Peer-Reviewed Literature Synthesis

Multiple Sclerosis Biomarker Atlas

Molecular alterations reported in Multiple Sclerosis compared to healthy controls, from peer-reviewed literature.

US DALYs225.7KWHO GHE 2021 · all ages
Global DALYs1.01MWHO GHE 2021 · worldwide
US mortality4,636 deaths/yrWHO GHE 2021
Global mortality17.7K deaths/yrWHO GHE 2021 · worldwide
NIH funding$112MFY2025 · RCDC estimate
Funding levelModerate
Spontaneous remissionUntreated relapsing MS: ~1 relapse/year; disability accumulates over time in ~85% who convert to secondary progressive…
Best-intervention remissionHigh-efficacy DMTs (natalizumab, alemtuzumab, ocrelizumab, cladribine) achieve 0 clinical relapses in 50-70% at 2…
Gap sizeLarge — massive gap between platform DMT (interferons, glatiramer) and high-efficacy DMT outcomes, but practice still…
Primary barrierpractice
Full remission profile →

Literature Overview

Biomarkers below are included only where peer-reviewed literature explicitly reports the marker's direction in Multiple Sclerosis patients relative to a named comparison population — not inferred.

9
Curated markers
2
Categories

Searchable Alterations Database

Comparison populations are quoted as reported in the source literature (e.g. healthy controls, disease-matched patients).

Marker / TestDirectionCategoryvs. ComparisonClinical ContextKey Reference

Key References

Peer-Reviewed Literature

Clarke et al. 2020

DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000129 →
Peer-Reviewed Literature

Saadeh et al. 2022

DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvac061 →
Peer-Reviewed Literature

Vecchio et al. 2024

DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12826-y →
Peer-Reviewed Literature

Mukherjee et al. 2025

DOI: 10.1007/s11910-025-01432-8 →
Peer-Reviewed Literature

Magliozzi et al. 2018

DOI: 10.1002/ana.25197 →
Peer-Reviewed Literature

Chitnis et al. 2025

DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(25)00249-2 →
Peer-Reviewed Literature

Brown et al. 2012

DOI: 10.2478/s13380-012-0028-7 →
Peer-Reviewed Literature

Dönder et al. 2021

DOI: 10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2020-0326 →
Disclaimer: Educational synthesis of peer-reviewed literature only — not medical advice. Markers are drawn from published disease-vs-comparison-population studies; inclusion here does not imply diagnostic or clinical validation. Consult a qualified healthcare professional for interpretation.

Individual Multiple Sclerosis biomarker pages

Each Multiple Sclerosis marker has its own page with direction, comparison group, symptoms, test details, citation and FAQ. Browse all marker pages.

Neurological

Other

Cite this page

Reusing these data? Please cite the tracker so others can find the source.

Open Source Medicine Foundation. (2026). Multiple Sclerosis Biomarkers: 9 Blood Tests & Lab Markers. Research Tracker. https://research.opensourcemed.info/multiple-sclerosis-biomarkers.html (accessed )

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