Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

1.6-1.7% at 7 years on standard care (population-level cohorts UK and US)

Best-intervention remission

46-58% at 5 years post-bariatric surgery; up to 86% at 1 year with >15% total weight loss via intensive dietary intervention (DiRECT trial: 36% at 2 years)

Gap size

Very large

Primary barrier

practice/access

Remission is biologically achievable and demonstrated in multiple large RCTs but almost never offered as the primary clinical strategy; default is indefinite pharmacotherapy escalation

Biomarker Targets & Therapeutic Agents

Gene targets queried against DGIdb, Open Targets, ChEMBL, PubMed, and Europe PMC. Agents ranked: Clinical > Mechanistic > Correlative.

ADIPOQ 4 DPP4 234 FOXO1 26 GCGR 184 GLP1R 166 INSR 78 IRS1 16 LEPR 6 PPARG 127 PRKAA1 202 SLC2A4 65 SLC5A2 190

ADIPOQ

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Source
NEVIRAPINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
FENOFIBRATE MICRONIZED	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN, REGULAR, HUMAN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
SPIRONOLACTONE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb

DPP4

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
TCDD	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
LINAGLIPTIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
GOSOGLIPTIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BEGELOMAB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
VALACYCLOVIR	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
GEMIGLIPTIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ENMD-2076	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SITRAVATINIB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CRENOLANIB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CP-673451	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
NINTEDANIB ESYLATE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
IBCASERTIB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
LUCITANIB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SAXAGLIPTIN ANHYDROUS	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DBPR-108	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
M4205	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
COMPOUND 8H [PMID: 22765894]	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DOVITINIB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
MELOGLIPTIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PP-121	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
EVOGLIPTIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ILORASERTIB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
AC710	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
MASITINIB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ALOGLIPTIN BENZOATE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
QUIZARTINIB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHMFL-KIT-64	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
VILDAGLIPTIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	34.0 nM (IC50)	DGIdb
SERALUTINIB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CAPTOPRIL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
TRELAGLIPTIN SUCCINATE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ENALAPRIL MALEATE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
COMPOUND 8H [PMID: 21561767]	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
TENELIGLIPTIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ELENESTINIB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CARMEGLIPTIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ANAGLIPTIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SITAGLIPTIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DUTOGLIPTIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BISEGLIPTIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb

Showing top 40 of 234 agents ranked by evidence tier.

FOXO1

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
FAS LIGAND	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
FLUOROURACIL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE ANHYDROUS	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
EPIRUBICIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PSAMMAPLYSENE A	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	5000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
PSAMMAPLYSENE B	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	20000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5192734	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	33.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5410786	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5427016	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5430492	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5438402	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5422565	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5401913	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5416762	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5432660	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5440152	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5435132	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5435547	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5433566	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5424486	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5423837	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5410704	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5405275	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5440878	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL5413713	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
PANOBINOSTAT	↑ activates	Mechanistic	420.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL

GCGR

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
REDIOCIDE A	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ADOMEGLIVANT	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
GLUCAGON (RDNA)	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CROTEDUMAB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PEMETREXED DISODIUM	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
LGD-6972	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
COTADUTIDE	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
GLUCAGON HYDROCHLORIDE	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
MK-0893	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PEGAPAMODUTIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PF-06291874	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
EFINOPEGDUTIDE	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CAPECITABINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
RALTITREXED	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DASIGLUCAGON HYDROCHLORIDE	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DASIGLUCAGON	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
MK-3577	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
VOLAGIDEMAB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SAR425899	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
GLUCAGON	? unclear	Mechanistic		Open Targets
CHEMBL140267	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	7500.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL346451	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	20000.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL358250	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	120.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL140209	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	6000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL142414	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	220.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL142944	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	250.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL25637	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	110.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL356726	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	9200.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL356089	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	150.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL422833	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	240.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL146839	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	20000.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL140514	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	400.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL140268	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	700.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL436011	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	9000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL140317	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	9500.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL140586	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL358546	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	55000.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL140636	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1800.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL148905	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	73000.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL344911	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1800.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL

Showing top 40 of 184 agents ranked by evidence tier.

GLP1R

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Source
CHEMBL:CHEMBL607309	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL585444	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1327172	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1224483	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CGP13501	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL580340	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
EFPEGLENATIDE	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
LIRAGLUTIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
DULOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL597251	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ANGUSTIBALIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
DULAGLUTIDE	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
EXENATIDE	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
MOFEBUTAZONE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL532412	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
NORTRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL533602	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
PEGSEBRENATIDE	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
OLANZAPINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL317115	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1549738	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CYCLOASPEPTIDE A	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
SCOULERINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
KEPONE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
PEGAPAMODUTIDE	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL603154	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ETOPOSIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL405914	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1308346	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
FIDUXOSIN HYDROCHLORIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CLOZAPINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL578515	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1439833	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL601351	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL580727	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
AMORFRUTIN A	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
PROPIONYLPROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL588038	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1420370	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL580207	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb

Showing top 40 of 166 agents ranked by evidence tier.

INSR

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Source
TESOFENSINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN SUSP ISOPHANE SEMISYNTHETIC PURIFIED HUMAN	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
GO-6976	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN ZINC, PROMPT	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN PURIFIED PORK	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN ZINC SUSP EXTENDED PURIFIED BEEF	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN ZINC, EXTENDED	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN ZINC SUSP EXTENDED BEEF	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN ZINC SUSP BEEF	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN SENSITIZER S-707106	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
SP-600125	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE ANHYDROUS	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN DETEMIR	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN DEGLUDEC	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
AEW-541	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ILORASERTIB	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
NVP-TAE684	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN ASPART PROTAMINE RECOMBINANT	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN SUSP PROTAMINE ZINC PURIFIED BEEF	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN, PROTAMINE ZINC	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN TREGOPIL	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN, REGULAR, HUMAN	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
PF-562271	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN SUSP PROTAMINE ZINC PURIFIED PORK	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
RECOMBINANT HUMAN KALLIKREIN-1	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
LINIFANIB	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN [INJECTION], BIPHASIC	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN HUMAN, ISOPHANE	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN SUSP ISOPHANE PURIFIED PORK	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN ZINC SUSP PURIFIED PORK	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
RG-1530	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
EPIRUBICIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN ASPART PROTAMINE, HUMAN	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
TOZASERTIB	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
TOPIRAMATE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
LINSITINIB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN LISPRO	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN LISPRO PROTAMINE RECOMBINANT	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN SUSP ISOPHANE BEEF/PORK	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
MITOGLITAZONE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb

Showing top 40 of 78 agents ranked by evidence tier.

IRS1

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
AGANIRSEN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE ANHYDROUS	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
FLUOROURACIL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PRASTERONE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
EPIRUBICIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
INOSITOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
GLIMEPIRIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL1685056	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	50.0 nM (Kd)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL1685055	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	150.0 nM (Kd)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL1681823	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	50.0 nM (Kd)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL4536878	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	120.0 nM (Kd)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL4591779	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	16200.0 nM (Kd)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL4530453	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1600.0 nM (Kd)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL1572640	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	3300.0 nM (Kd)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL4576057	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	16400.0 nM (Kd)	ChEMBL

LEPR

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Source
MIBAVADEMAB	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
SIMVASTATIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
VALPROIC ACID	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
METRELEPTIN	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM TRIHYDRATE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
SETMELANOTIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb

PPARG

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Source
METHOXYCHLOR	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL2208197	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
PROPYLPYRAZOLETRIOL	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
LANIFIBRANOR	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
PROPYLPARABEN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ABIETIC ACID	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
KEPONE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
SPIRONOLACTONE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
FLUOXASTROBIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ROSIGLITAZONE MALEATE	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL2178583	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
NAVEGLITAZAR	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CELECOXIB	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
SHINPTEROCARPIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
PSAMMAPLIN A	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
TECNAZENE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
MYCOPHENOLATE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1833984	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
IMIGLITAZAR	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ROSIGLITAZONE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CLX-0921	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
AVE0847	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHLORFENAPYR	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
PIOGLITAZONE HYDROCHLORIDE	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
PROCHLORAZ	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
MESALAMINE	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
BEZAFIBRATE	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL312032	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ISOSILYBIN A	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
AMORFRUTIN A	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
NALED	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
TROGLITAZONE	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
PROSTAGLANDIN D2	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INT131	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
EFATUTAZONE HYDROCHLORIDE	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
FLUORODIFEN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
FLUDIOXONIL	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ESTRADIOL VALERATE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL166112	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
BENSULIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb

Showing top 40 of 127 agents ranked by evidence tier.

PRKAA1

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
GW441756X	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PD-0166285	? unclear	Mechanistic	316.23 nM (Ki)	DGIdb
CENISERTIB	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CYC-116	? unclear	Mechanistic	501.19 nM (Ki)	DGIdb
PENTOSTATIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PALBOCICLIB	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
JNJ-7706621	? unclear	Mechanistic	1700.0 nM (Kd)	DGIdb
PF-562271	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
TOZASERTIB	? unclear	Mechanistic	1100.0 nM (Kd)	DGIdb
STREPTOZOCIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DOVITINIB	? unclear	Mechanistic	520.0 nM (Kd)	DGIdb
TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
METFORMIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
RG-1530	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
LY-2090314	? unclear	Mechanistic	630.96 nM (Ki)	DGIdb
ADENOSINE DEAMINASE INHIBITOR	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SAPONARIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL587615	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1997335	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ENTRECTINIB	? unclear	Mechanistic	251.19 nM (Ki)	DGIdb
SIROLIMUS	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ILORASERTIB	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
TETRADECANOYLPHORBOL ACETATE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL379975	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
HESPERADIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	19.0 nM (Kd)	DGIdb
PHENFORMIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
THYROXINE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ACADESINE	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMOPREVENTIVE AGENT	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SOTRASTAURIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	630.96 nM (Ki)	DGIdb
NVP-TAE684	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SUNITINIB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	52.0 nM (Kd)	ChEMBL
ALVOCIDIB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	6600.0 nM (Kd)	ChEMBL
STAUROSPORINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	9.0 nM (Kd)	ChEMBL
VANDETANIB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	10000.0 nM (Kd)	ChEMBL
AST-487	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1400.0 nM (Kd)	ChEMBL
RAF-265	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	4500.0 nM (Kd)	ChEMBL
MIDOSTAURIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	180.0 nM (Kd)	ChEMBL
SU-014813	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	100.0 nM (Kd)	ChEMBL

Showing top 40 of 202 agents ranked by evidence tier.

SLC2A4

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Source
PROTEASE INHIBITOR	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CLOFIBRATE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ESTRADIOL 3-BENZOATE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
GLUFOSFAMIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
BUTHIONINE SULFOXIMINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
THEAFLAVIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
TROGLITAZONE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
TCDD	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
STAUROSPORINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
GENISTEIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
HEPARIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
GLYBURIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
EPINEPHRINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
SOMATROPIN (RECOMBINANT DNA ORIGIN)	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN, REGULAR, HUMAN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
PRASTERONE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
PD-98059	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
THERAPEUTIC GLUCOCORTICOID	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
NYSTATIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
RESVERATROL	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
LIOTHYRONINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
SORBITOL	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
IMATINIB	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
SOYBEAN SEED OIL	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F18	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
WORTMANNIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
RETINOIC ACID AGENT	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INDOMETHACIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
STREPTOZOCIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
BETA-ADRENERGIC ANTAGONIST	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INDINAVIR	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
OMAPATRILAT	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
DEXAMETHASONE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
UCN-01	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
GREEN TEA LEAF EXTRACT	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
IRBESARTAN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
TNF-ALPHA	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ADENOVIRUS VECTOR	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb

Showing top 40 of 65 agents ranked by evidence tier.

SLC5A2

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
TOFOGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SERGLIFLOZIN ETABONATE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
IPRAGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
LICOGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
HENAGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
YM-543	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
GLUFOSFAMIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DAPAGLIFLOZIN PROPANEDIOL	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
IPRAGLIFLOZIN L-PROLINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
REMOGLIFLOZIN ETABONATE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ERTUGLIFLOZIN PIDOLATE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
EMPAGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ERTUGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SOTAGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CANAGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BEXAGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
TOFOGLIFLOZIN ANHYDROUS	? unclear	Mechanistic		Open Targets
DAPAGLIFLOZIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	1.1 nM (EC50)	Open Targets
CHEMBL183937	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	4.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL187805	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	10.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL187163	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	9.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL187749	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	10.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL184530	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	230.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL184027	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	70.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL188013	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	40.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL361672	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	520.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL187056	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	290.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL360824	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1280.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL184364	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	10.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL359962	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	10.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL184183	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	30.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL183790	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	150.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL365222	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	20.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL187686	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	110.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL186823	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	30.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL187060	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	20.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL362365	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	80.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL183689	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	70.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL371448	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	491.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL382302	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	458.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL

Showing top 40 of 190 agents ranked by evidence tier.

Clinical Trials

Drug, biologic and supplement trials (treatment or prevention) from ClinicalTrials.gov whose main condition is Type 2 Diabetes: recruiting, active or completed, most recently updated first. Data retrieved 2026-10-28.

EASi-PROTKT™ - A Study to Test Vicadrostat (BI 690517) Taken Together With Empagliflozin in People With Type 2 Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Disease Recruiting

NCT07064473 Phase: 3 Started: 2025-07-22

This study is open to adults with type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease. People can join the study if they have these conditions and do not have a history of heart failure. The purpose of this study is to find out if a medicine called vicadrostat, when taken with empaglifl...

Study of BMF-219 in Healthy Adult Subjects and in Adult Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D) Completed

NCT05731544 Phase: 1/2 Started: 2022-08-17

A Phase 1/ 2 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Single and Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of BMF-219, an Oral Covalent Menin Inhibitor, in Healthy Adult Subjects and in Adult Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

A Study of RAY1225 in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Completed

NCT06254274 Phase: 2 Started: 2024-02-26

The main purpose of this study is to learn more about the Tolerability of RAY1225 in participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study will also explore the efficacy of RAY1225. The study will last about six months for each participant.

Incretin and Treatment With Inhibition of Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 Combination Insights Into Mechanisms Implicated in Congestive Heart Failure: "NATRIURETIC" Trial Completed

NCT04535960 Phase: 2 Started: 2019-03-14

This study aims to provide essential mechanistic insights into natriuretic and hemodynamic effects of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA agents in T2D patients. Ultimately, by obtaining physiological data in T2D patients without HF, our aims are to gain insight into how the use of this combined therapy may be used ...

A Study to Find Out if the Study Drug Elecoglipron Helps Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Comparing it With Semaglutide, a Medicine Already Used to Treat Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Recruiting

NCT07662213 Phase: 3 Started: 2026-07-06

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of elecoglipron compared with oral semaglutide in adults with T2DM and increased cardiovascular risk that is inadequately managed alone or on stable treatment with other background glucose-lowering medication(s).

A Study to Evaluate ALN-4324 on Insulin Sensitivity in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Recruiting

NCT07465224 Phase: 2 Started: 2026-01-15

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of a single dose of ALN-4324 on whole-body insulin sensitivity in participants with T2DM

Phase 2 Trial of Icovamenib in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Are Not Achieving Glycemic Targets While Using GLP-1-Based Therapy Recruiting

NCT07502508 Phase: 2 Started: 2026-04-30

This is a phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of icovamenib in participants with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) not achieving glycemic targets despite GLP-1-based therapy.

Dual vs Triple Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Elevated LDL Cholesterol Completed

NCT07255820 Phase: 4 Started: 2026-01-01

This Open-label, randomized clinical trial evaluates the comparative efficacy and safety of dual versus triple lipid-lowering therapy using rosuvastatin, ezetimibe, and bempedoic acid in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and elevated LDL cholesterol. The study aims to determine whether adding b...

A Research Study to See How Much CagriSema Lowers Blood Sugar and Body Weight Compared to Tirzepatide in People With Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Metformin With or Without an SGLT2 Inhibitor Completed

NCT06221969 Phase: 3 Started: 2024-01-16

This study will look at how well CagriSema helps people with type 2 diabetes lower their blood sugar and body weight. CagriSema is a new investigational medicine. Doctors may not yet prescribe CagriSema. CagriSema will be compared to a medicine called tirzepatide that doctors may prescribe in some c...

A Research Study to See How Much CagriSema Lowers Blood Sugar and Body Weight Compared to Placebo in Children and Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes Recruiting

NCT07282613 Phase: 3 Started: 2026-08-04

The purpose of this clinical study is to look into how well a study medicine called CagriSema helps children and adolescents living with diabetes lower their blood sugar and body weight. The study has 2 parts: in the first part participant will get either CagriSema or placebo, and in the second part...

A Research Study to See How Much CagriSema Lowers Blood Sugar and Body Weight Compared to Tirzepatide in People With Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Metformin, SGLT2 Inhibitor or Both Completed

NCT06534411 Phase: 3 Started: 2024-11-05

This study will look at how much CagriSema lowers blood sugar and body weight in people with type 2 diabetes. CagriSema is a new investigational medicine. Doctors cannot yet prescribe CagriSema. CagriSema will be compared to a medicine called tirzepatide. Doctors can prescribe tirzepatide in some co...

Study to Evaluate HM15275 in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Recruiting

NCT07527650 Phase: 2 Started: 2026-05-18

This study is a Phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of HM15275 in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus over 36 weeks.

A Study of Orforglipron (LY3502970) Compared With Dulaglutide in Pediatric Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Recruiting

NCT07668336 Phase: 3 Started: 2026-07-08

This study looks at how well a medicine called orforglipron works compared to another medicine called dulaglutide in pediatric participants aged 10 to less than 18 years with type 2 diabetes. The study will also check how safe these medicines are and how the body processes them. Participation in the...

A Study of Orforglipron (LY3502970) Compared With Dapagliflozin in Adult Participants With Type 2 Diabetes and Inadequate Glycemic Control With Metformin Completed

NCT06192108 Phase: 3 Started: 2024-01-10

The main purpose of this study is to assess the safety and efficacy of orforglipron compared with dapagliflozin in improving blood sugar control in participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with inadequate glycemic control using metformin. The study will last approximately 46 weeks.

A Study in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Who Are Taking Moderate Dose Insulin, Looking at the Effects of the Medication Luseogliflozin on Risk of Ketoacidosis and Insulin Resistance. Completed

NCT07876258 Phase: 3 Started: 2022-05-01

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if the drug Luseogliflozin works to treat people with diabetes who are taking moderate dose insulin treatment. It will also learn about the safety of the drug Luseogliflozin. The main questions it aims to answer are: Does Luseogliflozin improve the sugar c...

Agents Found By Disease-Level Search

Searched directly from “Type 2 Diabetes” via ClinicalTrials.gov interventions and Open Targets' disease→drug data — independent of the 12-gene target panel above. This surfaces agents whose mechanism doesn't route through a curated gene (combination therapies, standard-of-care drugs, targets outside the panel).

56 agents shown (approved or with trial evidence) — 41 not found by the gene-target search above.

Dapagliflozin

Approved · 4 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT00839683 NCT01042977 NCT03074630

Glimepiride

Approved · 3 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT00747383 NCT02769481 NCT00099944

metformin

Approved · 3 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT01941199 NCT02119819 NCT06120881

simvastatin

Approved · 2 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT00839683 NCT00839683

vildagliptin

Approved · 2 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT00237237 NCT00099944

Technosphere® Insulin Inhalation PowderNOT in gene-target list

· 2 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00662857 NCT00662857

Semaglutide

Approved · 2 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT07564414 NCT00833716

valsartanNOT in gene-target list

Phase 3 · 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT00839683

Sitagliptin

Approved · 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT00747383

RosuvastatinNOT in gene-target list

Phase 3 · 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT03074630

Liraglutide injection,RD12014NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05294536

Liraglutide injection,VictozaNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05294536

Tang-min-ling pills low dosageNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01107171

Tang-min-ling pills high dosageNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01107171

GSBR-1290NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05762471

HydrochlorothiazideNOT in gene-target list

Phase 2 · 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT00976495

Finerenone (Kerendia, BAY 948862)NOT in gene-target list