Biomarker & Intervention Discovery

Colorectal Cancer

This page lists 12 druggable gene targets, 50 approved or trial-tested drug candidates and 15 recent clinical trials for Colorectal Cancer, with each agent ranked by the strength of its evidence (clinical, mechanistic or correlative). Candidates include existing drugs that could be repurposed. Sources are linked so you can check every claim.

US DALYs1.58MWHO GHE 2021 · all ages
Global DALYs23.83MWHO GHE 2021 · worldwide
US mortality62.5K deaths/yrWHO GHE 2021
Global mortality945.2K deaths/yrWHO GHE 2021 · worldwide
NIH funding$361MFY2025 · RCDC estimate
Funding levelUnderfunded
Spontaneous remissionEssentially zero; 5-year survival stage I: ~90% (resectable); stage IV: ~15% overall, ~20-30% with modern therapy and…
Best-intervention remissionStage I-III with surgery + adjuvant chemotherapy: 60-80% 5-year survival; MSI-H/dMMR CRC: pembrolizumab first-line…
Gap sizeLarge screening gap: only 60-68% of US adults up-to-date with CRC screening; large treatment gap for MSI-H biomarker…
Primary barrieraccess/practice
Full remission profile →

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission
Essentially zero; 5-year survival stage I: ~90% (resectable); stage IV: ~15% overall, ~20-30% with modern therapy and liver metastasis resection
Best-intervention remission
Stage I-III with surgery + adjuvant chemotherapy: 60-80% 5-year survival; MSI-H/dMMR CRC: pembrolizumab first-line achieves ~55% 5-year PFS vs ~16% with chemotherapy (KEYNOTE-177); complete tumour regression with neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer (watch-and-wait): 15-30% complete pathological response allowing organ preservation
Gap size
Large screening gap: only 60-68% of US adults up-to-date with CRC screening; large treatment gap for MSI-H biomarker testing
Primary barrier
access/practice
Colonoscopy screening is dramatically underused despite proven 60-70% mortality reduction; stool-based tests (FIT, Cologuard) improving uptake but sensitivity/specificity inferior; biomarker testing for MSI/MMR status still not universal; palliative colostomy vs sphincter-preserving approaches vary widely by provider

Biomarker Targets & Therapeutic Agents

Gene targets queried against DGIdb, Open Targets, ChEMBL, PubMed, and Europe PMC. Agents ranked: Clinical > Mechanistic > Correlative.

BRAF 361EGFR 403ERBB2 336KDR 382KRAS 233MLH1 15MSH2 5NTRK1 256PDCD1 52TOP1 297TYMS 170VEGFA 207
Therapeutic Agent Effect Direction Evidence Tier Potency Source
ENZALUTAMIDE ? unclear Mechanistic
AVUTOMETINIB ? unclear Mechanistic
TRAMETINIB DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE ? unclear Mechanistic
NIVOLUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
LIFIRAFENIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
BINIMETINIB ? unclear Mechanistic
SORAFENIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic 46.0 nM (IC50)
CI-1040 ? unclear Mechanistic
NAVITOCLAX ? unclear Mechanistic
OMIPALISIB ? unclear Mechanistic
ALPELISIB ? unclear Mechanistic
B-RAF/VEGFR-2 INHIBITOR RAF265 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
REGORAFENIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
SARACATINIB ? unclear Mechanistic
PONATINIB ? unclear Mechanistic
ERLOTINIB ? unclear Mechanistic
MEK INHIBITOR IMM-1-104 ? unclear Mechanistic
COMPOUND 2 [PMID: 26061392] ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
PANITUMUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
CHIR-265 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
MIRDAMETINIB ? unclear Mechanistic
SB590885 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic 0.3 nM (Kd)
KO-947 ? unclear Mechanistic
BUPARLISIB ? unclear Mechanistic
TOVORAFENIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
ATEZOLIZUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
AZD1208 ? unclear Mechanistic
PI3K/BET INHIBITOR LY294002 ? unclear Mechanistic
GEDATOLISIB ? unclear Mechanistic
DOXORUBICIN LIPOSOME ? unclear Mechanistic
DABRAFENIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
FUTIBATINIB ? unclear Mechanistic
SAR260301 ? unclear Mechanistic
SONOLISIB ? unclear Mechanistic
BRAFV600/PI3K INHIBITOR ASN003 ? unclear Mechanistic
IDELALISIB ? unclear Mechanistic
E6201 ? unclear Mechanistic
SAPITINIB ? unclear Mechanistic
OXALIPLATIN ? unclear Mechanistic
DENOSUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic

Showing top 40 of 361 agents ranked by evidence tier.

Therapeutic Agent Effect Direction Evidence Tier Potency Source
AUMOLERTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
AFATINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
ABIVERTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
FUTUXIMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
RINDOPEPIMUT ? unclear Mechanistic
PD-0166285 HYDROCHLORIDE ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CISPLATIN ? unclear Mechanistic
OLMUTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
OSIMERTINIB MESYLATE ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
ABIVERTINIB MALEATE ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
ROCILETINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
GEFITINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic 515.0 nM (IC50)
MATUZUMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
GRACILIN J ? unclear Mechanistic
NIMOTUZUMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
LAZERTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
LAPATINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
PANITUMUMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
DOSIMERTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
COMPOUND 17B [PMID: 35286086] ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
IBRUTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
POZIOTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
TARLOXOTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
OSIMERTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
DACOMITINIB ANHYDROUS ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
ICOTINIB HYDROCHLORIDE ? unclear Mechanistic
MIFANERTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
NAQUOTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
BMS-690514 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
NAZARTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CUDC-101 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL ? unclear Mechanistic
BEFOTERTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
NECITUMUMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1914653 ? unclear Mechanistic
LAPRITUXIMAB EMTANSINE ? unclear Mechanistic
INDIUM-111 ? unclear Mechanistic
AV-412 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CETUXIMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
EPIREGULIN ? unclear Mechanistic

Showing top 40 of 403 agents ranked by evidence tier.

Therapeutic Agent Effect Direction Evidence Tier Potency Source
TYRPHOSTIN AG 879 ? unclear Mechanistic
TAK-285 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
PERTUZUMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
SAPITINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CANERTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic 529.0 nM (IC50)
LAPATINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic 9.0 nM (IC50)
AFATINIB DIMALEATE ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
MUBRITINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
JNJ-26483327 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
NAKIJIQUINONE I ? unclear Mechanistic
AEE788 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
HEMAY-022 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
MM-111 ? unclear Mechanistic
NERATINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
DACOMITINIB ANHYDROUS ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
IXABEPILONE ? unclear Mechanistic
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL ? unclear Mechanistic
TAMATINIB ? unclear Mechanistic
S-222611 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CP-724714 ? unclear Mechanistic
AKT INHIBITOR MK2206 ? unclear Mechanistic
ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT ? unclear Mechanistic
TIPIFARNIB ? unclear Mechanistic
BMS-599626 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
MIFANERTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
GEFITINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic 1604.0 nM (IC50)
ADO-TRASTUZUMAB EMTANSINE ? unclear Mechanistic
CARBOPLATIN ? unclear Mechanistic
TRASTUZUMAB DUOCARMAZINE ~ modulates Mechanistic
POZIOTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
HLX22 ? unclear Mechanistic
CURCUMIN ? unclear Mechanistic
HSP90 INHIBITOR ? unclear Mechanistic
TUCATINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
TRASTUZUMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE ? unclear Mechanistic
PACLITAXEL PROTEIN-BOUND ? unclear Mechanistic
FAM-TRASTUZUMAB DERUXTECAN-NXKI ? unclear Mechanistic
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS ? unclear Mechanistic
TRASTUZUMAB EMTANSINE ~ modulates Mechanistic

Showing top 40 of 336 agents ranked by evidence tier.

Therapeutic Agent Effect Direction Evidence Tier Potency Source
CEDIRANIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
XL820 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
EUPATORIN ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CABOZANTINIB S-MALATE ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
TOCERANIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
LAZERTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
VADIMEZAN ? unclear Mechanistic
VANDETANIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic 70.0 nM (IC50)
SURUFATINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CANLITINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
FORETINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
PEGPLERANIB SODIUM ? unclear Mechanistic
REGORAFENIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
LINIFANIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
MOTESANIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
ILORASERTIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
SUNITINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
COMPOUND 13A [PMID: 23639540] ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
PONATINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
XL-820 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
BX-795 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
TELATINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
SORAFENIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
LUCITANIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
PP-121 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
NINGETINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
TINENGOTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
BJ-2412 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
VEGF RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR III ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
PF-00337210 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
AST-487 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
RAMUCIRUMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
AG-13958 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
SU-14813 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
X-82 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
ENMD-2076 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
GOLVATINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CENISERTIB ? unclear Mechanistic
LENVATINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
SULFATINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic

Showing top 40 of 382 agents ranked by evidence tier.

Therapeutic Agent Effect Direction Evidence Tier Potency Source
GEMCITABINE ? unclear Mechanistic
VEDROPREVIR ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
COBIMETINIB ? unclear Mechanistic
BEVACIZUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
RAS PEPTIDE CANCER VACCINE ? unclear Mechanistic
PACLITAXEL PROTEIN-BOUND ? unclear Mechanistic
SOTORASIB ? unclear Mechanistic 68.0 nM (IC50)
AMG410 ~ modulates Mechanistic
NIVOLUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
PIMASERTIB ? unclear Mechanistic
METFORMIN ? unclear Mechanistic
TIZATERKIB ? unclear Mechanistic
GARSORASIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CAPECITABINE ? unclear Mechanistic
ENCORAFENIB ? unclear Mechanistic
DACTOLISIB ? unclear Mechanistic
IRINOTECAN HYDROCHLORIDE ? unclear Mechanistic
PICTILISIB ? unclear Mechanistic
PEMBROLIZUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
ARS-1620 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS ? unclear Mechanistic
COMPOUND 25 [PMID: 32023060] ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
DANOPREVIR ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
DOCETAXEL ANHYDROUS ? unclear Mechanistic
MUC1-TARGETED PEPTIDE GO-203-2C ? unclear Mechanistic
THERAPEUTIC TUMOR INFILTRATING LYMPHOCYTES ? unclear Mechanistic
AZACITIDINE ? unclear Mechanistic
B-RAF/VEGFR-2 INHIBITOR RAF265 ? unclear Mechanistic
PARITAPREVIR ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
VANIPREVIR ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
DUAL IGF-1R/INSR INHIBITOR BMS-754807 ? unclear Mechanistic
SORAFENIB ? unclear Mechanistic
CILUPREVIR ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
TRASTUZUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
TEMSIROLIMUS ? unclear Mechanistic
DECITABINE ? unclear Mechanistic
SALIRASIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
PHA-665752 ? unclear Mechanistic
MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE INHIBITOR ? unclear Mechanistic
SELUMETINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic

Showing top 40 of 233 agents ranked by evidence tier.

Therapeutic Agent Effect Direction Evidence Tier Potency Source
DURVALUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
ATEZOLIZUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
TALAZOPARIB ? unclear Mechanistic
OXALIPLATIN ? unclear Mechanistic
FLUOROURACIL ? unclear Mechanistic
TREMELIMUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
PEMBROLIZUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
ENZALUTAMIDE ? unclear Mechanistic
CAPECITABINE ? unclear Mechanistic
PACLITAXEL PROTEIN-BOUND ? unclear Mechanistic
NIVOLUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
AVELUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
DOSTARLIMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
IPILIMUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
CARBOPLATIN ? unclear Mechanistic
Therapeutic Agent Effect Direction Evidence Tier Potency Source
DURVALUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE ? unclear Mechanistic
CISPLATIN ? unclear Mechanistic
ANTI-PD-1 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY MEDI0680 ? unclear Mechanistic
CHEMBL5653589 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic 52.92 nM (Kd)
Therapeutic Agent Effect Direction Evidence Tier Potency Source
THERAPEUTIC CYTOKINE ? unclear Mechanistic
ENTRECTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
MK-2461 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
GW843682X ? unclear Mechanistic
ESTRADIOL VALERATE ? unclear Mechanistic
CH7057288 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
LAROTRECTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
GAMBOGIC ACID ? unclear Mechanistic
PEGCANTRATINIB ? unclear Mechanistic
WORTMANNIN ? unclear Mechanistic
D5261 ~ modulates Mechanistic
METHOTREXATE ? unclear Mechanistic
UTATRECTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
DOVITINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic 100.0 nM (Kd)
TALETRECTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CEP-2563 DIHYDROCHLORIDE ? unclear Mechanistic
GAMBOGIC AMIDE ? unclear Mechanistic
SP-600125 ? unclear Mechanistic
GAMMA-INTERFERON ? unclear Mechanistic
MILCICLIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic 53.0 nM (IC50)
PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE ? unclear Mechanistic
JNJ-28312141 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
DZX19 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE ANHYDROUS ? unclear Mechanistic
SITRAVATINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
ONO-7579 ? unclear Mechanistic
IMATINIB ? unclear Mechanistic
ALISERTIB ? unclear Mechanistic
CYTARABINE ? unclear Mechanistic
REPOTRECTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
ZIDESAMTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
SURAMIN ? unclear Mechanistic
PLX7486 ? unclear Mechanistic
AZD-6918 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
ASPIRIN ? unclear Mechanistic
CZS-241 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
RADICICOL ? unclear Mechanistic
LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM ? unclear Mechanistic
LESTAURTINIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
PILOCARPINE HYDROCHLORIDE ? unclear Mechanistic

Showing top 40 of 256 agents ranked by evidence tier.

Therapeutic Agent Effect Direction Evidence Tier Potency Source
CAMRELIZUMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
AMP-224 ? unclear Mechanistic
PEMBROLIZUMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
SERPLULIMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
ENLONSTOBART ? unclear Mechanistic
CEMIPLIMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CT-011 ? unclear Mechanistic
SASANLIMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
PUCOTENLIMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
TISLELIZUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
TEBOTELIMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CADONILIMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
SPARTALIZUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
MEDI0680 ? unclear Mechanistic
AUNP-12 ? unclear Mechanistic
DOSTARLIMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
TORIPALIMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CC-90006 ? unclear Mechanistic
CETRELIMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 1 LIGAND 1 ? unclear Mechanistic
ANTI-PD-1 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY SYM021 ? unclear Mechanistic
CS-1003 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
EZABENLIMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
PROLGOLIMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
LIPUSTOBART ? unclear Mechanistic
PENPULIMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
BALSTILIMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
GEPTANOLIMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
IVONESCIMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
SINTILIMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
LORIGERLIMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
FINOTONLIMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
RETIFANLIMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
PUCOLENTIMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
BINTRAFUSP ALFA ? unclear Mechanistic
IPAROMLIMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
PIMIVALIMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
VUDALIMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
APL-501 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
ZIMBERELIMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic

Showing top 40 of 52 agents ranked by evidence tier.

Therapeutic Agent Effect Direction Evidence Tier Potency Source
9-AMINOCAMPTOTHECIN ↓ inhibits Mechanistic 4200.0 nM (IC50)
BELOTECAN ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
LIPOSOMAL SN-38 ? unclear Mechanistic
TRYPTANTHRIN ? unclear Mechanistic
INTOPLICINE ? unclear Mechanistic
INDIMITECAN ? unclear Mechanistic
AESCULIOSIDE IVC ? unclear Mechanistic
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1094675 ? unclear Mechanistic
INDOTECAN ? unclear Mechanistic
DATOPOTAMAB DERUXTECAN ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
ETIRINOTECAN PEGOL ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
MANSONONE F ? unclear Mechanistic
EXATECAN ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
(20S,21S)-FLUOROCAMPTOTHECIN ? unclear Mechanistic
AFELETECAN ~ modulates Mechanistic
CAMPTOTHECIN ↓ inhibits Mechanistic 700.0 nM (IC50)
CHEMBL:CHEMBL2171793 ? unclear Mechanistic
LABETUZUMAB GOVITECAN ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
TLC-388 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
OLIVOMYCIN I ? unclear Mechanistic
AESCULIOSIDE IIID ? unclear Mechanistic
IRINOTECAN HYDROCHLORIDE ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
LURTOTECAN ? unclear Mechanistic
CAFFEINE ? unclear Mechanistic
EDOTECARIN ? unclear Mechanistic 51.0 nM (EC50)
PEGAMOTECAN ? unclear Mechanistic
TAFLUPOSIDE ? unclear Mechanistic
AESCULIOSIDE IIIB ? unclear Mechanistic
KARENITECIN ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
AESCULIOSIDE IIIF ? unclear Mechanistic
CALOTHRIXIN A ? unclear Mechanistic
CHEMBL:CHEMBL308106 ? unclear Mechanistic
AESCULIOSIDE IIIA ? unclear Mechanistic
BROMOETHANE ? unclear Mechanistic
PLUKENETIONE A ? unclear Mechanistic
TOPOISOMERASE INHIBITOR ? unclear Mechanistic
DRF-1042 ? unclear Mechanistic
FIRTECAN PEGOL ? unclear Mechanistic
LIPOTECAN ? unclear Mechanistic
(S)-DRF-1042 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic

Showing top 40 of 297 agents ranked by evidence tier.

Therapeutic Agent Effect Direction Evidence Tier Potency Source
FLUOROURACIL ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
PREDNISONE ? unclear Mechanistic
TAMOXIFEN CITRATE ? unclear Mechanistic
PEMETREXED DISODIUM ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CAPECITABINE ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
OSI-7904L ? unclear Mechanistic
AZATHIOPRINE ? unclear Mechanistic
FOLIC ACID ? unclear Mechanistic
RISPERIDONE ? unclear Mechanistic
OSI-7904 ↓ inhibits Mechanistic 0.09 nM (Ki)
MITOMYCIN ? unclear Mechanistic
AMINOCAMPTOTHECIN ? unclear Mechanistic
DEOXYURIDINE MONOPHOSPHATE ? unclear Mechanistic
RESERPINE ? unclear Mechanistic
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE ? unclear Mechanistic
INDOMETHACIN ? unclear Mechanistic
DAUNORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE ? unclear Mechanistic
ETOPOSIDE ? unclear Mechanistic
DEXAMETHASONE ? unclear Mechanistic
5-FLUOROURACIL/SALICYLIC ACID TOPICAL SOLUTION ? unclear Mechanistic
NOLATREXED ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
IRINOTECAN HYDROCHLORIDE ? unclear Mechanistic
LEUCOVORIN CALCIUM ? unclear Mechanistic
DOXIFLURIDINE ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CARBOGEN ? unclear Mechanistic
ARFOLITIXORIN ? unclear Mechanistic
HYDROCORTISONE BUTYRATE ? unclear Mechanistic
METHOTREXATE ? unclear Mechanistic 3600.0 nM (IC50)
AZACITIDINE ? unclear Mechanistic
FOLATE ANTAGONIST ? unclear Mechanistic
GAMMA-INTERFERON ? unclear Mechanistic
CISPLATIN ? unclear Mechanistic
ENILURACIL ? unclear Mechanistic
THYMIDINE MONOPHOSPHATE ? unclear Mechanistic
IDETREXED ? unclear Mechanistic
VINCRISTINE ? unclear Mechanistic
PLATINUM ? unclear Mechanistic
TEGAFUR ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
VERAPAMIL ? unclear Mechanistic
RALTITREXED ↓ inhibits Mechanistic 880.0 nM (IC50)

Showing top 40 of 170 agents ranked by evidence tier.

Therapeutic Agent Effect Direction Evidence Tier Potency Source
BEVASIRANIB ? unclear Mechanistic
RANIBIZUMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
CP-547632 ? unclear Mechanistic
EW-A-401 ? unclear Mechanistic
BEVACIZUMAB 111IN ~ modulates Mechanistic
FENOFIBRATE MICRONIZED ? unclear Mechanistic
PEGAPTANIB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
DEXAMETHASONE ? unclear Mechanistic
SQUALAMINE ? unclear Mechanistic
AFLIBERCEPT ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
PAZOPANIB ? unclear Mechanistic
BEVACIZUMAB GAMMA ~ modulates Mechanistic
CILOSTAZOL ? unclear Mechanistic
ADALIMUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
MUPARFOSTAT ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
SILDENAFIL ? unclear Mechanistic
PENTOSAN POLYSULFATE ? unclear Mechanistic
THALIDOMIDE ? unclear Mechanistic
RISUTEGANIB ? unclear Mechanistic
SELECTIVE CYTOKINE INHIBITORY DRUG CC-1088 ? unclear Mechanistic
PHENETHYL ISOTHIOCYANATE ? unclear Mechanistic
EMVODODSTAT ? unclear Mechanistic
CARFILZOMIB ? unclear Mechanistic
FARICIMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
ALBUTEROL SULFATE ? unclear Mechanistic
LENALIDOMIDE ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
SUNITINIB ? unclear Mechanistic
SHARK CARTILAGE EXTRACT AE-941 ? unclear Mechanistic
NM-3 ? unclear Mechanistic
DILPACIMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
PEMETREXED DISODIUM ? unclear Mechanistic
BI-836880 ? unclear Mechanistic
BROLUCIZUMAB ↓ inhibits Mechanistic
DOMATINOSTAT ? unclear Mechanistic
ANTHRACYCLINE ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIBIOTIC ? unclear Mechanistic
VEGF/HGF-TARGETING DARPIN MP0250 ? unclear Mechanistic
WARFARIN ? unclear Mechanistic
CELECOXIB ? unclear Mechanistic
NAVICIXIZUMAB ? unclear Mechanistic
VEGLIN ? unclear Mechanistic

Showing top 40 of 207 agents ranked by evidence tier.


Clinical Trials

Drug, biologic and supplement trials (treatment or prevention) from ClinicalTrials.gov whose main condition is Colorectal Cancer: recruiting, active or completed, most recently updated first. Data retrieved 2026-10-28.

NCT05908643 Phase: 1/2 Started: 2023-03-15

This is an open-label, non-randomised FIH trial investigating the safety and tolerability of a novel ATMP, pTTL, composed of autologous tumour-draining lymph node-derived T cells stimulated in vitro with personalised cancer neoantigens. The neoantigens are selected through a process starting with ne...

NCT02919644 Phase: 2 Started: 2016-12-02

Single-arm, monocentric trial to assess safety and immunological efficacy of adjuvant vaccination with autologous dendritic cells loaded with autologous tumour homogenate after curative resection for stage IV colorectal cancer

NCT06578559 Phase: 2 Started: 2024-07-23

The aim of this study is to evaluate the activity, in terms of best response according to RECIST criteria 1.1 as assessed by the local investigator, of the ctDNA-guided retreatment with encorafenib plus cetuximab in BRAFV600E mutated mCRC patients experiencing benefit from previous exposure to encor...

NCT07896096 Phase: 2 Started: 2026-04-14

For patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who have failed two or more lines of standard therapy, treatment options are extremely limited, and the prognosis remains poor, with objective response rates (ORRs) generally below 5%. This is particularly challenging for patients with microsatel...

NCT07805369 Phase: 1 Started: 2026-10

This is a first-in-human Phase 1 study of DEM301 in adults with previously treated advanced metastatic colorectal cancer. DEM301 is an investigational antibody-drug conjugate. The study will evaluate the safety and tolerability of DEM301, identify doses for further study, and assess how the drug beh...

NCT04421820 Phase: 1/2 Started: 2020-08-28

BOLD-100 is an intravenously administered sterile solution containing the ruthenium-based small molecule. BOLD-100 has been shown to preferentially decrease the expression of GRP78 in tumour cells and ER stressed cells when compared to normal cells. BOLD-100 will be combined with cytotoxic FOLFOX ± ...

NCT07446322 Phase: 2 Started: 2026-04-30

This is an open-label, randomized, multicenter Phase 2 study to assess the efficacy and safety of FOLFIRI + bevacizumab + pelareorep vs. FOLFIRI + bevacizumab in patients with RAS-mutated, MSS mCRC who have progressed after one prior line of oxaliplatin-based therapy.

NCT07896681 Phase: 2 Started: 2026-07-03

This phase II, single-arm clinical study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of toripalimab combined with cetuximab and irinotecan as second-line treatment for patients with advanced right-sided colon cancer with wild-type RAS and BRAF genes. The study will enroll up to 46 adult patients with r...

NCT06820463 Phase: 2 Started: 2025-04-24

CRC is the third most common type of cancer diagnosed worldwide with developed countries at highest risk. The purpose of this study is to assess adverse events and change in disease activity when telisotuzumab adizutecan is given in combination with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil (5FU), leucovorin (LV) (...

NCT07659795 Phase: 2 Started: 2026-07-28

This study will assess the safety and efficacy of VS-7375 alone and in combination with cetuximab or panitumumab and cetuximab plus mFOLFOX in patients with metastatic KRAS G12D - mutated Colorectal Cancer

NCT06634875 Phase: 2 Started: 2025-01-30

This study will enroll patients with colorectal cancer that is locally advanced or metastatic. The tumor must be microsatellite stable (MSS), have a tumor mutational burden that is high (TMB-H) and be kras mutated. Patients must have been treated with available approved treatments already. In this s...

NCT07221357 Phase: 2/3 Started: 2025-12-31

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pumitamig in combination with chemotherapy versus bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy in participants with previously untreated, unresectable, or metastatic colorectal cancer

NCT05319314 Phase: 1/2 Started: 2022-08-01

This is a Phase 1/2 open-label, multicenter study evaluating the safety and efficacy of LYL273 in participants with relapsed or refractory metastatic colorectal cancer.

NCT07417488 Phase: 1 Started: 2026-04-21

This is an open-label, non-randomized, single-center, dose-escalation Phase 1 trial using a heterologous prime-boost strategy of vaccination with Ad5.F35-hGUCY2C-PADRE and recombinant Listeria monocytogenes (Lm-GUCY2C) vaccines in patients with advanced solid tumors including colorectal cancer, and ...

NCT06547385 Phase: 1 Started: 2021-01-13

To evaluate the tolerability and safety of combination of ONO-4578 and ONO-4538 and the standard of care XELOX + bevacizumab or the safety of combination of ONO-4578 and ONO-4538 and the standard of care FOLFOX + bevacizumab as first-line therapy in patients with unresectable, advanced, or recurrent...


Agents Found By Disease-Level Search

Searched directly from “Colorectal Cancer” via ClinicalTrials.gov interventions and Open Targets' disease→drug data — independent of the 12-gene target panel above. This surfaces agents whose mechanism doesn't route through a curated gene (combination therapies, standard-of-care drugs, targets outside the panel).

50 agents shown (approved or with trial evidence) — 40 not found by the gene-target search above.

Pembrolizumab

Phase 3 · 3 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT02432963 NCT05104567 NCT02437136

Fluorouracil

Phase 3 · 3 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT02414009 NCT05355701 NCT00026273

Cetuximab

Approved · 3 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT05104567 NCT04793958 NCT05355701

entinostat

Phase 2 · 2 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT02437136 NCT03215264

Capecitabine

Approved · 2 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT02414009 NCT00123851

LeucovorinNOT in gene-target list

Phase 3 · 2 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT02414009 NCT05355701

Bevacizumab

Approved · 2 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT06307249 NCT00460603

FOLFIRI RegimenNOT in gene-target list

· 2 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04793958 NCT00026273

oxaliplatin

Approved · 2 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT05355701 NCT00123851

bevacizumab [Avastin]NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01181609

Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Vaccine Expressing p53NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02432963

Bevacizumab + FOLFIRI-3NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03288987

ABI-1968NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03202992

TemozolomideNOT in gene-target list

Phase 2 · 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT02414009

Irinotecan

Approved · 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT02414009

I-Scan 1NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01617278

HD ColonNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01617278

I-Scan 2NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01617278

pegenzileukin (THOR-707)NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05104567

CM4307NOT in gene-target list

Phase 3 · 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT02489916

management of therapy complicationsNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01590147

Neomycin,metronidazoleNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03856671

SNPNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT06307249

Palbociclib 125mgNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT06307249

Personalized surveillance and intervention protocolNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04677998

Stool samplongNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT07237984

Dietary InterventionNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04205955

TME with LARNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03574493

cediranib (AZD2171)NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00494221

FOLFOX (5-fluorouracil, Leucovorin, Oxaliplatin)NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00494221

ChemotherapyNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03599752

MetastasectomyNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03599752

BL-M17D1NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT06500052

No Direct Patient OutreachNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05693649

Direct Patient Outreach: Colonoscopy OnlyNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05693649

Direct Patient Outreach: Sequential ChoiceNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05693649

Visit-Based Nudge/TextNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05693649

No Nudge/TextNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05693649

adagrasib (MRTX849)NOT in gene-target list

Approved · 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04793958

mFOLFOX6 RegimenNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04793958

EndocuffNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03254498

cap assisted colonoscopy (CAC)NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03254498

TAS-102, oxaliplatin, irinotecan with bevacizumabNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05806931

TSR-042 or DostarlimabNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04165772

capecitabine or 5-FUNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04165772

Chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracilNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT06831981

Consolidation chemotherapy with FOLFOXNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT06831981

PF-07799933

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05355701

binimetinib

Phase 2 · 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT05355701

midazolamNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05355701

Generated by the Open Source Medicine Foundation Biomarker Pipeline — 2026-10-08. Data sources: DGIdb, Open Targets, ChEMBL, PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov. Not medical advice.