Gastroparesis

Disease overview

Alterations

Molecular (A)

Clinical (B–E)

Trial outcome measures (T)

Direct drugs

Via biomarker

158

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

202

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, Seeds, Examine.com · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-10-15

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Idiopathic gastroparesis: spontaneous resolution in ~30-40% at 5 years (NIDDK natural history study); diabetic gastroparesis: rarely remits, correlated with glycaemic control; postsurgical: highly variable

Best-intervention remission

Dietary modification + glycaemic optimisation: 50-60% improvement in symptoms; metoclopramide: 30-40% short-term symptom improvement (limited by side effects); gastric electrical stimulation (Enterra Therapy): 50-60% significant symptom improvement at 3-5 years in refractory patients; pyloric procedures (G-POEM): 75-80% short-term improvement

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Large — gastric electrical stimulation and pyloromyotomy are underused; metoclopramide misuse is the dominant pharmacotherapy problem

Primary barrier

practice/access

Barrier detail: Metoclopramide (the only FDA-approved drug for gastroparesis since 1979) carries a black box warning for tardive dyskinesia with >12 weeks use; yet many patients are maintained long-term; gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is underutilised and restricted to few centres; domperidone (off-label, superior safety) inaccessible in US except via FDA expanded access

Last SoC change: 2023 — G-POEM (gastric per-oral endoscopic pyloromyotomy) increasingly adopted; trazpiroben (Phase 3 GASS trial ongoing) and relamorelin (Phase 3 failed primary endpoint 2018) attempted; metoclopramide as sole approved drug since 1979 — one of the longest-unchanged pharmacotherapy landscapes in GI medicine

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0006769

Alterations

80 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional). Molecular rows are Open Targets gene–disease associations (evidence column = OT association score), not measured levels; phenotypes are HPO terms annotated directly to this disease (Monarch); type T rows are outcome measures used in completed ClinicalTrials.gov studies, not alterations of the disease.

Hide alterations without a value (no direction or frequency)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
DRD2 dopamine receptor D2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.49	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR4 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.49	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR3A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.48	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GHSR growth hormone secretagogue receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.38	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NFATC1 nuclear factor of activated T cells 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.31	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDZRN3 PDZ domain containing ring finger 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.30	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GLP1R glucagon like peptide 1 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.25	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DRD5 dopamine receptor D5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.24	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRID1 glutamate ionotropic receptor delta type subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.24	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LARGE1 LARGE xylosyl- and glucuronyltransferase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.23	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OXR1 oxidation resistance 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.21	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MED18 mediator complex subunit 18	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.20	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MFGE8 milk fat globule EGF and factor V/VIII domain containing	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.20	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD83 CD83 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.20	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GPRC5A G protein-coupled receptor class C group 5 member A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.17	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KAZN kazrin, periplakin interacting protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.15	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CPPED1 calcineurin like phosphoesterase domain containing 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.14	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NTRK2 neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.12	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ABRA actin binding Rho activating protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.12	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NKAIN4 sodium/potassium transporting ATPase interacting 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.12	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CNTN3 contactin 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.11	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OXA1L OXA1L mitochondrial inner membrane insertase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.11	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MLNR motilin receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.11	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ABHD4 abhydrolase domain containing 4, N-acyl phospholipase B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.10	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DRD3 dopamine receptor D3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.09	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CNR1 cannabinoid receptor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.09	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DAD1 defender against cell death 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.09	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PIAS4 protein inhibitor of activated STAT 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.08	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HRH1 histamine receptor H1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.08	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR1A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.07	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ACHE acetylcholinesterase (Yt blood group)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.07	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OPRM1 opioid receptor mu 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.07	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MROH5 maestro heat like repeat family member 5 (gene/pseudogene)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.07	Open Targets	Ensembl Open Targets
PARP12 poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family member 12	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.06	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRNA3 cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 3 subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.06	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRNA4 cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.06	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRNB2 cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 2 subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.06	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRNB4 cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 4 subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.06	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NPIPB2 nuclear pore complex interacting protein family member B2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.06	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
C8orf90 chromosome 8 open reading frame 90	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.05	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HMOX1 heme oxygenase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.04	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FOXF1 forkhead box F1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.04	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP1B3 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.04	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FOXF2 forkhead box F2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.04	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GCH1 GTP cyclohydrolase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.04	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BIRC7 baculoviral IAP repeat containing 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.04	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GHRL ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.03	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
INS insulin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.03	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE4A phosphodiesterase 4A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.03	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CRKL CRK like proto-oncogene, adaptor protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.02	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GCG glucagon	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.02	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NPY neuropeptide Y	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.02	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OXTR oxytocin receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.02	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GHR growth hormone receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.02	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PPARG peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.02	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OXT oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.02	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CCK cholecystokinin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NOS1 nitric oxide synthase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDGFRA platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DUSP1 dual specificity phosphatase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MLN motilin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KIT KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ESR2 estrogen receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PPY pancreatic polypeptide	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ALB albumin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BTG3 BTG anti-proliferation factor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AQP4 aquaporin 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CENPB centromere protein B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GAST gastrin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KITLG KIT ligand	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDGFB platelet derived growth factor subunit B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
POLG DNA polymerase gamma, catalytic subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CRH corticotropin releasing hormone	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IGF1 insulin like growth factor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GIPR gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HSPG2 heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.01	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Vomiting	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	HPO annotation	HPO, Monarch	HPO
EEF2 eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Open Targets association (score n/a)	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Adverse Events -	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Gastric emptying time	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLDIGITOXIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALBUMIN HUMAN-KJDA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMBENONIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMBENONIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIGENIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ATRACURIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENZGALANTAMINE GLUCONATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISMUTH Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BUTABARBITAL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BUTALBITAL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHLORPROMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CISPLATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	7 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
COCAINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEMECARIUM BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DESLANOSIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIAZOXIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICLOFENAC SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIGITOXIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIGOXIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DISTIGMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DONEPEZIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DONEPEZIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ECHOTHIOPHATE IODIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ECOTHIOPATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ECULIZUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EDROPHONIUM CATION Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EDROPHONIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EFGARTIGIMOD ALFA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUCONAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GADOBENATE DIMEGLUMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GADOFOSVESET TRISODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
GALANTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Sources	Links
DOMPERIDONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOCLOPRAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORTRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RELAMORELIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRADIPITANT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AVEXITIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZITHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUSPIRONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAMICINAL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK Varies (specialist) · US $30–$80 / 30-day (varies by product)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEUDOMPERIDONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROSE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOCUSATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERYTHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FELCISETRAG	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPIMAZINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITEMCINAL FUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALOXEGOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NARONAPRIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEOSTIGMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIMACIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONDANSETRON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROMETHAZINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRUCALOPRIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RECANACLOTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SENNA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEPIAPTERIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAZPIROBEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TZP-102	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ULIMORELIN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VELUSETRAG	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYTOCIN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIOGLITAZONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMPINICLINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOMATROPIN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–90 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LETIBOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOCLOPRAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via AQP4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLDIGITOXIN Repurposing via ATP1B3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALBUMIN HUMAN-KJDA Repurposing via ALB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMBENONIUM Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMBENONIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIGENIN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ATRACURIUM Repurposing via CHRNA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENZGALANTAMINE GLUCONATE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISMUTH Repurposing via ALB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BUTABARBITAL Repurposing via CHRNA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BUTALBITAL Repurposing via CHRNA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHLORPROMAZINE Repurposing via CCK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CISPLATIN Repurposing via BIRC7	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	7 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
COCAINE Repurposing via CHRNA3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL Repurposing via CHRNA4	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DEMECARIUM BROMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DESLANOSIDE Repurposing via ATP1B3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ALB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $3–$8 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIAZOXIDE Repurposing via CCK	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICLOFENAC SODIUM Repurposing via ALB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIGITOXIN Repurposing via ATP1B3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DIGOXIN Repurposing via ATP1B3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
DISTIGMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DONEPEZIL Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DONEPEZIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ECHOTHIOPHATE IODIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ECOTHIOPATE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ECULIZUMAB Repurposing via CHRNA3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
EDROPHONIUM CATION Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EDROPHONIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

10 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Links
Ginger Natural product Human Study A standardized extract of ginger and artichoke significantly promoted g… Human Study Ginger extract reduces delayed gastric emptying and nosocomial pneumoni…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Glutamine Natural product Animal Study Glutamine could act as a motility-recovery agent after gastrectomy in h… Animal Study Glutamine decreases the duration of postoperative ileus after abdominal…	Amino acid	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Peppermint Natural product Human Study Peppermint may have therapeutic value in gastric emptying disorders.	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Cannabidiol Natural product Human Study CBD provides symptom relief in patients with gastroparesis and improves…	Food compound	Phase II	Emerging	2	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03941288 — Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol for Gastroparesis and Functional Dyspepsia (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	PubChem
Proprietary Herbal Formulas Natural product Human Study A phyto-compund significantly improves gastric emptying in dyspeptic pa… Human Study The herbal preparation known as Iberogast is as efficacious as cisaprid…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Artichoke Natural product Human Study A standardized extract of ginger and artichoke significantly promoted g…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Lactobacillus Reuteri Natural product Human Study Lactobacillus reuteri accelerates gastric emptying and improves regurgi…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Iberogast Natural product Human Study The herbal preparation known as Iberogast is as efficacious as cisaprid…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Cochrane 1 Trial pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Orthosiphon Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extract protects against ethanol-induced gas…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—
Atractylodes Lancea Natural product Animal Study The essential oil from Atractylodes lancea may have benefit in ameliora…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.

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