial publication Methazolamide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles modified with low-molecular weight chitosan for the treatment of glaucoma: vitro and vivo study (Journal of drug targeting, 2014) Clinical trial publication Methazolamide 1% in cyclodextrin solution lowers IOP in human ocular hypertension (Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2000) Clinical trial publication Determination of methazolamide concentrations in human biological fluids using high performance liquid chromatography (Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 1998) Randomized controlled trial Intraocular pressure effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in primary open-angle glaucoma (American journal of ophthalmology, 1989) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTRIMEPRAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLDOPA ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHYLDOPATE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MIANSERIN Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDODRINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MIDODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILNACIPRAN Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MINAPRINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MINAPRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRTAZAPINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MODAFINIL Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MOXISYLYTE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MOXONIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 Trial pubs 6 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication A prospective study of oral Nadolol in the management of patients with newly diagnosed chronic simple glaucoma (Journal of ocular pharmacology, 1991) Clinical trial publication A comparison of the effects of oral nadolol and topical timolol on intraocular pressure, blood pressure, and heart rate (The British journal of ophthalmology, 1987) Clinical trial publication Comparative efficacy of orally and topically administered beta blockers for chronic simple glaucoma (The British journal of ophthalmology, 1985) Clinical trial publication Effect of orally administered nadolol on the intraocular pressure in normal volunteers (The British journal of ophthalmology, 1985) Clinical trial publication Diacetyl derivative of nadolol. I. Ocular pharmacology and short-term ocular hypotensive effect in glaucomatous eyes (Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 1982) Randomized controlled trial The comparative multiple-dose intraocular pressure responses of nadolol and timolol in glaucoma and ocular hypertension (Acta ophthalmologica, 1982) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NAFTOPIDIL Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPHAZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NAPHAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NEFAZODONE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NEOSTIGMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NEOSTIGMINE METHYLSULFATE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIFEDIPINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials 1 Meta-analysis 7 Trial pubs 6 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07567651 — Citicoline and Filtration Surgery (COMPLETED) NA NCT03094910 — Investigation of the Rewarming og the Fingers After Cooling and the Autonomic Nervous System in Raynaud's Phenomenon (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Meta-analysis The risk of glaucoma and serotonergic antidepressants: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of affective disorders, 2018) Systematic review Pupil Reactions to Tactile Stimulation: A Systematic Review (Frontiers in neuroscience, 2021) Clinical trial publication The Effects of Netarsudil Ophthalmic Solution on Aqueous Humor Dynamics in a Randomized Study in Humans (Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2018) Clinical trial publication Two Phase 3 Clinical Trials Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Netarsudil to Timolol in Patients With Elevated Intraocular Pressure: Rho Kinase Elevated IOP Treatment Trial 1 and 2 (ROCKET-1 and ROCKET-2) (American journal of ophthalmology, 2018) Clinical trial publication Fixed-dose combination of AR-13324 and latanoprost: a double-masked, 28-day, randomised, controlled study in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension (The British journal of ophthalmology, 2016) Clinical trial publication Double-masked, randomized, dose-response study of AR-13324 versus latanoprost in patients with elevated intraocular pressure (Ophthalmology, 2015) Clinical trial publication Intraocular pressure increases with fenoldopam, but not nitroprusside, in hypertensive humans (Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1991) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORTRIPTYLINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	4 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04200651 — Prospective Study on DEXTENZA® Safety And Efficacy Following Concomitant MIGS and Cataract Surgery (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT04005079 — Pilocarpine After Combined Cataract/Trabectome Surgery (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT03933631 — Pilocarpine Use After Kahook Goniotomy (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT03631108 — Feasibility Study and Preliminary Application Study on Iris OCTA (UNKNOWN) Published literature Cochrane review Topical antibiotics for treating bacterial keratitis: a network meta-analysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2025) Clinical trial publication Comparison of topical 0.3% ofloxacin with fortified tobramycin plus cefazolin in the treatment of bacterial keratitis (Eye (London, England), 1999) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAPAVERINE Repurposing via ADRA1D	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PERGOLIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENDIMETRAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENTOLAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENTOLAMINE MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE POLISTIREX Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHYSOSTIGMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHYSOSTIGMINE SALICYLATE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRALIDOXIME CATION Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRALIDOXIME CHLORIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASUGREL Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PRAVASTATIN SODIUM Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROBUCOL Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PROMAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PROPANIDID Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPIOMAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PROPYLHEXEDRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PYRIDOSTIGMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RACEPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
REMIFENTANIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RILMENIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RIVASTIGMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RIVASTIGMINE TARTRATE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSUVASTATIN Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials 2 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT00913562 — Effect of Rosuvastatin on Endothelial Function in Patients With Diabetes and Glaucoma (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Associations of different types of statins with the risk of open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2025) Cochrane review The Effect of Statins on Ocular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SERTINDOLE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SILODOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SIMVASTATIN Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Associations of different types of statins with the risk of open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2025) Cochrane review The Effect of Statins on Ocular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2023) Clinical trial publication Simvastatin and disease stabilization in normal tension glaucoma: a cohort study (Ophthalmology, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACRINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TACRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TAMSULOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERAZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TERAZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRAHYDROZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TETRAHYDROZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIOGUANINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
THIORIDAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLAZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TOLAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAZODONE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TRIFLUOPERAZINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TRIMIPRAMINE MALEATE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
XYLAZINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
YOHIMBINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	4 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ZIPRASIDONE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIHELICAL APOA-I MIMETIC PEPTIDE 5A Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
HUPERZINE A Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ABCA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

112 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Niacin Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Dietary intake of vitamin A and C showed a beneficial association with… Human Study Association of dietary intake of B vitamins with glaucoma. Human Study Higher levels of niacin intake were associated with decreased odds of g…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	16	8 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT06731582 — Nicotinamide Supplementation in Glaucoma (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE3 NCT05695027 — Nicotinamide and Pyruvate for Open Angle Glaucoma: A Randomized Clinical Study (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT06078605 — Efficacy of Nicotinamide on Retinal Ganglion Cell Functions in Glaucoma Patients (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03797469 — Nutritional Supplements and Performance During Visual Field Testing (B3 Vitamin) (COMPLETED) NA NCT05405868 — Nicotinamide in Glaucoma (NAMinG): A Randomised, Placebo-controlled, Multi-centre, Phase III Trial (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT07007260 — Effect of Niacinamide Supplementation in Glaucoma (COMPLETED) NA NCT04784234 — Vision Preservation and Restoration Following a 6 Month Trial of GlaucoCetin (TERMINATED) NA NCT05916066 — Nicotinamide and Glaucoma (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Randomized controlled trial A two-year follow-up of oral antioxidant supplementation in primary ope…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	3 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02295358 — The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Intraocular Pressure & Ocular Surface (WITHDRAWN) NCT01630551 — Omega 3 Supplementation and Ocular Surface Disease in Glaucoma (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT05527106 — Evaluation of the Effect of Citicoline and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) on the Visual Function of Patients With Glaucoma (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Randomized controlled trial A two-year follow-up of oral antioxidant supplementation in primary open-angle glaucoma: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial (Acta ophthalmologica, 2015) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Cocoa Flavanols Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	10	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Citicoline Natural product Human Study Additional treatment with citicoline eyedrops to IOP-lowering treatment… Human Study Citicoline: A candidate for adjunct treatment of multiple sclerosis. Human Study Evidence of the neuroprotective role of citicoline in glaucoma patients.	Food compound	Preclinical	Moderate	10	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin C Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Dietary intake of vitamin A and C showed a beneficial association with… Human Study Ascorbic acid metabolites are involved in intraocular pressure control… Human Study Dietary nutrient intake was associated with open-angle glaucoma indepen…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	10	4 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01544192 — Impact of Oral Versatile Antioxidants on Glaucoma Progression (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT06355765 — Citicoline & Antioxidants in Glaucoma (COMPLETED) NCT03094910 — Investigation of the Rewarming og the Fingers After Cooling and the Autonomic Nervous System in Raynaud's Phenomenon (COMPLETED) NA NCT05527106 — Evaluation of the Effect of Citicoline and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) on the Visual Function of Patients With Glaucoma (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Randomized controlled trial A two-year follow-up of oral antioxidant supplementation in primary ope… Human Study Primary open-angle glaucoma patients have reduced blood levels of DHA a… Human Study The effect of oral citicoline and docosahexaenoic acid on the visual fi…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	3 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02295358 — The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Intraocular Pressure & Ocular Surface (WITHDRAWN) NCT01630551 — Omega 3 Supplementation and Ocular Surface Disease in Glaucoma (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT05527106 — Evaluation of the Effect of Citicoline and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) on the Visual Function of Patients With Glaucoma (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Randomized controlled trial A two-year follow-up of oral antioxidant supplementation in primary open-angle glaucoma: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial (Acta ophthalmologica, 2015) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Vitamin D3 Natural product Randomized controlled trial Vitamin D and intraocular pressure--results from a case-control and an… Meta Analysis, Review Dietary intake of vitamin A and C showed a beneficial association with… Human Study Ascorbic acid metabolites are involved in intraocular pressure control…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	3 trials 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02805231 — Associations of Vitamin D Receptor ApaI and Tru9I Polymorphisms With the Risk of Primary Open-angle Glaucoma (COMPLETED) NCT03021629 — Comparison of Vitamin D Status and Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms in Patients With High Myopia and Primary Open-angle Glaucoma (COMPLETED) NCT02539745 — Associations of Vitamin D Deficiency and Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms With the Risk of Primary Open-angle Glaucoma (COMPLETED) Published literature Randomized controlled trial Vitamin D and intraocular pressure--results from a case-control and an intervention study (Acta ophthalmologica, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Magnesium Natural product In Vitro Study Acteoside attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced injury of retinal gangli… Review Possible therapeutic effect of magnesium in ocular diseases. Commentary Various natural substances may prove useful in the treatment of glaucom…	Nutraceutical	Phase I	Emerging	10	3 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT04499157 — Effect of MEMOPTIC on Visual Field of Patients Followed for a Chronic Open-angle Glaucoma (TERMINATED) NA NCT00570479 — Prophylactic Anecortave Acetate in Patients With a Retisert Implant (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT03094910 — Investigation of the Rewarming og the Fingers After Cooling and the Autonomic Nervous System in Raynaud's Phenomenon (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Folate Natural product Human Study Homocysteine levels in the tear fluid and plasma of patients with prima…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	1 trials 1 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT06885827 — Vitamin Mix (B6, B9, B12, And Choline) For Glaucoma Patients (RECRUITING) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Vitamin B12 Natural product Human Study Homocysteine levels in the tear fluid and plasma of patients with prima… Meta Analysis, Review Dietary intake of vitamin A and C showed a beneficial association with… Human Study Ascorbic acid metabolites are involved in intraocular pressure control…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	2 trials 3 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT06885827 — Vitamin Mix (B6, B9, B12, And Choline) For Glaucoma Patients (RECRUITING) NA NCT05527106 — Evaluation of the Effect of Citicoline and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) on the Visual Function of Patients With Glaucoma (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Lycopene Natural product Animal Study This formulation has exhibited an active role in the prevention or rest…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	10	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05527106 — Evaluation of the Effect of Citicoline and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) on the Visual Function of Patients With Glaucoma (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Saffron Natural product Human Study Oral aqueous saffron extract seems to exert an ocular hypotensive effec… Animal Study Crocetin confers neuroprotection and is anti-inflammatory in rats with… Animal Study Saffron extract may exert a protective effect in glaucomatous pathology.	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 Trial pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Curcumin Natural product Human Study Curcumin has therapeutic value in the treatment of recurrent anterior u… Review Curcumin is a natural product, which can be a therapeutic option in a v… Review Curcumin is a potent therapeutic drug candidate for inflammatory and de…	Food compound	Phase I	Emerging	7	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02984813 — Safety and Efficacy of Anti-Oxidants and Anti-inflammatory Agents in Glaucoma and Diabetic Retinopathy (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT04784234 — Vision Preservation and Restoration Following a 6 Month Trial of GlaucoCetin (TERMINATED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Resveratrol Natural product Animal Study Resveratrol may prevent tissue abnormalities associated with open-angle… Animal Study The anti-apoptotic role of Ginkgolide B via mitochondrial permeability… Animal Study This study showed the translational potential of Lycium barbarum as com…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	55 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Egcg Natural product Clinical trial publication Effect of epigallocatechin-gallate on inner retinal function in ocular… Meta Analysis, Review Flavonoids have a promising role in improving visual function in patien… Human Study Intake of the ProVens dietary supplement could improve the control of i…	Food compound	Phase II	Emerging	7	1 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00476138 — Effect of Epigallocatechin-Gallate on Inner Retinal Function in Ocular Hypertension and Early Glaucoma (UNKNOWN) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Effect of epigallocatechin-gallate on inner retinal function in ocular hypertension and glaucoma: a short-term study by pattern electroretinogram (Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2009) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Animal Study Ubiquinol promotes retinal ganglion cell survival and blocks the apopto… Review Evidence on neuroprotective properties of coenzyme Q10 in the treatment… Review The role of citicoline and coenzyme Q10 in retinal pathology.	Nutraceutical	Phase I	Emerging	7	4 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02984813 — Safety and Efficacy of Anti-Oxidants and Anti-inflammatory Agents in Glaucoma and Diabetic Retinopathy (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT04784234 — Vision Preservation and Restoration Following a 6 Month Trial of GlaucoCetin (TERMINATED) NA NCT03611530 — CoQun Study - (COQUN): a Study to Evaluate the Effects of CoQun in Patients Affected by Open-angle Glaucoma (TERMINATED) NA NCT05527106 — Evaluation of the Effect of Citicoline and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) on the Visual Function of Patients With Glaucoma (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Melatonin Natural product Clinical trial publication Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Sleep Quality in Patients with… Clinical trial publication Melatonin mitigates disrupted circadian rhythms, lowers intraocular pre… Clinical trial publication Decreased melatonin secretion in patients with glaucoma: Quantitative a…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 trials 4 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT06868745 — Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Sleep Quality in Patients With Advanced Glaucoma (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Sleep Quality in Patients with Advanced Glaucoma: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial (Ophthalmology. Glaucoma, 2026) Clinical trial publication Melatonin mitigates disrupted circadian rhythms, lowers intraocular pressure, and improves retinal ganglion cells function in glaucoma (Journal of pineal research, 2021) Clinical trial publication Decreased melatonin secretion in patients with glaucoma: Quantitative association with glaucoma severity in the LIGHT study (Journal of pineal research, 2020) Clinical trial publication Short-term influence of cataract surgery on circadian biological rhythm and related health outcomes (CLOCK-IOL trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (Trials, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Niacin Natural product Human Study Association of dietary intake of B vitamins with glaucoma. Human Study Homocysteine levels in the tear fluid and plasma of patients with prima… Meta Analysis, Review Dietary intake of vitamin A and C showed a beneficial association with…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	7	8 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT06731582 — Nicotinamide Supplementation in Glaucoma (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE3 NCT05695027 — Nicotinamide and Pyruvate for Open Angle Glaucoma: A Randomized Clinical Study (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT06078605 — Efficacy of Nicotinamide on Retinal Ganglion Cell Functions in Glaucoma Patients (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03797469 — Nutritional Supplements and Performance During Visual Field Testing (B3 Vitamin) (COMPLETED) NA NCT05405868 — Nicotinamide in Glaucoma (NAMinG): A Randomised, Placebo-controlled, Multi-centre, Phase III Trial (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT07007260 — Effect of Niacinamide Supplementation in Glaucoma (COMPLETED) NA NCT04784234 — Vision Preservation and Restoration Following a 6 Month Trial of GlaucoCetin (TERMINATED) NA NCT05916066 — Nicotinamide and Glaucoma (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Pycnogenol Natural product Clinical trial publication Effects of Mirtogenol on ocular blood flow and intraocular hypertension… Human Study Effects of French maritime pine bark/bilberry fruit extracts on intraoc… Human Study Intake of the ProVens dietary supplement could improve the control of i…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT04380025 — Mirtogenol and Bimatoprost on IOP in Hispanics With Open-Angle Glaucoma (UNKNOWN) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Effects of Mirtogenol on ocular blood flow and intraocular hypertension in asymptomatic subjects (Molecular vision, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Black Seed Oil Natural product Human Study Black currant anthocyanins caused a normalization of serum levels of ET… Animal Study Thymoquinone greatly improved ocular tissue-induced histopathological l… Review Thymoquinone in ocular neurodegeneration: modulation of pathological me…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Alpha-Lipoic Acid Natural product Human Study Effect of an oral supplementation with a formula containing R-lipoic ac…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—		PubChem
Ginkgo Biloba Natural product Human Study Ginkgo biloba appears to improve preexisting visual field damage in som… Human Study Ginkgo biloba extract and bilberry anthocyanins improve visual function… Human Study Ginkgo biloba improves ocular blood flow, indicating its potential ther…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	2	—		—
Cannabidiol Natural product Animal Study Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol differentially regulate intraoc… Review Cannabis and the cannabinoids in addition to their potential applicatio… Review The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the potential use o…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	2	—		PubChem
Tamsulosin Natural product Surgical decisions in the setting of zonulopathy Relationship Between Tamsulosin Use and Surgical Complications of Catar… A mysterious myopic surprise	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Terazosin Natural product Evaluation of Anterior Segment Changes of Patients Taking Alpha1-Blocke…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Yohimbine Natural product Brimonidine enhances inhibitory postsynaptic activity of OFF- and ON-ty… Interest of alpha2-adrenergic agonists and antagonists in clinical prac… Effects of nipradilol on alpha-adrenoceptor function in ocular arteries	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Indoramin Natural product [Acute bilateral angle-closure glaucoma induced by topiramate: contribu…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Phentolamine Natural product Phentolamine Mesylate Ophthalmic Solution Provides Lasting Pupil Modula…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Prazosin Natural product Adjunctive sympathoplegic therapy to ACE inhibition in Blacks with cong…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Clonidine Natural product Methylphenidate versus placebo for fatigue in patients with advanced ca… Effects of topical clonidine versus brimonidine on choroidal blood flow… Ocular perfusion pressure and visual field indice modifications induced…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Apraclonidine Natural product The Prophylactic Effect of Dexmedetomidine 0.008% Versus Brimonidine 0.… Short-term efficacy of latanoprostene bunod for the treatment of open-a… Effect of Apraclonidine and Diclofenac on Early Changes in Intraocular…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Doxazosin Natural product Clinical risk factors associated with intraoperative floppy iris syndro… Evaluation of Anterior Segment Changes of Patients Taking Alpha1-Blocke… The Cataract National Dataset electronic multicentre audit of 55,567 op…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Mianserin Natural product [Glaucoma following the antidepressant mianserin] [Depressed patients and their treatment. Therapeutic mistakes and toxic… [Mianserin (Tolvin) in the management of glaucoma patients with depress…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Akuammigine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Rauwolscine Natural product Brimonidine evokes heterogeneous vasomotor response of retinal arteriol… [Effect of rilmenidine on intraocular pressure in rabbits, interaction… Cardiovascular effects of oxymetazoline and UK14,304 in conscious and p…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Corynantheine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Oxymetazoline Natural product Effect of oxymetazoline nasal spray on intraocular pressure and retrobu… Mechanism of vascular relaxation by cholinomimetic drugs with special r… Cardiovascular effects of oxymetazoline and UK14,304 in conscious and p…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Cdp-Choline Natural product In Vitro Study Caffeic acid phenethyl ester attenuates nuclear factor κB mediated infl… In Vitro Study Tetramethylpyrazine may be considered as a candidate therapeutic agent…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Neostigmine Bromide Natural product [Decamethylene-bis-neostigmine bromide (BC-48) in therapy of ocular hyp…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Ranitidine Natural product Ocular surface squamous neoplasia in a patient following oral steroids… Schnitzler syndrome responding to interleukin-1 antagonist anakinra [Administration of premedication with fexofenadine for paclitaxel-induc…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Physostigmine Natural product Deepening insights into cholinergic agents for intraocular pressure red… [Eserine, in Crooked House and Curtain] Physostigmine (Archived)	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Huprine X Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Edrophonium Bromide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-ylamine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Huperzine a Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Atipamezole Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Vancomycin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Desglymidodrine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Phenylpropanolamine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Dexniguldipine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Niguldipine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Alprenolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Betaxolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Carteolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Propranolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-methylol-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]pyridin-1-ium-3-carboxamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxy-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl hydrogen phosphate Natural product In Vitro Study Acteoside attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced injury of retinal gangli… In Vitro Study Tetramethylpyrazine may be considered as a candidate therapeutic agent…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Pyruvate Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Bilberry Natural product Human Study A combination of bilberry and pycnogenol reduces intraocular hypertensi… Human Study Effects of French maritime pine bark/bilberry fruit extracts on intraoc… Human Study Ginkgo biloba extract and bilberry anthocyanins improve visual function…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Flavonoids Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Flavonoids have a promising role in improving visual function in patien… Animal Study Fisetin rescues retinal functions by suppressing inflammatory response… Animal Study Flavonoids can be utilized and developed as natural treatments for isch…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Anthocyanins Natural product Human Study Black currant anthocyanins caused a normalization of serum levels of ET… Human Study Ginkgo biloba extract and bilberry anthocyanins improve visual function… Animal Study These results indicate that oral bilberry extract administration suppre…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		PubChem
Vitamin B-3 (Niacin) Natural product Human Study Dietary nutrient intake was associated with open-angle glaucoma indepen… Human Study Higher levels of niacin intake were associated with decreased odds of g… Meta Analysis, Review Dietary intake of vitamin A and C showed a beneficial association with…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Palmitoylethanolamide Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Evaluation of the nutraceutical Palmitoylethanolamide in reducing intra… Human Study Effect of palmitoylethanolamide on inner retinal function in glaucoma. Human Study Palmitoylethanolamide reduces intraocular pressure and improves visual…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Cannabis Natural product Human Study Delta-9-THC, a compound found within cannabis, at the right dosage can… Review Cannabis and the cannabinoids in addition to their potential applicatio… Review Cannabis could be an effective ocular hypotensive agent.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Verbascoside Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Acteoside protects retinal ganglion cells from experimental glaucoma. Animal Study Neuroprotective effects of acteoside in a glaucoma mouse model. In Vitro Study Acteoside attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced injury of retinal gangli…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Astaxanthin Natural product Animal Study Astaxanthin supplementation may be effective for some types of normal t… Animal Study Cytoprotective effect of astaxanthin in a model of normal intraocular p… In Vitro Study Astaxanthin protects retinal ganglion cells from acute glaucoma via the…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		PubChem
Goji Natural product Animal Study This study showed the translational potential of Lycium barbarum as com… In Vitro Study Goji (lycopom barbarum) may protect retinal cells in glaucoma. In Vitro Study Lycium barbarum exerts protection against glaucoma-like injury.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Cannabinoids Natural product In Vitro Study Cannabinol modulates neuroprotection and intraocular pressure: A potent… Review Cannabis and the cannabinoids in addition to their potential applicatio… Review Cannabis could be an effective ocular hypotensive agent.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Gastrodin Natural product Animal Study Gastrodin exerts a neuroprotective effect on retinal ganglion cells in… Animal Study This formulation has exhibited an active role in the prevention or rest… In Vitro Study Gastrodin protects retinal ganglion cells from ischemic injury.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Persimmon Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Persimmon extracts may have therapeutic potential against retinal degen… Animal Study The intraocular pressure-lowering effect of persimmon leaves in a model… Review Persimmon leaves: nutritional, pharmaceutical, and industrial potential…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Vitamin a Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Dietary intake of vitamin A and C showed a beneficial association with… Human Study Dietary nutrient intake was associated with open-angle glaucoma indepen… Human Study Ascorbic acid metabolites are involved in intraocular pressure control…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		PubChem
Cocoa Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Flavonoids have a promising role in improving visual function in patien… Commentary Various natural substances may prove useful in the treatment of glaucom…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Black Currant Natural product Human Study Black currant anthocyanins caused a normalization of serum levels of ET… Animal Study This formulation has exhibited an active role in the prevention or rest…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Hesperidin Natural product Human Study The effect of dietary antioxidant supplementation in patients with glau… Review Treatment of glaucoma with natural products and their mechanism of acti…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		PubChem
Baicalein Natural product Animal Study Flavonoids can be utilized and developed as natural treatments for isch… Review Treatment of glaucoma with natural products and their mechanism of acti…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Puerarin Natural product Animal Study Puerarin may be a potential agent for the treatment of neovascular glau… Review Puerarin: A review of its mechanisms of action and clinical studies in…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Delta-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Natural product Human Study Delta-9-THC, a compound found within cannabis, at the right dosage can… Animal Study Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol differentially regulate intraoc… Review The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the potential use o…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Natural product Animal Study Nicotinamide provides neuroprotection in glaucoma by protecting against… Review Glaucoma: neuroprotection with NAD-based therapeutic interventions. Review Nicotinamide mononucleotide, a potential future treatment in ocular dis…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		PubChem
Polyphenols Natural product Review Health benefits of polyphenols and carotenoids in age-related eye disea… Commentary Various natural substances may prove useful in the treatment of glaucom…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—
Skullcap: Chinese Natural product In Vitro Study Scutellarin protects retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma. In Vitro Study Scutellarin reduces apoptosis in R28 cells induced by continuous hydros…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—		—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.