Remission & chronicity
Spontaneous remission
GAD: spontaneous remission in ~25-30% at 1 year without treatment; social anxiety: 36% remission at 12 years untreated; panic disorder: 50-65% spontaneous partial remission but relapse common; 40-60% remain symptomatic at 5 years
Best-intervention remission
CBT (gold standard): 60-80% treatment response, 40-60% full remission at 12-24 weeks; combination CBT + SSRI superior to either alone in some disorders; exposure therapy for specific phobias: 90%+ response; SSRI/SNRI alone: 50-60% response
Gap size
Large — CBT is consistently superior to medication for long-term outcomes but is massively underused relative to pharmacotherapy
Primary barrier
practice/access
Biomarker Targets & Therapeutic Agents
Gene targets queried against DGIdb, Open Targets, ChEMBL, PubMed, and Europe PMC. Agents ranked: ● Clinical > ● Mechanistic > ● Correlative.
BDNF
| Therapeutic Agent | Effect Direction | Evidence Tier | Potency | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TRAMADOL | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| FLUTICASONE | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| IONOMYCIN | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| FREUND'S ADJUVANT | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| LITHIUM | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ZINC SULFATE ANHYDROUS | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| CAPSAICIN | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| MARIJUANA | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| NORTRIPTYLINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| BORTEZOMIB | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| GLUCAGON (RDNA) | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| COLCHICINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DOXEPIN HYDROCHLORIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DRONABINOL | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TANAPROGET | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| CYCLOOXYGENASE INHIBITOR | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| VERTEPORFIN | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ANTIOXIDANT | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DITIOCARB | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| APR19 | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| OPIATE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| OXIDOPAMINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TETRADECANOYLPHORBOL ACETATE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| INSULIN, REGULAR, HUMAN | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PROPYLTHIOURACIL | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TROGLITAZONE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE INHIBITOR | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ALTEPLASE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| MEDICATION | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ASOPRISNIL | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ANALGESIC AGENT | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TCDD | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| THERAPEUTIC GONADOTROPIN | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| METHADONE HYDROCHLORIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| RECOMBINANT TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ONAPRISTONE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb |
Showing top 40 of 126 agents ranked by evidence tier.
| Therapeutic Agent | Effect Direction | Evidence Tier | Potency | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ROSIGLITAZONE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ACIVICIN | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| MEDICATION | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| GGSTOP | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| IRX-2 | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ANTISERUM | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| NALOXONE HYDROCHLORIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| CHEMBL5286255 | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | 0.7 nM (Ki) | ChEMBL |
GABRA1
| Therapeutic Agent | Effect Direction | Evidence Tier | Potency | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ETIFOXINE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DIAZEPAM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | 36.0 nM (Kd) | DGIdb |
| METHARBITAL | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| L838417 | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| GANAXOLONE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| THIAMYLAL SODIUM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| EVT 201 | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ADINAZOLAM | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ZK-93423 | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| AMOBARBITAL | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ETHCHLORVYNOL | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| SECOBARBITAL SODIUM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| MEPHOBARBITAL | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ZOLPIDEM TARTRATE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| METHAQUALONE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TOPIRAMATE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PAGOCLONE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| THIOCOLCHICOSIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| [3H]AZIETOMIDATE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| MIDAZOLAM HYDROCHLORIDE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TRIAZOLAM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | 1.0 nM (Kd) | DGIdb |
| BARBITURATE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| LORAZEPAM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| BUTOBARBITAL | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TETRAHYDRODEOXYCORTICOSTERONE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| CLOTIAZEPAM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| MEPROBAMATE | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| [3H]CGS8216 | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PROPOFOL | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| CLOBAZAM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| SEVOFLURANE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| METHOXYFLURANE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| LOREDIPLON | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| CIPEPOFOL | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| INDIPLON | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PHENOBARBITAL | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PRAZEPAM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| CLORAZEPATE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb |
Showing top 40 of 303 agents ranked by evidence tier.
GABRA2
| Therapeutic Agent | Effect Direction | Evidence Tier | Potency | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| METHARBITAL | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| OCINAPLON | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| THIOPENTAL | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DIAZEPAM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | 17.0 nM (Ki) | DGIdb |
| PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| FLUDIAZEPAM | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ADINAZOLAM | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ADIPIPLON | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TOPIRAMATE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| CLORAZEPATE DIPOTASSIUM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ENFLURANE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| FLUNITRAZEPAM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ETOMIDATE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| BUTOBARBITAL | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| CLONAZEPAM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ESZOPICLONE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PHENOBARBITAL | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| MEPROBAMATE | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PRIMIDONE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ETIFOXINE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| FLURAZEPAM | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TEMAZEPAM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ALPRAZOLAM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | 12.0 nM (EC50) | DGIdb |
| OXAZEPAM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| SECOBARBITAL | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| LORAZEPAM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PRAZEPAM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| HALOTHANE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| FLUMAZENIL | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | 0.7943 nM (Ki) | DGIdb |
| BUTABARBITAL SODIUM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ABP-700 | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| GANAXOLONE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| SECOBARBITAL SODIUM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| HEXOBARBITAL | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ZOPICLONE | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DARIGABAT | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| COCAINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| MEPHOBARBITAL | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TALBUTAL | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ACAMPROSATE CALCIUM | ~ modulates | Mechanistic | DGIdb |
Showing top 40 of 237 agents ranked by evidence tier.
HTR1A
| Therapeutic Agent | Effect Direction | Evidence Tier | Potency | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SERTRALINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| QUETIAPINE FUMARATE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| FLIBANSERIN | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| SARIZOTAN HYDROCHLORIDE | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| LISURIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | 0.4 nM (Ki) | DGIdb |
| CLOZAPINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| BIFEPRUNOX | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DU 125530 | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ILOPERIDONE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| XALIPRODEN | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| BUSPIRONE HYDROCHLORIDE | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ENSACULIN HYDROCHLORIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| VORTIOXETINE HYDROBROMIDE | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| NORTRIPTYLINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ELTOPRAZINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ARIPIPRAZOLE LAUROXIL | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| METHYSERGIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TRAZODONE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PIROMELATINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ULOTARONT | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| MN-305 | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| CLOMIPRAMINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| BUSPIRONE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | 3.1 nM (Ki) | DGIdb |
| MILNACIPRAN | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TRIMIPRAMINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| MIRTAZAPINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| GEPIRONE | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| OPC-14523 | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| BREXPIPRAZOLE | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ALVERINE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| NALUZOTAN | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PARDOPRUNOX | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| MAZAPERTINE SUCCINATE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| METHAMPHETAMINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DOXEPIN HYDROCHLORIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| AMISULPRIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DEXFENFLURAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ↑ activates | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| NARATRIPTAN | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb |
Showing top 40 of 260 agents ranked by evidence tier.
SLC6A2
| Therapeutic Agent | Effect Direction | Evidence Tier | Potency | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TESOFENSINE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PHENMETRAZINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| VENLAFAXINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | 1060.0 nM (Kd) | DGIdb |
| SIBUTRAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TRIMIPRAMINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| CLOMIPRAMINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| GUANADREL SULFATE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TAPENTADOL HYDROCHLORIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| LISDEXAMFETAMINE DIMESYLATE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PROTRIPTYLINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DESVENLAFAXINE SUCCINATE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ATOMOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| IOBENGUANE I-123 | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| SURONACRINE MALEATE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| REBOXETINE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | 1.1 nM (Ki) | DGIdb |
| BICIFADINE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DOXEPIN HYDROCHLORIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| LIAFENSINE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ORPHENADRINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DULOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DASOTRALINE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DESIPRAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| METHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| AMITIFADINE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| NEFAZODONE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | 360.0 nM (Kd) | DGIdb |
| AMITIFADINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE INHIBITOR | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| NORTRIPTYLINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | 6.3 nM (Ki) | DGIdb |
| MAPROTILINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ST. JOHN'S WORT | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SACCHARATE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| AMOXAPINE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PHENDIMETRAZINE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| BUPROPION HYDROCHLORIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| BETHANIDINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TRAMADOL | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| MILNACIPRAN | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb |
Showing top 40 of 269 agents ranked by evidence tier.
SLC6A4
| Therapeutic Agent | Effect Direction | Evidence Tier | Potency | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CENTANAFADINE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| METHAMPHETAMINE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| VENLAFAXINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| LUMATEPERONE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TIANEPTINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| IMIPRAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| ONDANSETRON HYDROCHLORIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2B | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DEXFENFLURAMINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| BUPROPION HYDROCHLORIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| CITALOPRAM | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | 1.6 nM (Ki) | DGIdb |
| TRIMIPRAMINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| VENLAFAXINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | 8.9 nM (Kd) | DGIdb |
| DISULFIRAM | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| CHLORPHENTERMINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PROTRIPTYLINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| MILNACIPRAN HYDROCHLORIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| CLOMIPRAMINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | 70.0 nM (IC50) | DGIdb |
| NORTRIPTYLINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DAPOXETINE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TEDATIOXETINE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TRAZODONE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| SERTRALINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| EVODIAMINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PSEUDOEPHEDRINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| FLUOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| SIBUTRAMINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| TRAMADOL | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| VORTIOXETINE HYDROBROMIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| BL-1021 | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DOXEPIN HYDROCHLORIDE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DOTHIEPIN | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DEXTROMETHORPHAN POLISTIREX | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| DESIPRAMINE | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| PHENTERMINE RESIN | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| NORTRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE | ↓ inhibits | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| MILNACIPRAN | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb | |
| RIBAVIRIN | ? unclear | Mechanistic | DGIdb |
Showing top 40 of 224 agents ranked by evidence tier.
Clinical Trials
Recruiting and recently completed trials from ClinicalTrials.gov. Data retrieved 2026-07-06.
No recent clinical trials found on ClinicalTrials.gov for this condition.
Agents Found By Disease-Level Search
Searched directly from “Anxiety Disorders” via ClinicalTrials.gov interventions and Open Targets' disease→drug data — independent of the 7-gene target panel above. This surfaces agents whose mechanism doesn't route through a curated gene (combination therapies, standard-of-care drugs, targets outside the panel).
Not yet run. python -m biomarker_pipeline.run_disease_agent_discovery --disease "..."