Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Disease overview

Alterations

Molecular (A)

Clinical (B–E)

Trial outcome measures (T)

Direct drugs

Via biomarker

575

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

635

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, Examine.com, PubMed NP Literature · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-10-15

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Progressive natural history; symptoms worsen in 50-60% over 5 years without treatment; spontaneous improvement in 20-30% (particularly mild symptoms); acute urinary retention risk ~1-2%/year

Best-intervention remission

Combination alpha-blocker + 5-ARI (tamsulosin + dutasteride): reduces prostate volume 25-30%, acute urinary retention risk 67% (CombAT trial); minimally invasive procedures (Rezum, Urolift, Aquablation): IPSS improvement 50-60%, preserving ejaculatory function better than TURP; TURP: gold standard, 70-80% symptom improvement

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Moderate — treatment is effective but procedure uptake and pharmacotherapy titration is suboptimal; many patients overtreated with TURP when less invasive options appropriate

Primary barrier

practice

Barrier detail: Alpha-blockers provide symptomatic relief but do not address prostate volume in large glands (5-ARI needed); TURP remains widely used when Rezum/Urolift preserve sexual function with similar efficacy; pharmacotherapy stepped-up without referral in cases where early MIS procedure would preserve more function

Last SoC change: 2023 — Aquablation FDA approved; 2019 Rezum (water vapour therapy) established; 2016 Urolift established; 5-ARI added to alpha-blocker standard since CombAT trial 2008; alpha-blockers first-line since 1990s; TURP gold standard since 1960s

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0010811

Alterations

80 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional). Molecular rows are Open Targets gene–disease associations (evidence column = OT association score), not measured levels; phenotypes are HPO terms annotated directly to this disease (Monarch); type T rows are outcome measures used in completed ClinicalTrials.gov studies, not alterations of the disease.

Hide alterations without a value (no direction or frequency)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
ADRA1A adrenoceptor alpha 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA1D adrenoceptor alpha 1D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA1B adrenoceptor alpha 1B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE5A phosphodiesterase 5A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.61	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FGFR2 fibroblast growth factor receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.53	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CLPTM1L CLPTM1 like	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.53	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BCL11A BCL11 transcription factor A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.51	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GATA5 GATA binding protein 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.48	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
E2F1 E2F transcription factor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.46	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LMO4 LIM domain only 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.46	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FOXF1 forkhead box F1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.45	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MYOCD myocardin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.44	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM3 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.44	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ETV1 ETS variant transcription factor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.44	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DNAJC1 DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GREM2 gremlin 2, DAN family BMP antagonist	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
POU5F1B POU class 5 homeobox 1B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.40	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KLK3 kallikrein related peptidase 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.39	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHEK2 checkpoint kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.38	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HNF1B HNF1 homeobox B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.38	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ERG ETS transcription factor ERG	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.38	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ETV4 ETS variant transcription factor 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.37	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HMGA1 high mobility group AT-hook 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.37	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EBLN1 endogenous Bornavirus like nucleoprotein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM2 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.36	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CNNM1 cyclin and CBS domain divalent metal cation transport mediator 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.35	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MLLT10 MLLT10 histone lysine methyltransferase DOT1L cofactor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.34	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BMP3 bone morphogenetic protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.34	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PEX14 peroxisomal biogenesis factor 14	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.33	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRB3 adrenoceptor beta 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.33	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CCNE1 cyclin E1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.33	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DKK2 dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.32	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ALDH8A1 aldehyde dehydrogenase 8 family member A1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.32	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AR androgen receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.32	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GNRHR gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.31	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HAAO 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.31	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RBMS3 RNA binding motif single stranded interacting protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.31	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GLI3 GLI family zinc finger 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.30	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RAI2 retinoic acid induced 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.30	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CTAGE1 cutaneous T cell lymphoma-associated antigen 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.30	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IRX2 iroquois homeobox 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.30	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MTHFSD methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase domain containing	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.29	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MEIS1 Meis homeobox 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EIF2S3 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit gamma	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.28	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FN1 fibronectin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ENTREP1 endosomal transmembrane epsin interactor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ERC1 ELKS/RAB6-interacting/CAST family member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS3 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LFNG LFNG O-fucosylpeptide 3-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ABCC8 ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.27	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA13 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A13	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFAB1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit AB1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS6 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND2 mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATG5 autophagy related 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND1 mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB6 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS7 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COXFA4L2 cytochrome c oxidase hypoxia associated subunit FA4L2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GPD2 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA8 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFAF2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFAF3 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CFAP418 cilia and flagella associated protein 418	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LIN28B lin-28 RNA binding posttranscriptional regulator B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.26	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MAF MAF bZIP transcription factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.25	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HIBADH 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.23	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR2F2 nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.22	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HBS1L HBS1 like translational GTPase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	OT score 0.21	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Benign prostatic hyperplasia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	HPO annotation	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Assess Changes in Objective Measures of Urologic Function.	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change in International Prostate symptom score (IPSS)	Trial outcome measure	Clinical scale	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Characteristics of the Study Procedure and Immediate Outcomes	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Comprehension of informed consent	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Duration of surgery	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
IPSS	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)	Trial outcome measure	Clinical scale	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Length of hospital stay	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Peak urine flow rate (Qmax)	Trial outcome measure	Lab value	—	—	Trial outcome measure	ClinicalTrials.gov	—

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, and merged ranking. Only agents with registry trials or published clinical literature are shown by default.

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
PRAZOSIN	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	UK £2–£6 / 28–60 tabs · US $5–$12 / 30–60 tabs	8 trials 1 Cochrane 18 Trial pubs 10 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00687388 — The Clinical Efficacy of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammation Drugs in Patients With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 NCT00922506 — Combination Treatment With Doxazosin Plus TolterodineSR 2 mg Versus 4mg in Men With an Overactive Bladder (OAB) and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00563485 — Randomized Trial Comparing Terazosin 5 mg Daily and Doxazosin GITS 4 mg Daily for Trial Without Catheter in Acute Urinary Retention With Long Term Follow up (TERMINATED) NA NCT00730418 — Effects of Chronic Use of Doxazosin in Men With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (COMPLETED) NA NCT01332487 — Evaluating the Impact of Early Versus Delayed 5 Alpha Reductase Inhibitor Treatment on the Risk of Emergent Surgery in Men With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (COMPLETED) NCT01323998 — Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Treatment Patterns & Outcomes: Marketscan (COMPLETED) NCT00021814 — Medical Therapy of Prostatic Symptoms (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT06282731 — The Changes of Urine Growth Factors Level (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 Published literature Cochrane review Association Between Alpha-1 Adrenoreceptor Antagonist Use and Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review (International neurourology journal, 2024) Clinical trial publication Pumpkin seed oil (prostafit) or prazosin? Which one is better in the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2014) Clinical trial publication Seidlitzia rosmarinus for lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a pilot randomized controlled clinical trial (Complementary therapies in medicine, 2014) Clinical trial publication Comparison of 7 α(1)-adrenoceptor antagonists in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia:a short-term crossover study (Acta medica Okayama, 2013) Clinical trial publication Pharmacokinetics of doxazosin gastrointestinal therapeutic system after multiple administration in Korean healthy volunteers (Drug development and industrial pharmacy, 2007) Clinical trial publication Comparison of prazosin, terazosin and tamsulosin in the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: a short-term open, randomized multicenter study. BPH Medical Therapy Study Group. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association, 2000) Randomized controlled trial Comparison of tamsulosin with alfuzosin in the treatment of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of bladder outlet obstruction (symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia). The European Tamsulosin Study Group (British journal of urology, 1997) Randomized controlled trial Alpha-blocking treatment with alfuzosin in symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: comparative study with prazosin. The PRAZALF Group (British journal of urology, 1993) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
3,3',4',5-TETRACHLOROSALICYLANILIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABIRATERONE ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACECLIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETOHEXAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACETOPHENAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACETYLCHOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACETYLCHOLINE CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACLIDINIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ACLIDINIUM BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADALIMUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALCLOFENAC Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALCLOMETASONE DIPROPIONATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALFUZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMCINONIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMDINOCILLIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30 tabs	—	DGIdb	—
AMLEXANOX Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANHYDROUS TACROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
APALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
APOMORPHINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASENAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ASTEMIZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ATALUREN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ATRACURIUM BESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ATROPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
ATROPINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZACITIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
AZARIBINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BECLOMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENAZEPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENORILATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BENZQUINAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETAMETHASONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE VALERATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETHANECHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BETHANECHOL CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETHANIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIFONAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	—	DGIdb	—

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Sources	Links
BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CETRORELIX	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEXAPOTIDE TRIFLUTATE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FUROSEMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INULIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LONIDAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	UK £1–£3 / 28–56 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30–90 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRABEGRON	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAFTOPIDIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAW PALMETTO	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLIFENACIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLIFENACIN SUCCINATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERTOMOTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOPSALYSIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VARDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VIBEGRON	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADALIMUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHROMIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEGARELIX	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXAZOSIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERTEBEREL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETONOGESTREL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEDOVAPAGON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LETIBOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LY2452473	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYCOPENE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONABOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OZARELIX	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PACLITAXEL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Hospital / IV specialty — prices per vial or dose (often hundreds–thousands USD/GBP)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RALOXIFENE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	UK £2–£8 / 4–8 tabs (generic) · US $5–$15 / 10-30 tabs	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALCOHOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALOE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Research / experimental compound — pricing not applicable for routine clinical use	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYPROTERONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEMUTEPORFIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAPAVERINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TALAPORFIN SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRANILAST	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Sources	Links
3,3',4',5-TETRACHLOROSALICYLANILIDE Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABIRATERONE ACETATE Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
ACECLIDINE Repurposing via CHRM2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £3–£8 / 28–56 tabs · US $8–$15 / 30 tabs	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETOHEXAMIDE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
ACETOPHENAZINE Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
ACETYLCHOLINE Repurposing via CHRM2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
ACETYLCHOLINE CHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACLIDINIUM Repurposing via CHRM2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
ACLIDINIUM BROMIDE Repurposing via CHRM3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADALIMUMAB Repurposing via ATG5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
ALCLOFENAC Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALCLOMETASONE DIPROPIONATE Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALFUZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
ALFUZOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMCINONIDE Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
AMDINOCILLIN Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CHRM2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	UK £1–£3 / 28 tabs · US $4–$10 / 30 tabs	DGIdb	—
AMLEXANOX Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ABCC8	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANHYDROUS TACROLIMUS Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
APALUTAMIDE Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
APOMORPHINE Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
ASENAPINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
ASTEMIZOLE Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
ATALUREN Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
ATRACURIUM BESYLATE Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
ATROPINE Repurposing via CHRM2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
ATROPINE SULFATE Repurposing via CHRM2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZACITIDINE Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
AZARIBINE Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BECLOMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
BENAZEPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENORILATE Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA1A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
BENZQUINAMIDE Repurposing via CHRM2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—
BETAMETHASONE Repurposing via AR	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	Varies — check openprescribing.net (UK) or costplusdrugs.com / GoodRx (US)	DGIdb	—

Natural Products

82 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked). Only agents with direct clinical evidence are shown by default.

Reference lookups: Examine.com

Show agents without direct trial evidence

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Price (UK / US)	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Saw Palmetto Natural product Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens in benign prostatic disorders: a… Cochrane review Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to… Cochrane review Benign prostate hyperplasia and nutrition	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	19	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	8 trials 12 Cochrane 8 Meta-analysis 22 Trial pubs 18 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07665749 — Efficacy and Tolerability of Treatment With Alfalitic Plus Serenoa Repens Compared to Alfalitic Plus Antimuscarinic for Moderate-severe Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NCT00497939 — The Effectiveness of Saw Palmetto and Sanmiaoshan on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Chinese Patients (UNKNOWN) NA NCT01604811 — Exploratory Study of L.S.E.S.r. (LipidoSterolic Extract of Serenoa Repens)(PERMIXON® 160 mg Hard Capsule) Versus Tamsulosine LP Activity on Inflammation Biomarkers in Urinary Symptoms Related to BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00037154 — Saw Palmetto Extract in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00797394 — Efficacy of Natural Extract 2007RD01 Combined With Saw Palmetto in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Patients Compared to Saw Palmetto (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01021267 — Clinical Study to Assess the Influence of a Saw Palmetto Preparation in Patients With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and Sexual Dysfunctions (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT06181175 — Treatment of BPH With CO2 Serenoa +PEA as Monotherapy or in Combination With Tamsulosin: ProSeRePEA Trial (UNKNOWN) NA NCT02121613 — PERmixon® in LUTS Evaluation Study (PERLES) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens in benign prostatic disorders: a systematic review of recent clinical evidence (Drugs in context, 2026) Cochrane review Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023) Cochrane review Benign prostate hyperplasia and nutrition (Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 2019) Cochrane review Serenoa repens for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Current Evidence and Its Clinical Implications in Naturopathic Medicine (Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 2017) Cochrane review Serenoa repens for benign prostatic hyperplasia (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2012) Systematic review Benign prostatic hyperplasia and male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) (BMJ clinical evidence, 2011) Systematic review Serenoa repens (saw palmetto): a systematic review of adverse events (Drug safety, 2009) Clinical trial publication Measuring the efficacy of Serenoa repens (USPlus) extract with mobile uroflowmetry (The Canadian journal of urology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Beneficial effects of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) fruit extract on the urinary symptoms of healthy Japanese adults with possible lower urinary tract symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (Nutrition and health, 2025) Clinical trial publication Beneficial Effects of Saw Palmetto Fruit Extract on Urinary Symptoms in Japanese Female Subjects by a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study (Nutrients, 2022) Clinical trial publication Treatment assignment guesses by study participants in a double-blind dose escalation clinical trial of saw palmetto (Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 2014) Clinical trial publication Associations between improvements in lower urinary tract symptoms and sleep disturbance over time in the CAMUS trial (The Journal of urology, 2012) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Pygeum Natural product Cochrane review Benign prostate hyperplasia and nutrition Cochrane review [Phytotherapy in urology. Current scientific evidence of its applicatio… Cochrane review Benign prostatic hyperplasia and male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUT…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Moderate	13	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 7 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 4 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05222841 — The Effectiveness of Spermotrend Food Supplement in the Treatment of Male Infertility (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Benign prostate hyperplasia and nutrition (Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 2019) Cochrane review [Phytotherapy in urology. Current scientific evidence of its application in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate adenocarcinoma] (Actas urologicas espanolas, 2013) Cochrane review Benign prostatic hyperplasia and male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) (BMJ clinical evidence, 2011) Cochrane review Phytotherapy for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (The Journal of urology, 2008) Cochrane review Pygeum africanum for benign prostatic hyperplasia (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2002) Systematic review Pygeum africanum for the treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis (The American journal of medicine, 2000) Clinical trial publication Comparison of once and twice daily dosage forms of Pygeum africanum extract in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized, double-blind study, with long-term open label extension (Urology, 1999) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and acceptability of tadenan (Pygeum africanum extract) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): a multicentre trial in central Europe (Current medical research and opinion, 1998) Clinical trial publication Combined extracts of Urtica dioica and Pygeum africanum in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: double-blind comparison of two doses (Clinical therapeutics, 1993) Clinical trial publication [Efficacy of Pygeum africanum extract in the medical therapy of urination disorders due to benign prostatic hyperplasia: evaluation of objective and subjective parameters. A placebo-controlled double-blind multicenter study] (Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 1990) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Stinging Nettle Natural product Clinical trial publication Urtica Dioica Root Extract on Clinical and Biochemical Parameters in Pa… Human Study Nettles has beneficial effects in the treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyp… Animal Study, In Vitro Study Effects of algerian nettle on benign prostatic hyperplasia and their me…	Nutraceutical	Phase I	Moderate	13	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06504472 — A Randomized Triple-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effects of a Supplement on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Men. (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Urtica Dioica Root Extract on Clinical and Biochemical Parameters in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Randomized Controlled Trial (Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Lycopene Natural product Human Study Effects of lycopene-enriched, organic, extra virgin olive oil on benign… Human Study Lycopene inhibits disease progression in patients with benign prostate… Human Study Tomato paste consumption reduces PSA levels in patients with benign pro…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 trials 4 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06504472 — A Randomized Triple-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effects of a Supplement on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Men. (COMPLETED) NA NCT00416390 — Lycopene in Treating Patients With Prostate Cancer or Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Vitamin D3 Natural product Human Study Evaluation of efficacy of cholecalciferol and silymarin in improving lo… Human Study Serum 25-OH D levels are inversely associated with overall prostate vol… Human Study The results of our study support the effect of vitamin D in reducing pr…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03681392 — Study of Dr. Pyke's Supplement for Stream (S4S) in Men With Prostatism and ED (WITHDRAWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Garlic Natural product Animal Study Oral exposure of low-dose bisphenol A promotes proliferation of dorsola… Animal Study The potential curative and preventive effects of garlic on testosterone… Review The consumption of onion and garlic is inversely associated with benign…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	6 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Human Study There is a significantly reduced omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Olive Oil Natural product Human Study Effects of lycopene-enriched, organic, extra virgin olive oil on benign… Human Study A swedish flower pollen extract has therapeutic value in treating chron… Human Study An extract of saw palmetto compares favorably with the drug tamsulosin…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	29 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Berberine Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study An inhibitory effect of Berberine from herbal Coptis chinensis Franch o… Animal Study Berberine ameliorates testosterone-induced benign prostate hyperplasia… Animal Study, In Vitro Study Berberine improves benign prostatic hyperplasia.	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Silymarin Natural product Human Study Evaluation of efficacy of cholecalciferol and silymarin in improving lo… Animal Study Silymarin showed a significant anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic rol…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 Trial pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Reishi Natural product Human Study Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) safely improves lower urinary tract symptoms… In Vitro Study Reishi (Ganoderma) contains a compound that inhibits 5-alpha reductase,…	Mushroom	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Melatonin Natural product Human Study The effect of melatonin on improving the benign prostatic hyperplasia u… Human Study Effects of L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10 supplementation on lower urinar… Human Study Flaxseed supplementation and a low-fat diet reduces proliferation of be…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT03966950 — Use of Melatonin for Preventing POCD in Transurethral Prostate Resection Under Spinal Anesthesia (UNKNOWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Cordyceps Natural product Animal Study Cordycepin attenuates testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia. In Vitro Study Cordyceps militaris fruit body extract decreases testosterone catabolis…	Mushroom	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Randomized controlled trial Effects of L-Carnitine and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Lower Urinar…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 RCT View evidence Published literature Randomized controlled trial Effects of L-Carnitine and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized, Controlled, Clinical Trial (Nutrition and cancer, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
L-Carnitine Natural product Human Study Effects of L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10 supplementation on lower urinar…	Amino acid	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 Trial pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		PubChem
Echinacea Natural product Animal Study Echinacea prevents the development of benign prostate hyperplasia in ra…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Fenugreek Natural product Animal Study Effect of fenugreek extract on testosterone propionate-induced benign p…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Moringa Natural product Animal Study M. oleifera prevented testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Nettle Natural product Human Study Nettles has beneficial effects in the treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyp… Human Study Urtica dioica root extract consumption for 12 weeks among BPH patients… Animal Study, In Vitro Study Effects of algerian nettle on benign prostatic hyperplasia and their me…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT06504472 — A Randomized Triple-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effects of a Supplement on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Men. (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Flaxseed Natural product Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of a flaxseed hull extract in the symptomatic manag… Clinical trial publication Effects of dietary flaxseed lignan extract on symptoms of benign prosta… Human Study Flaxseed supplementation and a low-fat diet reduces proliferation of be…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	2 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of a flaxseed hull extract in the symptomatic management of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study (Journal of medicinal food, 2015) Clinical trial publication Effects of dietary flaxseed lignan extract on symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (Journal of medicinal food, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed		—
Pumpkin Natural product Human Study Oral combination of pumpkin seed extract, soy germ isoflavonoids, and c… Human Study Pumpkin seed oil and saw palmetto oil may be effective as complementary… Human Study Oil-free hydroethanolic pumpkin seed extract could be beneficial for be…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Beta Sitosterol Natural product Human Study A comparative study on the efficacy of phytosterol-enriched and convent… Animal Study Two compounds found within white mustard seeds (Brassica alba), sinalbi… Animal Study β-sitosterol enriched saw palmetto oil was efficacious in treating the…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Pumpkin Seed Oil/Meal Natural product Human Study Pumpkin seed oil (prostafit) is effective and a safe alternative treatm… Human Study Pumpkin seed oil versus tamsulosin for benign prostatic hyperplasia sym… Human Study Oil-free hydroethanolic pumpkin seed extract could be beneficial for be…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Ginseng (Korean) Natural product Animal Study, Human In Vitro Panax ginseng alleviates benign prostatic hyperplasia while preventing… In Vitro Study Korean red ginseng alleviates benign prostatic hyperplasia. In Vitro Study Red ginseng and 20(S)-Rg3 control testosterone-induced prostate hyperpl…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate) Natural product Animal Study EGCG could attenuate testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia… Animal Study EGCG was able to exert anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia activities in… In Vitro Study Epigallocatechin-3-gallate reduces the proliferation of benign prostati…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Lotus Natural product Animal Study Neferine appeared to suppress prostate growth by regulating the EMT, AR… In Vitro Study Botanical formulation HX109 ameliorates TP-induced benign prostate hype… In Vitro Study Neferine improves oxidative stress and apoptosis in benign prostate hyp…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Pollen: Flower Natural product Human Study A 750mg dose of flower pollen (Cernilton) improves symptoms of benign p… Human Study A swedish flower pollen extract has therapeutic value in treating chron…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Isoflavones Natural product Human Study Dietary intake of isoflavone is inversely associated with the risk of l… Animal Study Astaxantin and isoflavones inhibit benign prostatic hyperplasia. In Vitro Study Equol is a novel anti-androgen that inhibits prostate growth and hormon…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Soy Natural product Human Study Dietary intake of isoflavone is inversely associated with the risk of l… In Vitro Study Equol is a novel anti-androgen that inhibits prostate growth and hormon…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Pycnogenol (Pine Bark) Natural product Human Study Pycnogenol may be an important option for self-management of benign pro… Animal Study These findings indicated that Pycnogenol inhibited the development of b… In Vitro Study A compound within Pygeum bark antagonizes human androgen receptor in th…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Pygeum Bark Natural product Human Study Pygeum Africanum reduces prostatic hyperplasia effectively and safely.… Animal Study Apricot species can be used as the potential backup of Pygeum for the m… In Vitro Study A compound within Pygeum bark antagonizes human androgen receptor in th…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Dandelion Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Taraxacum mongolicum total triterpenoids and taraxasterol ameliorate be… Animal Study Effects of dandelion on testosterone propionate-induced benign prostati… In Vitro Study Botanical formulation HX109 ameliorates TP-induced benign prostate hype…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Prunella Vulgaris Natural product Animal Study Ameliorative effects of Prunella vulgaris on lower urinary tract sympto… Animal Study Prunella vulgaris extract ameliorates testosterone-induced benign prost…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Soursop Natural product Animal Study Antioxidative, anti-androgenic, and inhibitory activities of ethanolic… Animal Study Oral administration of acetogenin-rich fraction of Annona muricata leav…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Astaxanthin Natural product Animal Study Astaxantin and isoflavones inhibit benign prostatic hyperplasia. Animal Study Inhibitory effect of astaxanthin on testosterone-induced benign prostat…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Mustard: White Natural product Animal Study Extract from seeds of white mustard (Brassica alba) can significantly i… Animal Study Two compounds found within white mustard seeds (Brassica alba), sinalbi…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Myricetin Natural product Animal Study Myricetin alleviates testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia.	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Phloretin Natural product Animal Study Phloretin ameliorates testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia. Review Phloretin in benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Genistein Natural product Human Study Dietary intake of isoflavone is inversely associated with the risk of l…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Cranberry Natural product Human Study Oral combination of pumpkin seed extract, soy germ isoflavonoids, and c…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Royal Jelly Natural product Human Study Royal jelly could be used to reduce PSA levels in blood. Animal Study A lipid extract from the fruit of the Cuban royal palm fruit inhibits t…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Tomato Natural product Human Study Tomato paste consumption reduces PSA levels in patients with benign pro…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Arctigenin Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Arctigenin inhibits high glucose-induced EMT and cell proliferation to…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Ellagic Acid Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Ellagic acid improves benign prostate hyperplasia.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
2-Methoxyestradiol Natural product Animal Study 2-Methoxyestradiol attenuates testosterone-induced benign prostate hype…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Palm Tree Natural product Animal Study A lipid extract from the fruit of the Cuban royal palm fruit inhibits t…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Aspen Natural product Animal Study A proprietary blend of herbs suppresses urinary oxidative stress in a r…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Horsetail Natural product Animal Study A proprietary blend of herbs suppresses urinary oxidative stress in a r…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Pipsisssewa Natural product Animal Study A proprietary blend of herbs suppresses urinary oxidative stress in a r…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Pulsatilla Pratensis Natural product Animal Study A proprietary blend of herbs suppresses urinary oxidative stress in a r…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Wheat Germ Natural product Human Study Oral combination of pumpkin seed extract, soy germ isoflavonoids, and c… Animal Study A proprietary blend of herbs suppresses urinary oxidative stress in a r…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Chokeberry Natural product Animal Study A. melanocarpa extract has therapeutic potential to treat prostate enla…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Dogwood Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Anti-proliferative effects of standardized Cornus officinalis on benign…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Apricot Natural product Animal Study Apricot species can be used as the potential backup of Pygeum for the m…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Chinese Skullcap Natural product Animal Study Baicalein, a compound found within Chinese skullcap, has an inhibitory…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Banana Natural product Animal Study Banana peel extract suppresses prostate gland enlargement in testostero…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Banana Peel Natural product Animal Study Banana peel extract suppresses prostate gland enlargement in testostero…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Bee Venom Natural product Animal Study Bee venom suppressed the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Kaempferia Parviflora Natural product Animal Study Black ginger extract can be a promising agent for the treatment of beni…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Mulberry Natural product Animal Study Black mulberry extract has protective effects against experimentally-in…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Natural product Animal Study Caffeic acid phenethyl ester guards against benign prostate hypertrophy.	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Flavonoids Natural product Human Study Oral combination of pumpkin seed extract, soy germ isoflavonoids, and c… Animal Study Cocoa extract has a protective efect on experimentally induced benign p…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Polyphenols Natural product Animal Study Cocoa extract has a protective efect on experimentally induced benign p… Animal Study Cocoa polyphenols prevent testosterone-induced hyperplasia in a rat mod…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Cocoa Natural product Animal Study Cocoa extract has a protective efect on experimentally induced benign p… Animal Study Cocoa polyphenols prevent testosterone-induced hyperplasia in a rat mod…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Coconut Natural product Animal Study Coconut oil reduces prostate weight to body ratio.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Coconut Oil Natural product Animal Study Coconut oil reduces prostate weight to body ratio.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Corn Silk Natural product Animal Study Corn silk extract improves benign prostatic hyperplasia in experimental…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Cucurbitacin E Natural product Animal Study Cucurbitacin E glucoside inhibits testosterone-induced experimental ben…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Lignans Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Dietary phytochemicals have a beneficial effect on benign prostatic hyp…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Gold (Nanoparticles) Natural product Animal Study Effect of gold nanoparticles treatment on the testosterone-induced beni…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Grape Natural product Animal Study Grape suspension protects against urinary bladder dysfunction.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Hesperidin Natural product Animal Study Hesperidin ameliorates benign prostatic hyperplasia.	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		PubChem
Graviola Natural product Animal Study Hexane fraction of Annona muricata seed ameliorates testosterone-induce…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Icariin Natural product Animal Study Icariin ameliorates metabolic syndrome-induced benign prostatic hyperpl…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Diallyl Sulfide Natural product Animal Study Immunomodulatory effect of diallyl sulfide on experimentally-induced be…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Sesamol Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study In-silico and in-vivo evaluation of sesamol and its derivatives for ben…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Nigella Sativa (Aka Black Seed) Natural product Animal Study Black ginger extract can be a promising agent for the treatment of beni… Animal Study Black mulberry extract has protective effects against experimentally-in… Animal Study Inhibitory effects of Nigella sativa seed oil on the testosterone-induc…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Peanut Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Peanut sprout extracts cultivated with Fermented sawdust medium inhibit…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Piceatannol Natural product Animal Study Piceatannol attenuates testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasi…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—
Diosmin Natural product Animal Study Protective role of diosmin against testosterone propionate-induced pros…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	Varies — openprescribing.net (UK) / costplusdrugs.com or GoodRx (US)	—		—

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.

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