Summary
| Direction in PACVS | ↑ Elevated — higher than in the comparison group |
|---|---|
| Category | Spike Antigen |
| Also described as | Intracellular spike persistence |
| Compared against | SARS-CoV-2-negative PCVS (SARS-CoV-2-negative post-COVID-vaccination syndrome) |
| Associated symptoms | Persistent antigenemia up to 245 days |
| Test type | Clinical or physiological test |
| Source | Patterson et al. 2025 — doi:10.1080/21645515.2025.2494934 |
| Condition atlas | PACVS Biomarker Atlas |
Related Spike Antigen markers in PACVS
- Circulating spike (post-mRNA myocarditis) ↑
- Spike in cutaneous lesions ↑
- Spike in neurological tissue ↑
Full list: PACVS Biomarker Atlas.
Frequently asked questions
Is S1 in CD16+ monocytes high or low in PACVS?
Elevated. Studies summarised in the OSMF atlas report higher S1 in CD16+ monocytes in PACVS than in SARS-CoV-2-negative post-COVID-vaccination syndrome. Source: Patterson et al. 2025.
What symptoms is S1 in CD16+ monocytes associated with in PACVS?
The cited literature associates this marker with Persistent antigenemia up to 245 days. These are population-level associations and do not mean the marker causes the symptoms.
Which test measures S1 in CD16+ monocytes?
It is measured as a clinical or physiological test. Many of the cited studies used research-grade assays, so clinical availability may vary.
Is one abnormal S1 in CD16+ monocytes result diagnostic of PACVS?
No. No single biomarker is diagnostic of PACVS. S1 in CD16+ monocytes findings come from group comparisons, overlap considerably between patients and controls, and vary with study design, timing and comparison group. A result should be interpreted by a clinician alongside symptoms, history and other tests.
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Last reviewed: 2026-06-30 · Page generated from pacvs.json · Browse: PACVS atlas · Biomarker Index · All marker pages
Disclaimer: This page is an educational synthesis of published, peer-reviewed research and is not medical advice. Biomarker findings vary across studies with case definitions, comparison groups, timing and assay methods. Direction of change reflects the predominant finding in the cited source and does not establish a diagnostic threshold. Discuss any test result with a qualified clinician.