{
  "slug": "type-1-diabetes",
  "id": "type-1-diabetes-biomarkers",
  "condition": {
    "name": "Type 1 Diabetes",
    "shortName": "Type 1 Diabetes",
    "alternateNames": []
  },
  "page": {
    "title": "Type 1 Diabetes Biomarker Atlas | Blood Tests & Molecular Alterations",
    "breadcrumbName": "Type 1 Diabetes Biomarkers",
    "description": "Searchable atlas of Type 1 Diabetes biomarkers, from peer-reviewed literature comparing patient levels vs. healthy controls.",
    "keywords": [
      "Type 1 Diabetes biomarkers",
      "Type 1 Diabetes blood tests",
      "biomarker atlas",
      "biomarker database"
    ],
    "canonical": "https://research.opensourcemed.info/type-1-diabetes-biomarkers.html",
    "hero": "Molecular alterations reported in Type 1 Diabetes compared to healthy controls, from peer-reviewed literature.",
    "dateModified": "2026-07-03"
  },
  "categories": {
    "metabolic": "Metabolic"
  },
  "filters": [
    "metabolic"
  ],
  "markers": [
    {
      "name": "C-Peptide",
      "alternateName": "C-Peptide",
      "direction": "down",
      "category": "metabolic",
      "comparison": "long-duration T1D vs healthy/normal reference range",
      "symptoms": "",
      "reference": {
        "citation": "Yu et al. 2019",
        "doi": "10.1172/JCI127397"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "Fasting Plasma Glucose",
      "alternateName": "Fasting Plasma Glucose",
      "direction": "up",
      "category": "metabolic",
      "comparison": "T1D patients vs healthy/normal reference range",
      "symptoms": "",
      "reference": {
        "citation": "Yang et al. 2024",
        "doi": "10.1136/bmj-2023-078432"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "GAD65 autoantibodies",
      "alternateName": "GAD65 autoantibodies",
      "direction": "up",
      "category": "metabolic",
      "comparison": "T1D patients vs healthy (antibody-negative) individuals",
      "symptoms": "",
      "reference": {
        "citation": "Luo et al. 2004",
        "doi": "10.1007/s00125-004-1495-3"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "HbA1c",
      "alternateName": "HbA1c",
      "direction": "up",
      "category": "metabolic",
      "comparison": "T1D children vs normal reference range",
      "symptoms": "",
      "reference": {
        "citation": "Pasi et al. 2022",
        "doi": "10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_975_21"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "IA-2 autoantibodies",
      "alternateName": "IA-2 autoantibodies",
      "direction": "up",
      "category": "metabolic",
      "comparison": "T1D patients vs healthy (antibody-negative) individuals",
      "symptoms": "",
      "reference": {
        "citation": "Mendis et al. 2023",
        "doi": "10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101413"
      }
    },
    {
      "name": "ZnT8 autoantibodies",
      "alternateName": "ZnT8 autoantibodies",
      "direction": "up",
      "category": "metabolic",
      "comparison": "T1D patients vs non-diabetic controls",
      "symptoms": "",
      "reference": {
        "citation": "Bhola et al. 2021",
        "doi": "10.1186/s12902-021-00812-8"
      }
    }
  ]
}