Comparing metabolite levels in Long COVID patients vs. healthy controls – interactive box-and-whisker analysis
| Biomarker | Class | Group | Median | Q1–Q3 (IQR) | Range | N |
|---|
The values below are from peer-reviewed studies comparing healthy controls to Long COVID patients. Ranges reflect natural biological variation; directional changes are consistent across cohorts.
| Biomarker | Healthy Controls | Long COVID Patients | Change | Key References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NAD+ nicotinamide dinucleotide |
8.5 μM (7.8–9.2) | 4.2 μM (3.1–5.5) | ↓ 51% | Guntur et al. Cell Rep Med 2022 |
| ATP Production mitochondrial nmol/min/mg |
125 (110–145) | 58 (42–78) | ↓ 54% | Phetsouphanh et al. Nat Med 2022 |
| IL-6 interleukin-6 pg/mL |
2.1 (1.2–3.5) | 8.6 (5.2–12.8) | ↑ 310% | Proal et al. Microbes Infect 2022 |
| TNF-α tumor necrosis factor pg/mL |
3.2 (2.1–4.8) | 7.4 (4.9–10.2) | ↑ 231% | Proal & Marshall 2023 |
| D-dimer fibrin marker ng/mL |
150 (120–200) | 425 (280–620) | ↑ 183% | Pretorius et al. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021 |
| Acrolein Adducts RBC oxidative marker |
1.2 RFU (0.9–1.6) | 4.8 RFU (3.2–7.1) | ↑ 300% | Pretorius et al. Microb Pathog 2023 |
| LPS (Endotoxin) gut barrier EU/mL |
0.25 (0.12–0.42) | 1.82 (0.95–3.14) | ↑ 628% | Proal & Marshall 2023; Liu et al. Gut 2022 |
| PAI-1 plasminogen inhibitor ng/mL |
18 (12–28) | 52 (35–75) | ↑ 189% | Aman et al. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2022 |
| PGC-1α muscle gene expression |
1.0 (baseline) | 0.32 (0.18–0.52) | ↓ 68% | Guntur et al. Cell Rep Med 2022 |